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Festuca is one of the most ecologically and economically important genera of temperate grasses. Species of its type subgenus, Festuca, are common components of cool-seasonal pastures and are especially frequent in mountainous areas, where
there are often several morphologically similar species that grow in the same or comparable habitats and sometimes live in
sympatry. Nuclear DNA assessments by fow cytometry can be used to identify taxa and uncover new ploidy levels in species complexes for which new chromosome data are provided or previous chromosome counts and genome sizes are known.
Holoploid (2C) values of newly studied Pyrenean Festuca subgen. Festuca sects. Eskia, Festuca and Aulaxyper species fall
within the expected ranges for these taxonomic groups and include 2x, 4x, 6x and 8x ploidy levels. Monoploid (1Cx) genome
sizes of diploids and polyploids are larger in the species of the more ancestral F. sect. Eskia group showing a decreasing
trend in the species of the more recently evolved F. sects. Festuca and Aulaxyper lineages. 1Cx values of high polyploid
Aulaxyper taxa are among the smallest of the three Festuca sections, corroborating previous fndings. Our analysis provides
new genome size values and inferred ploidy levels for hexaploid F. heteromalla and octoploid F. trichophylla and highlights
the genomic and ecological diferentiation of tetraploid F. gautieri susbsp. gautieri from diploid F. gautieri subsp. scoparia
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