less people in the Home the city of Barcelona and n of the resources of evolutio of Attention to the Network Homeless People Albert Sales i Campos 2 Albert Sales i Campos Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 3 uthor: rtsales.wordpress.com) A mpos (http://albe Albert Sales i Ca ates, Laia Vila e: ert Sab ing committe n Noro, Andreu Parera, Alb Draft Carme Fortea, Ramó z, Teresa Bermúde Layout: m) cepte@snap3.co lena Poncell i Garcia (con E n: alan to English translatio Cat n Santamarta Victoria Martí ting and commitment to figh e wledgements: evote their tim no laried, d Ack who, volunteering or sa ionals meless people. To the profess ding attention to ho y and provi cation discussions, b against poverty -publi SLL, who during the pre XAP ntities forming the nterpretation. e agents of the e To th ask of data i y experience, guided the t ir dail to-day identification work. using the for their day- Council, of the Barcelona City the SIS-Detection team To e systematized SIS data. or being available to provid To Albert Garcia, f nformed by: ó social Lligam; Barcelona is co in educació i la reinserci ); tion to Homeless People ociació per la re Ass pañamiento (ADAMA ; The Network of Atten Rauxa m ó Atra; Associació ativas, Motivación y Aco nt Vicenç rrels Fundació; Associaci iación de Altern c la Caritat de Sa so ACCEM; A l Yaya Luisa; A Socia eura; Companyia Filles de e; Associació i; atg re Obert l’H munitat de Sant Egid iació Prohabit Assoc ntre d’Acollida Assís; Cent n; Co e n Siervas de la Pasió ó Barcelona; C Congregació; ; Fundació Futur; Fundaci as Diocesana de Lluïsa Marillach nes Càrit ru al Santa ; Fundació Eng eis Déu- Serveis Llar de Pau i Obra Soci S – Prisba Serv de Sant Joan de A de Paül – dació FI pitalaria reu Roja a Barcelona; Fun Quatre Vents; Ordre Hos ics del Moviment Quart uara; C Fundació it i Fet; Am Cooperativa S ; ; Fundació Maria Raventós ra; D lló; Centre Obert Heu ocial Vincle; Fundació ió Mambré erve ió S IReS; Fundac el Port- Santa Maria de C per a la Recerca i l’Acc ió Parròquia Sant Miquel d RE; Associac Socials; moció social CED a; Associació per a la pro n Cataluny t de Barcelona. Mó ss; Ajuntamen iciatives Solidàries; Proge In 4 Albert Sales i Campos 7 Contents Tables and graphs 8 Introduction 12 melessness 18 1. Ho d homelessness Crisis an in Barcelona 22 2. n of housing exclusion lutio 26 3. General evo ona le in the city of Barcel p Homeless peo s and night 4. g service 32 attended in the housin 5. People lters of XAPSLL 38 she n of resources nse: Evolutio respo 6. XAPSLL st ion and fighting again 42 7. Policies of intervent sness 43 homeles g the loss of housing voidin easures for a 44 Prevention: m untry-level vel and co 4 Strategies at state-le 4 g from institutions rocesses of dischargin p 45 Predict the vices antee the quality of ser 45 Guar ies "Housing-led" strateg 46 nowledge to act 48 K s 52 Conclusion Bibliography 6 Albert Sales i Campos CONTENTS TablES aNd graphS Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 7 Tables and graphs Table 1.1. Risk factors and triggering circum- Table 5.3. Age of the people housed in homeless stances of homelessness facilities Table 1.2. ETHOS classification Table 5.4. Nationality of the people housed in home- less facilities Table 3.1. Number of homeless people in the city of Barcelona. ETHOS classification Table 5.5. People with certificate of disability in XAPSLL homeless facilities. November Table 3.2. Number of homeless people in the city the 8th 2011, 12th March 2012, 12th of Barcelona, 2008, 2011, 2013 March 2013 Table 4.1. Evolution of the number of people de- Table 5.6. People with recognition of dependency tected by the SIS-Detection team grade in XAPSLL homeless facilities. November 8th 2011, 12th March 2012, Table 4.2. 12th March 2013. Distribution of people contacted by SIS who were sleeping rough during March 2011, March 2012 and March Table 5.7. Source of the income of people housed 2013 in XAPSLL services. 12th March 2012, 12th March 2013 Table 4.3. People sleeping on the street alone or in group. Barcelona, by districts. March Table 6.1. Availability of places in the homeless fa- 2011, March 2013 cilities. Barcelona, 2008-2011 Table 4.4. Age of the people who were sleeping Graphic 3.1. Evolution of the number of homeless rough. Barcelona. March 2011, March people in Barcelona. 2008, 2011, 2013 2013 Table 4.5. Main problems (1) of the people who Graphic 4.1. Evolution of the number of differ- were sleeping rough. Barcelona. March ent people contacted by SIS every 2011, March 2013 month. January 2011-March 2013 Table 5.1. People housed in homeless facilities. Graphic 6.1 Evolution of the number of nights pro- Barcelona, 2008-2013 vided in XAPSLL homeless facilities according to ownership. Barcelona, Table 5.2. 2008, 2013 Gender of the people housed in XAPSLL resources Graphic 6.2. Evolution of the number of nights pro- vided in XAPSLL homeless facilities. Barcelona, 2008, 2013 8 Albert Sales i Campos Intro- ductIon rifter The stereotyped image of a d f who lives on the street because o his bad lifestyle, his addictions or his le to unwillingness to work has litt do with the diversity of profiles and life journeys of the people sleeping rough today in big cities or in shelter facilities. Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 9 Introduction T he stereotyped image of a drifter who lives on the street because of his bad lifestyle, his addictions or his unwillingness to work has little to do with the diversity of profiles and life journeys of the people sleeping rough today in big cities or in shelter facilities. To end up in a homeless situation a person needs to have accumulated different disadvantages and types of social exclusion. Sleeping rough is the result of becoming unable to afford the price of housing, the continuous exclusion from the labor market, a deterioration of social support networks, a breakdown of family solidarity and, in some cases, a disease, mental disorder or addiction. The increase of people on the street is one of the most visible and extreme symptoms of the vulnerability affecting the majority of the society in Barcelona. Housing exclusion, a phenomenon which signifies more than just being homeless, is a consequence and also the cause of social exclusion processes. If a lack of income can lead to not having access to appropriate housing, the fact of not having a private space of intimacy and social life can condemn people and families to poverty. It’s not only about not having a place to sleep. Not having a home means having no place to keep their belongings; for developing the personal and intimate relationship; for resting safely. Homeless people live in a continuous temporary situation, unable to generate stable social relationships, without daily routines, without an address. This report updates data on homelessness in Barcelona, which is collected annually by the Xarxa d’Atenció a Persones Sense Llar –XAPSLL- (Network of Attention to Homeless People) of the city, conformed by entities and the City Council. Since 2008, every March 12th, basic statistical information about people sleeping rough is registered in all the care facilities specialized in the night attention of homeless people. The result is a static annual picture of the traits of users of these facilities. To complete the observation, in 2008 and 2011, XAPSLL started organized citizen counts, consisting in groups of volunteers walking through the city on the same night to count all the people who were sleeping in public areas or rough. Nevertheless, this report has been made using the data of analysis of the Social Insertion Service (SIS) of Barcelona City Council. The street teams for SIS draft monthly reports about their activity and outline the number of different people they’ve made contact with on the street throughout the month. Duplicities in the count are avoided through the knowledge of every case by the SIS professionals. The range of statistical information provided by them is wider than the counting of just one night. On a quantitative level, this report infers that the people sleeping on the street on the night of the 12th March 2013 are the same whom SIS contacted throughout March. 10 Albert Sales i Campos All the entities and administrations working together in fighting homelessness are certain that you must have knowledge to be able to intervene. Civil solidarity, crucial to rebuild the ties and bonds of people in severe social exclusion, must be led by a thorough knowledge of the reality which citizens and political law-makers don’t always have. The following paragraphs expose a theoretical approach on housing exclusion and the impact of the crisis on the reality of homeless people, aimed to complement the theoretical revision of the document Diagnosis 2011 (Sales, 2012); the presentation of the count results made by the entities of XAPSLL and the statistic results available about homeless people who lived in the city during march 2013 based on SIS data; the updated data on resources from XAPSLL and a review of the latest proposals on intervention and improvement of the public policies in fighting against homelessness. Having a systematized and wider knowledge of the reality of homeless people in the city is a commitment which stems from making important changes in the perspective of public policies addressed to the hardest forms of social exclusion. Institutional intervention in homelessness has been maintained for a long time between crimi- nalization and persecution, shaped by the “Law of lazy people and villain”, and the caring assistance of specialized entities which used to work alone. It wasn’t until the democratization and the approval of the Law of Social Services of Catalonia in 1985 that the right for social services was accomplished for the entire population. With this step, an approach model with a public order and welfare perspective began a transition towards a model of public responsibility. To achieve this, the local administration launched collaboration frameworks with entities which had been filling in for the inactivity of the public sector for decades (Cabrera, 2008) and developed its own services and resources to reach a wide range of the vulnerable and unat- tended population. With the approval of the City Plan for Social Inclusion 2005-2010 and the signing of the Citizen Agreement for an Inclusive Barcelona and the subsequent approval of the City Program of Attention to Homeless People, the City Council of Barcelona embraced the challenge and commitment to extend the services and resources for homeless people, to strengthen the orientation of the services towards the construc- tion of personal inclusion plans and to consolidate its collaboration with the special- ized entities of the society with the joint creation of the Xarxa d’Atenció a Persones Sense Llar (Network of Attention to Homeless People). The Network, which is integrated by twenty seven social action entities of the city, was founded with the main objective of strengthening the “city’s action capacity with the aim to accompany homeless people in the process of recovering as much as possible their personal autonomy and rebuilding social and interpersonal bonds”. Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 11 Objectives of the Network Sharing knowledge, experiences and information, as well as fostering dialogue and reflec- tion, to improve the orientation and efficiency of the services and resources. Acting in a collective and coordinated way through specific projects. Boosting innovation. Raising awareness among the citizens about the situations of need and the interventions which are carried out. Source: Presentation of XAPSLL. http://www.bcn.es/barcelonainclusiva/ca/xarxa2.html The members of the Network meet at least three times a year to assess, analyze and prioritize the common actions which will be carried out through diverse working teams who intervene under the direction and supervision of the plenary session. These are the actions launched in the last few years by XAPSLL working teams: • Two diagnosis-counts of the homeless people in the city (2008 and 2011). • Two congresses. The first, entitled “Mental health and homeless people”, taking place in 2009 and the second, named “Imagine in 2015 nobody sleeping on the street”, and organized in 2010. • Creating the catalog of services and resources of the Network (2009-2010). • Report about the usage of XAPSLL services (2010). • Outlining proposals for the improvement in the social and health care of homeless people with mental disorders (2009-2011). • Systematizing the data collected from the activity (2009). • The raising awareness campaign “Imagine in 2015 nobody sleeping on the street” (2010-2015). • Publication and presentation of the report Diagnosis 2011. Homeless people in Barcelona on November 8th and the evolution of housing resources. 12 Albert Sales i Campos .Home- 1 lessnes s Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 13 1. Homelessness The exclusion from housing, homelessness, is identifi- • personal factors: health conditions, dependency - ed as one of the most extremes ways in which poverty situations, age; e manifests itself in our cities. The European Economic m and Social Committee Report on the “Problem of ho- • discrimination or absence of a legal status, a factor Ho meless people” outlines five types of factors which that can affect individuals and some ethnic mino- 1. influence the risk of people suffering severe social rities such as, for example, Romany communities s exclusion and dwelling exclusion: nes • structural factors: evolution of the economy, immi- These factors broaden or minimize the individuals’ pro- s gration, citizens rights and housing market; bability to become homeless, but it’s the confluence es of experiences of rupture and its whole manifestation l • institutional factors: intervention of social services, in the development of their life cycle which can trigger performance of help schemes, procedures and the process towards dwelling exclusion or living on institutional bureaucracy; the street. The trigger factors can also be linked to the • interaction factors: family situation, relationship professional, institutional, personal, relationship or legal networks, breakdown situations; area and have different levels of importance according to the moment they impact on people’s lives. Table 1.1. Risk factors and triggering circumstances of the homelessness Area Risk factor Trigger Delays in paying the rent or mortgage. Economic processes (poverty, unemployment...) Eviction from their own home (owned or rented). Loss of housing Change of place of living Structural Housing market Arriving in a new country. Social Protection Change of the legal status or the adminis- trative situation. Impossibility of accessing an affordable house. Immigration and citizens’ rights Impossibility of accessing social protection. Scarcity of appropriate services or lack of coordi- nation between existing services, to find out the demands and needs properly. Interruption of institutional support or failing to adapt to emerging needs. Mechanisms for assigning resources. Institutional Institutionalization (living in a shelter, prison, centre for mental disorders, etc.) Discharge from prison. Administrative procedures linked to institutionaliza- Loss of home after admission in a centre. tion (admission or discharge from centres, transi- tions...) 14 Albert Sales i Campos Table 1.1. Risk factors and triggering circumstances of the homelessness Area Risk factor Trigger Family status (socioeconomic situation, labor...) Leaving the family home Relationship with the family (conflict with parents or Sexist violence Relationship other relatives, abuses, mistreatment...) Ruptures Living alone (divorces, death, separation...) Diversity of functions; chronic or long-term diseases, mental health problems. Illness episode or relapse. External support breakdown or problems in Personal Low educational achievement and professional getting access to networks support. capability. Relapse or increased substance abuse. Addictions (drugs, alcohol, gambling...) Source: European Review of Statistics on Homelessness, 2010 This array of circumstances and life experiences create • Houselessness: the person has a physical place to a wide range of pathways towards situations of social live in, although doesn’t have the necessary privacy exclusion and poverty, whose hardest facet is living on conditions to be considered his own place and the the street or becoming homeless. But housing exclusion occupant doesn’t have ownership. A person who is more diverse. FEANTSA (European Federation of stays overnight in public facilities or social entities is National Organizations aimed to work for the Homeless considered homeless. people) proposes an assessment of housing exclusion by outlining a classification of the situations of housing • Insecure accommodation: the person has got a physi- deprivation which identifies different grades of exclusion cal place to develop his private life, but hasn’t got a and breaks the classic distinction between the majority of legal license of usage. society who have got a home and the people who spend • Inadequate housing: the person lives in a place which the night on the street or in hostels for homeless people. doesn’t have adequate conditions of habitability. He The typology of situations, named ETHOS (European has got a physical place where he can develop his Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion) ex- private life, with legal license of usage or ownership, poses that access to housing has three dimensions: from but with inconveniences brought about by the dete- a physical point of view, it consists of having an adequate rioration of the infrastructure. place belonging exclusively to a person and his family; from a social point of view: having a private place to develop so- These four categories have been made operational by cial relationships and from a legal point of view it consists identifying thirteen specific situations which cover all the of owning a home or having a rental contract. forms of deprivation of the right to dignified housing. It’s worth presenting the concepts of the different typologies According to the conditions of habitability of the place established in FEANTSA’s framework, since this is the where a person lives, the private and social life it permits classification being adopted over Europe by the entities and the legal framework of the housing’s usage, four situ- and public administrations to tackle the problem of hous- ations or categories can be defined: ing exclusion. • Rooflessness: the person hasn’t got a physical place to live in. Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 15 Table 1.2. Classification ETHOS Situation Conceptual Operational category Type of housing category 1. People sleeping rough 1.1. Public place or external space Roofless 2. People who spend the night in accommodation places for the 2.1. Night shelter homeless 3. People who live in 3.1. Residences and hostels for homeless accommodation for the 3.2. Temporary accommodation centres homeless 3.3. Transitional supported accommodation 4. People who live in women Homeless shelters 4.1. Women shelters 5. People who live in immigrant 5.1.In reception or short term Houselessness accommodation centers accommodation centers 5.2. Immigrant workers accommodation 6. People due to be released from 6.1. Penal institutions institutions 6.2. Medical institutions 6.3. Children shelters 7.1. Residential care for older homeless 7. People receiving longer-term people support (due to homelessness) 7.2. Supported accommodation for formerly homeless people 8. People living in insecure 8.1. With friends or relatives housing 8.2. Sub-tenancy 8.3. Illegal occupation of land Insecure housing 9. People who live under threat of 9.1. Orders of eviction are operative for eviction non-payment (rented) 9.2. In repossession process (owned) 10. People who live under threat of 10.1. Homes with previous sexist violence Housing exclusion violence or police recorded reports 11. People who live in ‘non 11.1. Mobile homes, caravans conventional’ and temporary 11.2. Non-conventional building structures 11.3. Temporary structures Inadequate housing 12. People who live in unfit housing 12.1. Unfit housing for daily life 13. People who live in extreme 13.1. Housing occupied until overcrowding overcrowding situations Font: FEANTSA 16 Albert Sales i Campos Even though these categories multiply the diversity of system early strengthened an early transition towards sources needed to tackle the challenge of quantifying adult life, leading people without chances of a stable the social phenomenon of housing exclusion, entities job to a precarious emancipation or remaining in the and administrations committed to the fight against family home for many years of adulthood. homelessness all over Europe are developing tools to In general young people who have difficulties in paying be able to consider the problem in its full complexity. the rent, due to unemployment or other personal cir- The very description of the categories shows us that cumstances, are usually helped by parents or ultimately the homeless situation is attached to many other situ- go back to their parents’ home, whereas people from ations of social exclusion. Serious deficiencies in the very humble families who leave their parents’ home at physical space where a family lives, as well as over- an early age, with very low income and educational at- crowding, are the direct consequence of economic de- tainment, don’t have this family support. That’s how the privation. Living in residential centers for women who risk of becoming homeless is increased amongst the have suffered sexist violence is not only a symptom most vulnerable layers of our society. People in poverty of having experienced this social scourge; in many or exclusion situations who didn’t emancipate them- cases the weakness of the support networks makes it selves had a high risk of becoming homeless when strictly necessary to provide housing for the affected. the owners of the house they were living in -usually Living in residential centers for immigrants is the main their parents- died with the possibilities of subroga- consequence of the legal exclusion suffered by immi- tion exhausted. This path towards severe exclusion grants. Living in insertion flats owned by the council was also influenced by the low educational level and or a social entity is the response to a serious situation long periods of labor inactivity or unemployment. In this of exclusion (Sales, 2012). The intensity of social ex- context, paying rent at market prices was impossible clusion which an individual suffers is strongly linked to and, having no family patrimony, people were forced to housing access. Being in a homeless situation means live in small sub-tenancy rooms or on the street. having run out of the personal and social resources needed to access a stable accommodation, which would permit a satisfactory private and social life. It is therefore, the result of a series of social exclusion factors that accumulate and turn situations of margi- nalization progressively more severe until the person loses his ties with society. At the same time, the difficulties in accessing housing constitute a powerful factor of social exclusion and generational replication of poverty. Housing ownership is conditioned by a family’s economic capacity and in- herited estate. Due to the configuration of the Spanish housing market system and as a result of the policies which for decades have encouraged the purchase of houses, renting has been until now a minority option. In 2008, a research (Sarasa and Sales, 2008), on as- sessing the life path of 348 people in situation of social exclusion revealed clearly that the purchase of a house, once paid, was a guarantee against the risk of falling into a homeless situation. The same research showed that people who had suffered severe situations of so- cial exclusion had experienced much more difficulties in accessing housing than the rest of society. The increase of prices, along with the absence of family patrimony, had presented an unbreakable barrier and an intergenerational reproduction of housing exclusi- on. Low grades at school and leaving the educational Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 17 18 Albert Sales i Campos is 2.Cris d home- an s lessnes Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 19 2.Crisis and homelessness Homelessness has been traditionally disassociated problems. Those on lower incomes couldn’t deal with from problems in accessing housing, acknowledging the demands of a mortgage despite the concessions that ending up on the street was the end of a offered by banks. Among these social groups it was long process of social exclusion where economic found that there were lots of young people who were vulnerability was added to a continuous exclusion from already suffering the deterioration of labor conditions in the labor market, the deterioration of supportive social their own lives and adults with unstable labor situations is networks, breakdowns in family solidarity and mental or recurring unemployment. In this second group, s disorders or addictions. The collective imagination sees difficulties in stabilizing their housing situation were i homeless people as drifters, tramps, vagrants; social added to other factors of social exclusion and increased r - outcasts who are integrated in the urban landscape, the risk of becoming homeless. If, in 1997, homes with .C e caused by the individual circumstances of those a mortgage devoted 37,6% of their income to pay the 2 involved and to personal pathways, featuring so-called mortgage fees, in 2007 the proportion had risen up om reprehensible activities, like small-scale delinquency, to 51,2% (Colau and Alemany, 2012, page 54). The h illegal drugs consumption or alcohol abuse. If in the research made by Sarasa and Sales (2009) about d society of abundance it was difficult to transmit that pathways and factors of social exclusion in the city n s a broadening of risks concerning poverty situations of Barcelona revealed that people who were suffering a s was emerging, trying to convince society about a severe forms of social exclusion had repeatedly found e wider risk of becoming homeless was impossible. The obstacles to access dignified housing throughout their n explosion of the mortgage crisis and the succession life due to their low financial capacity and having no ss of foreclosure procedures and evictions have changed family support or patrimony to access to a property. this feeling of invulnerability for a great part of the public If the lack of housing access represents a factor of le in terms of housing exclusion. social exclusion by increasing the poverty risk, enduring a foreclosure procedure and eviction constitutes a Although it’s right to say that the situation experienced turning point in people’s lives that worsens and can by people who sleep in public places requires the make the poverty situation chronic, leading to non- failure of many other factors of social protection payment of credit fees. It’s true that an evicted family than just housing access, a life route marked by the doesn’t automatically start to sleep on the street. In incapability of affording dignified housing leads in all general, family, local and institutional resources protect probability to suffer exclusion in other dimensions of people who are expelled from their houses from human relations (Sarasa and Sales, 2009; CESE, sleeping rough, but these resources can deteriorate 2011). In Catalonia, housing access was a privilege easily if social inclusion paths aren’t found. The Spanish beyond the reach of a good amount of society. In 2006, law which permits the bank debt to become impossible the Special Envoy of the United Nations on the Right to pay doesn’t help expelled families to rebuild their for an Adequate Housing, Miloon Kothari, visited Spain, lives1. and submitted a report where he concluded that the right of housing had been systematically made more Despite big difficulties in registering and comparing vulnerable with the collaboration and tolerance of the data on homelessness in the different European Public Administrations (Colau and Alemany, 2012). The countries, FEANTSA has been making an effort for report claimed that the State housing sector had been a long time to systematize the information available extremely commercialized. and to identify tendencies. In the report On the way home? (FEANTSA, 2012), it states that the number Extremely easy access to mortgage credit and of homeless people has risen in fifteen of the twenty- public policies -like the application of the ‘Right of one member states represented in this federation. In Urban Renting’- which fostered the purchasing in the three of the states no tendencies were identified; in housing market and converted renting into an uncertain Denmark, the number of homeless people has remained and financially unattractive option created access stable and only in Finland and the Low Countries is a 1 According to data of the Social Observatory of the City Council of Barcelona.. 20 Albert Sales i Campos decrease on the impact of homelessness detected. and Greece- “new falls” in homeless situations directly The German region of North-Rhine-Westphalia and linked to the crisis are registered. In the Spanish Scotland also show a reduction. The rise is attributed state, all the tendencies currently existing in the rest to the economic crisis and the widening of social of Europe –with the exception of the increase of vulnerability it has created all over Europe, though families with children- are displayed. As a result, the there are variables. Entities and experts of FEANTSA homelessness reality in the State turns out to be more maintain that countries who have registered a decrease diverse and reflects an incidence even bigger than the in the number of homeless people have implemented last economic period on new arrivals. The stereotype specific policies based on rigorous data collection and of the middle-aged man, drifter, with alcohol problems put the need for housing at the center of the attention because of his social isolation and permanent exclusion for homeless people (housing-led policies)2 . from the labor market, ending up on the street, is getting further and further from reality. On a quantitative level, the European Commission (2013) estimates that 410.000 people sleep on the street on any one night in the EU. Moreover, 4 million citizens of the EU are considered to be exposed to a roofless or homeless situation at one time or another moment throughout the year. The Eurobarometer in 2010 indicated that more than 3 million European citizens claimed they felt the risk of becoming homeless3 . In the Spanish state, between the survey made by the NSI in 2008 in the homeless services and the one carried out in July 2012, the number of housed people had risen in 15,7%. In this survey, people sleeping rough are not taken into account. Therefore, there’s an interaction between the increase in supply and the increase in demand that makes it difficult to reach conclusions. In Barcelona, the 2008 count revealed there were 2.013 people in a roofless or homeless situation or spending the night in support facilities, whereas the 2011 count recorded 2.791 (Sales, 2012). FEANTSA confirms that “countries most affected by the crisis, like Greece, Portugal and Spain, have experienced a dramatic increase in homelessness” (FEANTSA, 2012, p. 30). The profiles of homeless people identified by the entities and social services from the different European countries are also affected by the crisis. Six of the 21 countries assessed by FEANTSA display an increase of homeless families; in ten countries an increase of women; in 14 an increase of foreign immigrants and in ten an increase of young people. In 4 of these countries -Spain, Italy, Portugal 2 Impact of specialized policies and suggestions and discussions at European level are handled in the next summary. 3 Special Eurobarometer on poverty and social exclusion drafted by the European Commission in December 2010 Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 21 22 Albert Sales i Campos 3.General evolution of hous- inG exclu- sion in Barcelona Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 23 3. General evolution of housing exclusion in Barcelona XAPSLL data sources used to identify housing exclusion tendencies in Barcelona are limited. Of the 13 ETHOS categories, the network can record fairly complete information al from categories 2, 3, 7 and 8. The information collected and handled by SIS provides an er accurate knowledge of categories 1 and 8, people living in a public space or rough and Gen people living in settlements and shacks. We’ve also got partial information of category 4, 3. living in women’s shelters, due to the partial specialization of one of the network’s entities, but that’s only an incidental piece of data in the wider reality of these support services in the n city administrated by entities which don’t belong to XAPSLL. lutio Even though XAPSLL is still not able to monitor the evolution of all the ETHOS categories, evo the willingness to understand that different realities of housing exclusion are intrinsically linked urges us to consider them as the reference for knowledge creation about homelessness and housing exclusion in Barcelona. If we look carefully at the figures, the number of 2.679 homeless people counted by us in f hous- November 20084 (official date of the last count) has risen to 2.933 people in March 2013. o The number in 2012, 3.126 people can’t be considered a decisive point after which there is a regression due to the counting complexities. Unfortunately, the differences between 2012 u- and 2013 are, as detailed further on, methodological. G excl The most reliable indicator to point out the general tendency is the number of people contacted in by SIS on the street. This number is not conditioned by methodological changes, nor modifications in the handling policies of the problematic issue by the entities or administration. The rise in ETHOS category 1 is clear and more marked in the last year than the year before. n From 726 people contacted by SIS in November 2011, we have moved on to 870 in March n i 2013. The increase occurs concurrently with the amplification of places in shelters, allowing sio a rise of people in ETHOS category 2, reaching 259 people. In total, the number of homeless people in Barcelona, according to FEANTSA conceptualization, would reach 1.129 in March a 2013, compared to 923 in November 2011. Barcelon 4 Per comparar el 2011 amb el 2012 i el 2013, hem considerat la xifra de persones dormint al carrer estimada pel SIS enlloc de la que s’extreia del recompte ciutadà del 8 de novembre per mantenir la comparabilitat de la sèrie. 24 Albert Sales i Campos Table 3.1. Number of homeless people in the city of Barcelona according to ETHOS classification Operational category Number of Number of Number of r f peoplle Number of Nupmeobpeler of people November 8th people March Npoevoepmleb Mera 8rcthh November 8th ove ber 8th 2 2011 2001111 11th 2012 (1) 11th2 2001113 (1) (accordin (according to (accordingg ttoo (according to SIS SIS count) oobbsseerrvvaattiioonn)) observation) Rooflessness 1. Living in public space or rough 838 726 731 870 2. Making use of overnight hostel and/or forced 197 197 230 259 to spend the day in a public space Houselessness 3.Living in hostels or accommodation for 320 320 281 333 homeless people. Temporary housing. 4. Living in women shelters nd nd 20 4 5. Living in temporary accommodation for nd nd nd nd immigrants or asylum seekers 6. Living in a housing institution or long term nd nd nd nd accommodation prospect of being dismissed in a deadline without shelter housing available 7. Living in a continued support accommodation 342 342 332 356 for homeless people. Insecure accommodation 8. Living in insecure tenancy housing. Without 399 399 698 499 paying rent. 9. Living under threat of eviction nd nd nd nd 10. Living under threat of family violence nd nd nd nd Inadequate housing 11. Living in temporary or non-conventional 695 695 834 595 structures 12. Living in legally inadequate housing nd nd nd nd 13. Living in overcrowned housing nd nd nd nd TOTAL 2791 2679 3126 2916 Sources: SIS reports. Counts made by XAPSLL on 8th/11/2011, 11th/3/2012 and 11th/3/2013. (1) Data of categories ETHOS 1 and 11 come from observations made by SIS. Don’t belong to a night count, but to the identification of different people in the streets of Barcelona during March. If we recuperate the simplified classifications that were used in previous XAPSLL reports, an increase of 47% between 2008 and 2013 of people sleeping on the street is observed, a very notable increase, 125%, in the population of settlements and an increase of 23% in the people sleeping in homeless shelter facilities provided by XAPSLL. On the 12th March 2013 it is estimated that there are 2916 people without a home in the city. Of these, 870 sleep on the street, 595 in settlements and temporary structures and 1468 in residential resources of the network. To explain the evolution of the rest of the categories, the interrelation between supply and demand of services and the orientation of attention policies for homeless people must be considered. There are different focuses of attention in this sense. A slight increase can be seen in category 3, belonging to the evolution of places available and the creation of a new resource which is discussed further on -in the annex devoted to available resources. Regard- ing the number of people classified in category 8, embracing men and women living in hostels or sub-tenancy flats with financial and social support from the city council social services or entities, the fluctuating evolution answers especially to a decrease of the number of people housed in this type of resource by Caritas, which has launched 63 one-family accommodation units where families who were living in sub-tenancy rooms have been housed. Lastly, it is very difficult to determine the real change in the number of people counted in settlements, due to the complexity of the situation in the industrial units in Poble Nou. In this area, the economic activity of scrap recycling is shared with situations of extreme exclusion and the capacity of the attention teams to quantify people who live there or stay overnight there is limited. Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 25 Table 3.2. Number of homeless people in the city of Barcelona, 2008, 2011, 2013. Variation 2008- 2008 2011 2013 2013 % According According to to the counting counting made the made the According night of According According night of to SIS Novembe to SIS to SIS March the estimatio r the 8th estimatio estimatio 11th 2008 n 2011 n n Counting on the street, SIS detection 658 562 838 726 870 46,8% Settlements (according to SIS reports) 265 265 6956 955 95 124,5% People housed in housing resources of NAHP 11901 190 1258 1258 1468 23,4% Amount homeless people2 113 2017 2791 2679 2933 43,4% Sources: Countings made by NAHP. SIS registers and reports Graph 3.1. Evolution of the number of homeless people in Barcelona. 2008, 2011, 2013 3500 People housed in 3000 NAHP resources 2500 Settlements (according to SIS reports) 2000 Street count, SIS 1500 detection 1000 500 0 26 Albert Sales i Campos 4. Home- less peo- ple in tHe city of Barcelo- na Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 27 e- 4. Homeless people in the 4. Hom city of Barcelona Since the housing exclusion phenomenon has started to be assessed with relative frequency, eo- estimations about the number of homeless people sleeping rough on the streets of Barcelona ss p come from two sources: citizen counts promoted by XAPSLL, made on March the 11th 2008 le and November the 8th 2011 and the reports drafted by the Social Insertion Service (SIS) about its interventions, which gather the number and characteristics of homeless people whom the professionals of the service have been in touch with for a specific month. Since tHe there hasn’t been any new citizen count, the current report reflects data provided by SIS, in taking as months of reference March 2011, March 2012 and March 2013, so as to make ple the information coincide with the counts made by the XAPSLL units which are shown in the next graph. It’s worth pointing out that the citizen count, consisting in combing all the city on one night of with the help of around 700 volunteers, has recorded, on the two occasions when they have ity been carried out, figures slightly higher than SIS numbers (between 12 and 16% higher), c although the tendencies shown by the two sources were very similar. In March 2008, the citizen count made the night of the 11th identified 634 people sleeping rough, whereas the number of people in contact by SIS this month was 562. In November 2011, the count made lo- the night of the 8th identified 838 people sleeping rough, whereas SIS kept in touch with rce 726 different people during this month. During March 2013, the number of different people Ba identified by SIS has been of 870, confirming the recent tendency of rising numbers. Table 4.1. Evolution in the number of people detected by the educators na team of SIS-Detection: Estimation number of homeless people on the street Count dataD esviation March 2008 562 634 12,81% March 2009 669 March 2010 619 March 2011 711 November 2011 726 838 15,43% March 2012 731 March 2013 870 Note: Settlements not included 28 Albert Sales i Campos Graph 4.1 Evolution of the number of different people monthly in contact with SIS. January 2011-March 2013 1000 800 600 400 200 0 The distribution of homeless people by districts hasn’t changed remarkably over the last few years. Ciutat Vella, Eixample and Sants are still the districts with more homeless people, ac- counting for half of the people who sleep rough on the streets of the city. The total increase of people between 2011 and 2013 is of 22,4% and, whereas Ciutat Vella and Sants-Montjuic have registered increases in keeping with the municipal average, Eixample has seen an increase of 40,5%. Changes in other districts are not really significant due to the fact that absolute numbers of people sleeping rough are low. However, Nou Barris’s figures stand out; the 14 people contacted by SIS in March 2011 have increased to 49 in March 2013. The rise is due to the opening of the Primary Shelter in Marie Curie street. Table 4.2. Distribution of people contacted by SIS who were sleeping rough in March 2011, March 2012 and March 2013 2011 2013 Variation District Number %N umber% 2011-2013 % Ciutat Vella 1251 7,6% 1541 7,7% 23,2% Eixample 1211 7,0% 1701 9,5% 40,5% Sants 1191 6,7% 1421 6,3% 19,3% Les Corts 38 5,3% 38 4,4% 0,0% Sarrià Sant Gervasi 59 8,3% 75 8,6% 27,1% Gràcia 21 3,0% 35 4,0% 66,7% Horta Guinardó 45 6,3% 46 5,3% 2,2% Nou Barris 14 2,0% 49 5,6% 250,0% Sant Andreu 44 6,2% 50 5,7% 13,6% Sant Martí 1251 7,6% 1211 3,9% -3,2% Total 7111 00,0%8 70 100,0% 22,4% Source: Social Insertion Service. Barcelona City Council January March May July Setember November January March May July Setember November January March Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 29 Life on the street is usually associated with social isolation. The majority of people spend the night on the street alone. In March 2011, the SIS team registered that 85 of the contacted people who were sleeping rough formed part of 16 small groups. The presence of a family of three people was also registered, one of them under-aged -anecdotal, since the social protection system relating to minors, is very thorough. In this sense, we can state that there are no children living on the streets of the city. Families with under-aged children who are occasionally detected on the streets of Barcelona are immediately referred to the appropriate support services. Therefore, this overnight sleeping is considered occasional and sporadic. In March 2013, despite the increase of people in a ‘homeless’ situation, the number of groups had decreased to 12 and the number of people belonging to them was 50. We cannot affirm that isolation is on the rise taking into account only this data, but the evolution of the data must be still observed carefully. Table 4.3. Sleeping rough alone or in group. Barcelona, by districts. March 2011, March 2013 March 2011 District People alone Groups Families People Groups People Families Ciutat Vella 100 25 3- - Eixample 110 11 3- - Sants-Montjuïc 103 13 33 1 Les Corts 38 ---- Sarriá-Sant Gervasi 53 61 -- Gràcia 21 ---- Horta-Guinardó 40 51 -- Nou Barris 11 31 -- Sant Andreu 32 12 2- - Sant Martí 115 10 2- - Total 623 85 16 31 March 2013 Districte People alone Groups People Groups People Families Ciutat Vella 137 17 4- - Eixample 170 ---- Sants-Montjuïc 127 15 4- - Les Corts 38 ---- Sarriá-Sant Gervasi 66 92 -- Gràcia 35 ---- Horta-Guinardó 36 ---- Nou Barris 43 61 -- Sant Andreu 50 ---- Sant Martí 118 31 -- Total8 20 50 12 -- Source: Social Insertion Service. Barcelona City Council 30 Albert Sales i Campos Table 4.4. Age of the people who were sleeping rough. Barcelona, March 2011, March 2013 March 2011 March 2013 Men Women TotalM en Women Total <16 years odl 0,2% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 16-291 1,6% 20,5%1 2,5% 7,5% 18,4%8 ,6% 30-444 7,4% 42,5%4 6,8% 47,4%4 3,7% 47,0% 45-643 7,4% 30,1%3 6,6% 40,9%2 9,9% 39,7% >64 3,6% 6,8% 4,0% 4,3% 8,0% 4,6% Total1 00,0%1 00,0%1 00,0%1 00,0%1 00,0%1 00,0% (604)( 73)( 678) (776)( 87)( 863) Source: Social Insertion Service. Barcelona City Council. The socio-demographic profile of the people in a homeless situation hasn’t changed much between 2011 and 2012. Distribution by gender is nearly the same, with 90% men. Distribu- tion by age has remained stable as well. Various European countries have raised the alarm of the increase of young people among the homeless, especially between 18 and 24 years old (FEANTSA, 2012). This tendency is believed to be the consequence of the substantial increase of young unemployment all over the region. However, considering the Spanish State is one of the EU members with the most dramatic situation in terms of young unemployment, we can’t certify from data gathered on the street a significant increase of people among this age range between 2011 and 2013. In relative terms, the weight of this age range decreases from 12,5% to 8,6%. The evolution in the coming years must be assessed, in order to know if the tendency gets consolidated, since between 2008 and 2011 an increase of the people detected by SIS sleeping rough between 20 and 30 years old was observed. This increase in three years was of 20%; therefore, lower than the whole of the age ranges, but still alarm- ing taking into account that it was traditionally protected from homelessness by the family networks. With regard to the nationality of homeless people, there are no significant changes detected between 2011 and 2013. The last date of reference detected 43,1% Spanish people were contacted; 30% from the EU and 26,9% were from non-EU countries. Among them, more than half were in an irregular legal situation. In total, homeless people in irregular situations were 15.17% (only a percentage point less than in March 2011). SIS experts also register the triggering problem of the homeless situation of every person dealt with. It’s important to note that data coming from this register must be interpreted bearing in mind that the information available for each individual is very different. There are people living on the street who are monitored and who have been known for many years; there are people with whom it’s been possible to speak to on repeated occasions while with others there’s only been sporadic contact, with practically no personal information gathered about them. Accordingly, what is registered is the triggering factor which homeless people themselves attribute their situation to. Consequently, when we say that 22.53% homeless people in contact with in March 2013 charged their situation to social and labor problems, we don’t say they aren’t enduring other problems or -after an individualized diagnosis is carefully made- there won’t appear further and more relevant problems to explain the lack of economic resources. As a consequence, this data can only be compared with its own precedents and allows us to detect tendencies, but not formulate absolute conclusions. Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 31 Table 4.5. Main problem (1) of the people who were sleeping rough. Barcelona, March 2011, March 2013 March 2011 March 2013 Nº %% Nº Socio-economic 1181 6,6 196 22,53 Socio-labour 252 35,44 292 33,56 Alcoholism 199 27,99 215 24,71 Drug-addiction 49 6,89 62 7,13 Alcoholism + drug addiction 50 ,7 70 ,8 Dual pathology 30 ,427 0,8 Mental health 57 8,02 59 6,78 Alternative way of life 28 3,94 32 3,68 Total7 11 100 870 100 Source: Service of Social Insertion. Barcelona City Council (1) Problem assessed by the SIS team in the moment of intervenntio Based on what have been considered triggering factors, more than the half of homeless people (56,9%) attribute their situation to socio-economic and socio-labour conditions, 24,7% point out the alcoholism, 7,1% drug-addiction and remarkably 6,8% address their situation to a mental disorder which becomes registered if diagnosed. As we have mentioned earlier, this doesn’t mean that 6,8% of homeless people actually have a mental illness, but it’s the proportion of those who suffer one, who have got a diagnosis and, furthermore, who consider it as the triggering factor of their situation of severe social exclusion. The percentage of mental disorders among the homeless population is much higher. Accord- ing to the research on mental health among homeless people in Barcelona carried out in 2010, Uribe and Alonso determined, based on standardized questionnaires, that 49% of the people surveyed suffered from some kind of mental disorder (depression, anxiety or others). It was also certified that 16% of the people questioned had taken psychiatric medication aimed at controlling the symptoms of severe mental disorders like schizophrenia or manic- depressive disorders. 5 According to information from the Social Insertion Service of the City Council of Barcelona. 32 Albert Sales i Campos PeoPle at- 5. ed in tend aPSll houS- X ServiceS ing nd night a ShelterS Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 33 5. People attended in XAPSLL housing services and night t- shelters Ple a XAPSLL entities6 counted 1.447 housed people in their support services on the night eo between 11th and 12th March 2013. Between 2012 and 2013 a decrease in the number P of people attended is noted among all the housing services (1.561 to 1.447), due more 5. n to changes in the attention policies and counting than a real decrease in the activity of the i entities and the demand for places. The main cause of this reduction in the number of people ed housed -as we have pointed out previously- is the decrease in the number of people housed d S- in sub-tenancy rooms with social and economic support from Caritas. A rise in one-family ac- en u commodation to house families in situations of social exclusion which is administrated by the t o entity has allowed a part of the sub-tenancy rooms demand to be diverted to these facilities, l h which are more adequate for developing daily life. However, this type of housing hasn’t been l counted as support services addressed to the attention of homeless people. XaPS ceS The general trends show some stability in the number of housed people in homeless accom- vi modation, with an increase of people who spend overnight in housing centres. As we will see r in the next annex, between 2012 and 2013 the increases run parallel to the opening of new Se centres with more places, which respond to the needs detected by XAPSLL. ing t With regard to the general counting of people housed, it’s worth noting that the decrease in gh the number of occupied places in inclusion flats is not the cause of a reduction in the number ni of places but of the circumstances of the night of the count. Despite the fact that officially d what we identify as places is the number of beds, flats are resources of variable occupation. n Depending on the socio-educational needs of the people living in them, there’s some fluc- a S tuation in the amount of people who can live there and the possibility of empty beds in flats er exists where it’s considered that there are enough people living there or the characteristics lt or personal moment of the person living there advise against someone new entering the flat She 6 XAPSLL also includes the City Council of Barcelona 34 Albert Sales i Campos Table 5.1. People housed in homeless facilities. Barcelona, 2008-201 1 March 2008 March 2009 March 2010 March 2011 Novembre March 2012 March 2013 Type of homeless facility (1) (2) (2) (2) 2011 (2) (2) (2) Residential centers 3633 53 3563 49 3653 39 401 Public ownership Flats 67 64 66 75 94 70 101 Hostels 1551 22 1101 02 1011 08 98 Total 5855 39 5325 26 5605 17 600 Residential centers 1371 36 1331 39 1501 76 207 Flats 1151 49 1731 72 2482 78 243 Private ownership Hostels 69 54 32 50 19 69 57 (4) Sub-tenancy rooms (3) 2844 12 4043 43 2795 21 344 Others 2 Total 6057 51 7427 04 6981 0448 51 Total 1190 1290 1274 1230 1258 1561 1451 (1) Source: Cabrera et al (2008). Qui dorm al carrer? With revisions from the entities records of XAPSLL (2) Source: XAPSLL (3) Caritas for all the series, Arrels from March 2011. (4) Of the 207 places provided by private entities, 121 places were granted in agreement with Barcelona City Council. This means that the City Council has assumed the total cost of these places. This percentage represents 58% of the amount of places categorized as private. (5) Along with the places granted, Barcelona City Council maintains several collaboration agreements with many of the private entities, in order to support financially different projects in the area of social action. When describing the profile of the people attended, it’s important to take into account that we don’t have the full data of the 1.451 people available. Depending on the availability of data, percentages are based on the amount of people about whom we do know their profile information. These figures are detailed in each of the tables. We have followed the same procedure for all the interpretations. That’s why the totals of each table can be different. In general, there are more information gaps referring to people housed in hostels and sub- tenancy rooms. Most adequate, therefore, is to focus on the assessment of relative figures. With regard to the socio-demographic traits of people housed, there are no significant changes in gender distribution. There is a trend towards a higher presence of women in the last three years, but the variation is not important enough to be able to draw conclusions. With regards to the age of people attended, a two percentage points rise in the proportion of people older than 65 is noted. On March the 12th 2013, almost 63% of the people housed in resources were men; 26% were women and up to 11,4% under-aged (children and teenagers). Table 5.2. Gender of the people housed in XAPSLL resources November March 10th March 12th March 10th 8th March 12th March 12th 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 Men 64,9% 65,2% 65,7% 67,7% 61,6% 62,7% Women 23,8% 23,3% 22,6% 21,8% 28,9% 25,9% Minors 11,3% 11,5% 11,7% 10,6% 9,5% 11,4% Total 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% N (1) 1141 1141 1229 1222 1560 1451 (1) Number of people for whom we've got information Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 35 Even though in the residential services we also find a majority of men among the users, the presence of women in situations of housing exclusion is markedly higher than on the street. Whereas SIS data estimated that only 10% of the people sleeping rough were women, in the homeless accommodation services this figure reaches 26%. There is a slight rising tendency in the rate of women in the last few years that seemed very clear in the comparison between 2011 and 2012, but this softens in 2013. We will have to wait to assess longer series to get conclusions, but the increase in the number of women among the homeless population is a phenomenon present in all European societies since the 90s (Casey et. Al 2007), as well as women’s higher disposition to get support and housing services when compared to men. Table5.3. Age of the people housed in facilities November March 10th March 12th March 10th 8th March 12th March 12th 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 <18 11,7% 11,8% 11,9% 10,6%9 ,4% 11,2% 18-657 9,5% 79,9% 79,9% 80,1% 82,0% 78,4% 66-75 7,9%7 ,3%7 ,3%8 ,1%8 ,1% 10,4% >75 0,9%1 ,0%0 ,9%1 ,2%0 ,4%0 ,0% Total 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% N (1) 1121 1110 1228 1220 1561 1451 (1) Number of people for whom we've got information In the residential services, the age ranges registered don’t let us make conclusions about a possible increase of young people between attended people. In various European countries, an alarm has been raised over the increase of young homeless people. In the city of Barcelona we have seen, from SIS data, that in the last two years the proportion of young people aged between 16 and 29 has maintained stable and also in the residential resources in the ranges collected. Table 5.4. Nationality of people housed in facilities November March 10th March 12th March 10th 8th March 12th March 12th 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 Spanish 38,3% 34,9%5 2,8% 52,0%3 7,7% 42,6% European 9,1% 7,6%1 0,1% 10,0% 8,7% 11,3% Non- European 52,5% 57,5%3 7,2% 38,0%5 3,6% 46,1% Regular situation 14,9% 17,9%2 0,0% 19,2%2 3,7% 24,5% Irregular situation 37,6% 39,6%1 7,1% 18,7%3 0,0% 21,6% Total 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%1 00,0%1 00,0% N (1) 11191 121 993 1035 1549 1446 (1) Number of people for whom we've got information 36 Albert Sales i Campos In the report published by the XAPSLL, which gathered data from 2011 (Sales, 2012), a confirmation of one of the trends described in nearly all European countries regarding to the change in the profile of homeless people was noted. It was the detection of the rapid growth of families attended in night care facilities. Between March 2011 and November 2011, the number of people belonging to families attended in these resources had risen from 114 to 178 without any change in the institutional action. The data of people housed in hostels or sub-tenancy rooms weren’t included in these figures, so it wasn’t possible to calculate the magnitude of the problem; they simply raised an alarm by highlighting a trend. However, from the data taken from care facilities in 2012 and 2013 it is possible to obtain the number of people housed in hostels and sub-tenancy rooms with their nuclear families. This change and the action of entities and social services, who prioritize housing in inclusion flats or specialized facilities -like the Temporary Family Shelter Centre of Navas- makes it difficult to create a statistical series easy to compare. However, differences between 2012 and 2013 point to a continuing increase in the number of families in need of housing. From 343 people attended with their family in 2012, in 2013 this figure rose to 531. Even though the entities and administration have worked harder, the increase is due to the emergency reaction of entities which financially help families in need of housing by paying for a room. For the drafting of the report Diagnosis 2011 (Sales, 2012), the XAPSLL started gather- ing data on health and dependency situations of the people attended. The methodological difficulties in applying objective indicators about the health situation of rough sleepers and the confirmation that the issue requires specialized research led us to register only those objective variables which are useful enough to maintain statistical series through the years. To this extent, in the services the number of people with recognized disability certificates and dependency grades were noted. Table 5.5. People with disability certificate in XAPSLL facilities the night of 8th November 12th March 2012, 12th March 2011 2012 2013 N% N% N% With disability certificate 132 12,8% 237 15,2% 265 18,3% With disability certificate between 33% and 64% 45 4,4% 44 2,8% 50 3,4% With disability certificate of more than 64% 89 8,6% 193 12,4% 215 14,8% Total 1034 1561 1451 Source: our own research from XAPSLL data An increase in the proportion of housed people with disability certificates is seen. We could infer a greater vulnerability of the people with functional diversities in the city, but this data shows, above all, a greater effort from experts and users to process the documents needed to receive handicap benefits in the face of other income sources disappearing or public benefits getting more and more difficult to obtain, such as the minimum insertion benefit. In this sense, it’s important to point out the launch in 2012 of a specific protocol of collaboration between the XAPSLL and ICASS (Catalan Institute of Attendance and Social Services) entities, made Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 37 through the Department for the Attention to Vulnerable People in the area of Quality of Life, Equality and Sports from the City Council of Barcelona, in order to prioritize the procedure of assessing the certificates recognizing handicap grades. Table 5.6. People with recognition of dependency grade in XASPSLL homeless facilities. 8th November 2011, 12th March 2012, 12th March 2013. 2011 2012 2013 N% N% N% Amb reconeixement de grau de dependència 32 3,1% 59 5,7% 60 5,8% Grade 1 20 1,9% 34 3,3% 35 3,4% Grade 2 70 ,7% 22 2,1% 22 2,1% Grade 3 60 ,6% 30 ,3%3 0,3% Total 1034 1561 1451 Source: our own research from XAPSLL data In the 2012 data collection a new variable was included. We have systemized information of the entities on the origin of the incomes, if they exist, of the people attended. It’s observed that in 2013 almost 57% of people attended haven’t got any income, nearly three percentage points more than in 2012. An increase in the proportion of homeless people receiving some kind of job-related income, understood as any form of income during the two weeks previous to the register of data (March 12th), relating to the payment for a job, also stands out. Table 5.7. Source of the income of the people housed in XAPSLL services. 12th March 2012, 12th March 2013 20122 013 N% N% People without income 844 54,1% 824 56,8% Receiving disability pension 32 2,0% 15 1,0% Receiving non-contributory state p/disability benefit 201 12,9% 183 12,6% Receiving short-term disability benefit 50 ,3%2 0,1% Receiving unemployment benefit 33 2,1% 42 2,9% Prison release benefit 60 ,4%4 0,3% Receiving Minimum Insertion Benefit 105 6,7% 84 5,8% People with earned income 64 4,1% 92 6,3% People with earned income along with some benefit or pension 14 0,9% 47 3,2% People with unknown source of income 37 2,4% 23 1,6% People with other sources of income 142 9,1% 89 6,1% People uncategorized by lack of information 78 5,0% 46 3,2% Total 1561 100,0% 1451 100,0% Source: our own research from XAPSLL data 38 Albert Sales i Campos 6. XAPSLL Se: reSPon evoLu- - tion of re S Source Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 39 6. XAPSLL response: Evolution of resources Throughout the last few years, entities and organizations of XAPSLL have increased their resources destined to the attention of homeless people, as an answer to the rise in the needs and demand of accommodation places. Residential services, be it public, private or sponsored in agreement with the City Council, have grown prioritizing insertion flats ahead of large-capacity installations, at least until 2012. Between last year and this one, new facilities LL have been created in response to emerging needs, such as the Temporary Accommodation S Centre Hort de la Vila, sponsored by the City Council of Barcelona and administrated by Sant P Joan de Déu Social Services, the Mambré Social Hostel, a Mambré Foundation initiative, and XA : the Temporary Housing Centre for Families (THCF), created by the Barcelona City Council. 6. Se It needs saying that the difference between public and private ownership relates to the on owner of the resource –be it a flat or residential centre-, but the entities have a large number P of sponsored places, in a way that the expenses from the people housed are covered by S the municipal social service. In both 2012 and 2013, 121 of the places in privately-owned re residential centres were sponsored in agreement with Barcelona City Council. u- The promotion of inclusion flats continues because XAPSLL entities understand that the cur- L - rent social emergency can’t allow the quality of attention to deteriorate, and the possibilities vo e of personalized accompaniment to people attended offered by this type of resource. e f r The rise in families in a situation of housing exclusion -a reality that has been discussed in o previous chapters- has fostered the creation of new inclusion housing. Both the City Council n and the entities have noticeably broadened the number of insertion flats during the last five io years, turning this type of resource into a core element of their strategy of fighting against t S social exclusion. rce In 2013, Barcelona has surpassed the number of 1.000 places in accommodation for home- u less people. Public residential centers have reached 475 places, with new openings and the So broadening of existing ones and the City Council boasts 127 places in inclusion flats. The rest of the entities have reached 231 places in residential centers, of which 121 are directly sponsored by the City Council, which means 58% of the places are registered as private. The private entities have 312 places in inclusion flats; more than double the supply available in March 2008, when the systemization of data began. 40 Albert Sales i Campos Table 6.1. Places available in homeless facilities. Barcelona, 2008-2011 Type of homeless March 2008 March 2009 March 2010 March 2011 November facility (1) (2) (2) (2) 2011 (2) March 2012 March 2013 Residential centers 400 360 3603 70 3703 70 475 Public ownership Flats7 26 77 71 04 1319 61 27 Hostels no procedent Total 472 427 4374 74 5014 66 602 Residential centers 150 141 1411 42 1562 02 231 Flats1 26 177 2011 96 2852 97 312 Private Hostels ownership (3) Sub-tenancy rooms (3) no procedent Others 6 Total 276 318 3423 38 4474 99 543 Total 748 745 7798 12 9489 65 1145 1) Source: Cabrera et al (2008). Qui dorm al carrer? With revisions from the entities records of XAPSLL (2) Source: XAPSLL (3) 121 of the public places in housing centers were granted by the City Council of Barcelona, which covers the expenses on the 12th March 2012 and 12th March 2013 (4) Of the 231 places provided by private entities, 121 places were granted in agreement with Barcelona City Council. This means that the City Council has assumed the total cost of these places. This percentage represents 52% of the amount of places categorized as private. (5) Along with the places granted, Barcelona City Council maintains several collaboration agreements with many of the private entities, in order to support financially different projects in the area of social action. Gràfic 6.1. Evolution of the number of nights provided in XAPSLL homeless facilities according to ownership. Barcelona, 2008, 2013 1400 1200 1000 800 Residential centers Flats Residential centers Flats 600 Others 400 200 0 March March March March November March March 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 41 Gràfic 6.2. Evolution of the number of nights provided in XAPSLL homeless facilities. Barcelona, 2008, 2013. 1400 1200 1000 800 Flats Residential centers 600 400 200 0 March 2008 March 2010 November 2011 March 2013 42 Albert Sales i Campos nterven- 7. I tIon polIcIes In fIghtIng home- agaInst s lessnes Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 43 7. Intervention policies in fighting against homelessness ven- Social intervention which gives support to people living r in any kind of housing exclusion situation considered Prevention: te homelessness is only a tiny part of the policies needed In es to guarantee the right to housing. The homeless re- measures for 7. cI sources offered by the social services and entities of I avoiding the loss l the XAPSLL provide the last emergency network for o people and families immersed in poverty and social of housing n p exclusion processes and the first points of support with o g which they can start recovering the reins of their lives. The EC acknowledges in its official documents that tI In In the current context, addressing the fight against homelessness prevention measures have an impor- t homelessness faces two great challenges: the increase tant social and economical return in the long term h - in the number of people in need of support from the and create important savings in social services, health fIg e specialized entities and from social services to avoid and legal systems and contribute to social cohesion. n om sleeping rough and the difficulties in consolidating in- Dutch research carried out in 2011 (Van Leerdam), I h clusion processes in an environment lacking salaried calculated that, for every euro inverted in preventing st employment opportunities, and in which incomes from homelessness, the society got €2.20 in return. The re- n subsidies and benefits are getting less and less. search pointed out that the areas where savings were aI made were emergency health treatment, treatment in ag Despite these difficulties, the European Commission outpatient clinics, psychiatric services, police interven- ss (EC) urges the member states of the EU to launch tions, prisons, legal procedures and temporary hous- e brave and coordinated policies against housing exclu- ing. Other research has confirmed the high cost-ben- sn sion. In the communication Towards Social Investment efit ratios of eviction prevention policies. Calculations es for Growth and Cohesion, the Commission states, in made in Scotland in 2010 showed that the process of l agreement with the current empiric evidence, that the re-housing a family meant an economic expenditure of access to stable housing is a key tool for the full devel- £5.300 per year, whereas an intervention of mediation opment of the economical potential of people. Bringing between landlord and renter to avoid eviction didn’t back the idea exposed previously in this report that exceed £600(European Commission, 2011). homelessness is a consequence and also the cause of poverty and social exclusion situations and taking into The evidence which shows that a great deal of evic- account the areas of action of XAPSLL, the proposals tions could be prevented is addressed by FEANTSA of the EC and the experience of the entities of the city and the European Commission itself, which recom- can shape some recommendations in order to maintain mend launching social intervention mechanisms before a security network aimed at reducing the personal and foreclosure procedures and evictions, both in the rental social impact of the most severe types of social exclu- and buying market. Policies such as obliging estate sion in our society. agents and banking entities to inform social services before starting a foreclosure procedure, cooperating with municipal administrations to identify renters with difficulties before they accumulate more than two rent payment delays or supplying specialized indi- vidual finance administration support to people in risk of non-payment are just some of the policies already in progress in countries as different as Switzerland or Austria. 44 Albert Sales i Campos Without hindering the debates about the model of state ownership and its legal regulation or the assignment in Predict the pro- payment as a mechanism to put a stop to unassumable debts to which people suffering a foreclosure proce- cesses of dis- dure are submitted, preventing housing loss in poverty charging from in- situations and severe social vulnerability can save a lot of suffering to the families, as well as important social stitutions expenditure. The moment of leaving certain institutions that provide stable housing over long periods of time (prisons, Strategies at hospitals, treatment centres...) can become a trigger- ing factor towards severe exclusion and towards a state-level and homeless situation (Sarasa i Sales, 2009; Casey et al, country-level 2007). The more detailed strategies for fighting against homelessness draft in advance specific measures for tackling the discharge procedure from institutions of The European Commission urges EU member states to collectives in risk to assure the coordination between develop strategies at a regional or state-level to cope housing-type institutions and support services for with homelessness. Social services and the attention homeless people. given to vulnerable collectives is usually a field that in- volves the municipal governments, responsible for local In Finland, one of the countries which has managed to level administration. But the processes of social exclu- reduce its homeless population despite the economical sion leading people to housing exclusion are linked to recession, there is an action program which includes as supra-municipal policies. Migration policies, discharges a special attention group the people discharged from from penitential centers, the relation between social prison. In Switzerland, the current action plan against services and health services are examples of the need homelessness has the specific objective of decreasing to establish agreed policy measures. the number of homeless former prisoners. Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, the Low Countries, The Danish strategy for the decrease of homelessness Norway, Portugal, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, states that the release of a prisoner must be accom- Scotland, Wales and the German region Rhine-West- panied by a suitable housing solution for the person. phalia all have integrated strategies to fight against They have designed a model called “Good release”, homelessness, with the objective to minimize the im- defining the steps which must be implemented and pact of housing exclusion. It’s important to point out the agents who have to coordinate prison release pro- that none of the few territories which have achieved cesses, providing a roadmap for the administrations a reduction in the number of homeless people since involved, penitential institutions and city councils (local 2008 have managed it without an action plan agreed social services) to reduce the response time and to on a supra-municipal level. give coherence to their interventions with the person who reintegrates into conventional life. Data reveals that the program is working: a Danish survey about homelessness records in every edition the number of institutionalized people with the perspective of be- ing released within the next month after the survey. It includes penitential inmates and people receiving hospital treatment. During the sixth week of 2007, 129 people were in this situation in the prisons of the coun- try and 223 in the hospitals. In 2011, figures dropped to 88 and 173 respectively (FEANTSA, 2012). Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 45 The British strategy in the fight against homelessness contains important measures like maintaining a subsidy Guarantee to the imprisoned population with short sentences in order to cover housing expenses, preventing them from the quality of losing their return home once released from prison. services Recent research showed that discharges from hospi- tals and treatment centers continue to be a catalyst The tragic situation of many homeless people, com- for housing exclusion in the United Kingdom. In Scot- bined with the good intentions of citizens and entities, land, the health system and penitential administrations has brought about different forms of attention based have introduced measures with the clear objective of on volunteering and spontaneity which doesn’t always preventing people released from hospitals and prisons achieve positive results. The sub-sector of attention from finding themselves with nowhere to go. There to homeless people has traditionally lacked regulation are different accompaniment projects in the deinsti- and standardization of the conditions services sup- tutionization process which prevent people who are plied. The gravity of the situations of social exclusion discharged, and therefore have a different daily routine, cannot lead us to accept that any help is better than from becoming homeless. In Northern Ireland, all the nothing. Core issues such as occupation density of penitential and detention centers will be committed to housing services or the number of people needed to accompany the process of re-housing of discharged administrate properly a service have often been ignored people from 2014, and there’s a special support plan without analyzing the implications in the personal pro- for people aged 16 and 17 who have abandoned the in- cess of the people attended. terment centers or hospitals and lack a family network. Large accommodation services with rooms holding Ireland guarantees support, in agreement with civil many people with different problems create a ‘home- society organizations, for people coming out of an less’ identity which can reinforce the breakdown institutionalized period who don’t enjoy family support. processes of users with respect to society. Some Research made by the Irish Penal Reform Trust con- European countries, such as Switzerland, the United cluded that the Irish Prison Service has managed to Kingdom, Denmark and Finland promote a housing achieve that nobody is discharged from a penitential model based on individual rooms in all types of home- centre without a reference address where they will be less accommodation resources in order to provide a able to enjoy minimal life conditions. decent level of privacy and intimacy for the people at- tended (FEANTSA, 2012). In the Low Countries, the focus of the deinstitutionaliza- tion protective measures is on prison releases. Social services professionals work actively with the penitential centers to assure that releases are accompanied by “Housing-led” housing, social security and the documentation needed strategies to receive benefits and subsidies. In the European Consensus Conference on Home- FEANTSA considers that there isn’t any integrated lessness the effectiveness of the so-called “housing- strategy in the Spanish State of attention to homeless led strategies”, or strategies based on housing, was people which considers explicitly the issue of deinsti- highlighted. These are actions which establish as a tutionalization and the risks of social exclusion suffered priority in the intervention of the attention services the by people who spend time in prison or long-term treat- provision of a house for people who become homeless. ment centres. Confirming that housing exclusion is a relevant risk fac- tor of social exclusion, “housing-led” policies seek to make housing available to people and families, from where they can remake their social ties. 46 Albert Sales i Campos Housing-led policies contrast with the most classical attention policies which set a succession of steps to an Knowledge to act independent life which people attended by the assis- tance services must follow. The classical intervention, Both FEANTSA and the European Commission urge usually called “transition staircase” towards an inde- State Members to generate rigorous information about pendent life, expects that people without a home enter their homeless population with the aim of being able to the attention circuit through lenient night accommo- improve the effectiveness of their policies. The marginal dation facilities, shelters and temporary hostels. From character of the phenomenon until the start of the Wel- these resources -and with socio-educational support- fare States crisis and the trend, present all over Europe, people attended would move into inclusion housing or to leave the attention of homeless people out of social flats shared with other people following similar paths. policies, considering it an issue for entities and reli- After, one-family housing would be provided which gious congregations, has created a gap in knowledge permits a certain independency, with a less intense and also in the systematization of data. socio-educational support, becoming the last step prior to reinsertion into a conventional housing market, which they would access thanks to the reincorporation In the Spanish state, INE (National Institute of Sta- in the labor market or obtaining other incomes (Busch tistics) is who has made some surveys on homeless Geertsema, 2002). population attended in public housing and resources and by entities. But about the reality of people sleeping Among housing-led strategies, the most popular is rough we only count on municipal area initiatives in Bar- named Housing First, owning this name from a pro- celona, Lleida and Madrid. For the design of integrated gram launched in the United States by the organization and coherent policies, on different administration lev- Beyond the Shelter in 1988. Initially, the project was els, a supra-municipal vision of housing exclusion must conceived to give a response to the needs of families be implemented. becoming homeless because of socio-economic prob- lems. It started by breaking the vision of the homeless The fight against the stigmatization and the person as someone who can’t be trusted to manage criminalization must be a priority: homelessness his own home and the acknowledgement of the right of is not a crime; it’s a scandal! every citizen to have access to housing. Inspired by the innovative programs and considering the link –getting stronger and more evident all the time- between socio- economic problems and homelessness in Europe, housing-led policies give a response to families who have lost their house for socio-economic causes and who are in need of a starting point to rebuild their life with minimal socio-educational support. Over the last decade, Housing First has been also applied to intervene in chronic homelessness situa- tions, providing homeless people who have lived on the streets a long time an independent house first and socio-educational support, in a voluntary way, later. There are several studies that reveal outstanding suc- cesses in the United States, but in the case of single chronic homeless people, this is a type of intervention still up for debate (Tsemberis, 2010). Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 47 The fighT againsT The sTig- maTizaTion and The criminaliza- Tion musT be a prioriTy: home- lessness is noT a crime; iT’s a scan- dal 48 Albert Sales i Campos ns ConClu sio Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 49 Conclusions Data supplied by the Social Inclusion Service of Barce- three years in Barcelona is being maintained. lona City Council states that there is a stable increase in the number of homeless people in the city. Between Despite the efforts by the XAPSLL in broadening their 2011 and 2013, the number of people counted in the assistance capacity, a different result would have been two first ETHOS categories (sleeping rough or sle- surprising. Ending up in a homeless situation is a symp- eping overnight in hostels and spending the rest of tom of an accumulation of problems directly affecting the day on the street), have risen from 923 to 1.129, people’s capacity to mobilize social and economic following the increasing trend of the last five years. resources to obtain stable housing. After five years of The homeless situation is the most extreme version economic recession, the capacity of families to cope of housing exclusion and reflects the most serious with the economic problems stemming from unemploy- consequences of the deprivation process felt by the ment and lack of income have been considerably dama- city’s inhabitants due to the economic recession. The ged, and the extended family and close social network evolution in the number of people counted in the rest of relationships have lost a great part of their solidarity ETHOS categories is strongly influenced by the supply capacity. The increase of homeless and roofless people of places in residential housing of the XAPSLL and, as is the most visible expression of a generalized econo- ns a result, depends on the orientation of the intervention mic poverty in our society and a notable extension of o policies of the entities and administrations. social vulnerability. Figures reflect the feeling of entities si and municipal social services: economic deprivation u Despite the fact that the total number of people that and social exclusion processes are continuing to rise, Cl XAPSLL is able to count as homeless has seen a slight leaving people and families without access to a home. n decrease, the reason is not a reduction in the services If to the continuous trickle of people in need of atten- o offered, nor -unfortunately- a reduction of the demand. tion from specialized homelessness services is added C As we have pointed in more detail before, the opening the fact that it’s getting ever more difficult to foster by Caritas of 63 new one-family inclusion accommoda- inclusion paths for the people attended, the entities tion places that aren’t counted as XAPSLL resources and social services face a difficult task ahead in the has meant that the people who were already housed attention of increasing needs and demands. on Match the 12th were not included in the data, even though, if these flats hadn’t been opened, they would be occupying sub-tenancy rooms or hostels and the- The rise of homeless families represents a grand cha- refore, they would definitely form part of the diagnosis. llenge in the way of fighting against housing exclusion. The decrease in the quantity of settlements and in the Attention resources aimed at responding to the needs number of people living in temporary structures or of single people don’t meet the needs of a nuclear shacks doesn’t necessarily imply a reduction of this family or under-aged people. XAPSLL’s policy of in- phenomenon either. SIS has a better knowledge of creasing the number of inclusion flats, creating new the night dynamics of these settlements and has been accommodation facilities specifically addressed to able to estimate more accurately their dimensions. families and the efforts taken to prevent the most vulne- Even though it’s probable that a slight decrease has rable homes of the city from losing their housing are the occurred, the reduction from 834 to 595 comes, lar- first answers to a reality which is difficult to quantify. We gely, from the street team’s more reliable assessment haven’t got reliable data to know approximately how of the reality. many families are running the risk of eviction or fore- closure procedure and neither do we know how many Accordingly, a reduction of nearly 300 people in the of these have a social or family support network. Until count could be accounted for by methodological as- now, the contention resources of the entities and public pects. Considering that officially the sources of this administration continue to guarantee that there aren’t diagnosis tell of 90 people less in the ETHOS cate- any children or under-aged homeless people in the city gories of which XAPSLL has information, we can state of Barcelona, but the key to prevent these resources that the rising trend of housing exclusion over the last becoming overcrowded is the preventive action which 50 Albert Sales i Campos keeps families from losing their habitual housing. able to follow inclusive paths and who will always re- quire social support from entities or social resources. For their age, for physical or health problems or due Prevention, understood here as intervention whose ob- to long processes of social destructurization, part of jective is to prevent an individual or family from losing the people who are homeless today will need accom- their house, turns out to be, in all the studies made in panying by professionals and entities and it must be Europe, much more effective in halting life paths from guaranteed that these people aren’t displaced by the heading towards situations of severe exclusion than new needs coming from the crisis, thus creating a dou- assistance once these people become homeless. ble exclusion. The accumulation of social, personal and health problems affecting the less autonomous people Both preventative actions and intervention with those among the homeless population makes it necessary to already homeless come up against the limits of the foresee attention formulas where the efforts of different municipality. Whereas our system of social services specialized networks must be coordinated. The health leaves almost all the responsibility of attending people system, services specialized in mental disorders and in the hands of the municipal administration, homeless the services of attention to drug addicts are some attention policies often exceed the administrative and of the agents which attend partially or by area these geographical municipal area. Key factors needed to people who can pass successively through different understand the situations of exclusion experienced housing resources without finding any adequate for by homeless people are found in migration policies, their multiple problems. It’s a challenge that is neither the design of non-contributive benefits in the social new nor motivated by the crisis, but the great demand security system, the health system or the regulation of on resources makes it more urgent than ever. the housing market. Geographically, the city of Barce- lona is appealing due to its economic activity, which favors the appearance of marginal activities which can Resources currently implemented by the XAPSLL are help survival, such as scrap metal collection as well the minimum that cannot be waived in the moment of as the apparent abundance of assistance resources. economic deprivation which our society is living. The Launching an action plan to slow down the rise of ho- strong commitment to the quality of housing services melessness would demand, therefore, a commitment, and to a coordinated strategy between entities and pu- at least from the local administrations of the Metropo- blic administration place Barcelona at the same levels litan Area. as many grand European cities. But the intensity of the recession in Catalonia, the impact of housing policies In the journey towards a homeless situation economic over previous decades and the lack of a supra-munici- problems and the incapacity to pay for housing are pal strategy places serious limitations on imagining a becoming more and more important. This fact, along city where nobody sleeps on the street. with European experiences, demands the reappraisal of the approach of social inclusion processes. The diverse reality of homeless people requires diversity in the social and educational approaches. When the most important need of a person is housing, mechanisms need to be looked for which put a place to live and develop a social life with a minimum of privacy and au- tonomy ahead of other interventions. Without wishing to explore the effectiveness of the housing first policies against the more classical profiles, new realities make it vital to shorten the inclusion processes that put own housing at the end of a path guided by professionals of entities or social services. Worrying about the rise of homeless people must not mean we forget about those individuals who won’t be Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 51 52 Albert Sales i Campos BiBliogra- phy Homeless people in the city of Barcelona and the evolution of the resources of the Network of Attention to Homeless People 53 Bibliography • Anderson, I., & Christain, J. (2003). “Causes of Ho- • Lee, B., Price-Spartlen, T., & Kanan, J. W. (2003). melessnes in the UK: A Dynamic Analysis”. Journal “Determinants of homelessness in Metropolitan of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 13, Areas”. 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