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3. Another limitation is that data accounts on salaried employees, excluding self-employed or other employment 
status. However, great part of the workforce are salaried employees. 
4. Another relevant income source is social transfers. Despite their importance (since the majority are contributory-
type and consequently attached to the qualifying years of work), we have decided not to analyse them here for space 
reasons. 
5. Data of INE’s annual survey on salary ranking. Data from 2009 (since a methodological shift that year hinders 
comparison with previous years) to 2014, latest year with available data. 
 
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6. In particular, the lack of gender-impact evaluations of the central austerity measures framed in the National Plans of 
Reform of that period (Lombardo: 2013) have two important consequences: on one hand, we are not acquainted with 
the unequal effects on men and women; on the other hand, we are aware of the political will of ignoring the harm of it 
and the attached risks for women in a general worsened context of life standards.
6 
 
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1. This text is an updated review of the chapter “Crisis, occupation and feminization of poverty” included in the 
report “Poverty with gender perspective: Concepts, indicators and situation in Catalonia”, by De la Fuente, M., 
Cutillas, S., Fresnillo, I., Carrere, H, i Castellà, H., published by CCOO (2017). 
 
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2. See the proposal of sector, dimensions, sub-dimensions and possible indicators for a conception of poverty from a 
multi-dimensional approach included in the study “Poverty with gender perspective: Concepts, indicators and situation 
in Catalonia”, CCOO, 2017. 
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1. MCVL obtained from social contributions registers and data from the Municipal Continuous Census, along with the 
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2. Source: Eurostat, from the gross earnings per hour according to the Structure of Income Survey. 
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3. Source: Active Population Survey, INE. 3rd term 2016 data. 
 
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1. These general itineraries of the elderly come from  fieldwork for the project "Active Aging, citizenship and 
participation: reviewing the goals, needs and strategies for the autonomy and empowerment of old and new 
generations in Spain” (2012-2015), financed through a research grant of CSIC and La Caixa Foundation, called “Zero 
projects about aging”. The project was led by Joan Subirats and Mercè Pérez Salanova and the research team 
composed by Eva Alfama, Ramón Canal, Marta Cruells, Jorge Salcedo, Mayo Fuster, Sandra Ezquerra, Margarida Pla, 
Joan Font, Toni Salvà, Pilar Monreal y Arantza del Valle. 
3 
 
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2. Despite the legal progress made by women during the Second Republic, many critical voices have emerged from 
feminist literature, confronting the republican political system for being anchored to the male breadwinner model, 
which has contributed to shaping women as a secondary worforce. During the international crisis of the 30s, policies 
against unemployment were exclusively addressed to men. Moreover, the State supported the restrictions to 
women’s access to labour market in sectors affected by unemployment and excluded domestic work from the Law of 
labour. Salary discrimination was maintained in the private and public sector. 
 
3. The role of the “freelance partner” exempts businessmen from formalizing work contracts. These days, that role is 
very commonly assumed by women, while the role of employer is disproportionately represented by men, the reason 
why it becomes indirect discrimination, as it’s known in legal terms. 
 
4. Remunerated domestic work, currently performed by women in 95% of the cases and since the 2000s by an 
increasing number of migrant women, was never recognized as formal employment  by the Franchoist law. During the 
80s, the Spanish Labour Socialist Party (PSOE) approved the RD 1424/1985 through which some employment traits 
were recognized, without being fully equal –neither in terms of labour rights, nor in terms of social protection with 
regards to the rest of economic activities. Although in 2011 the PSOE government with José Luís Rodríguez 
Zapatero approved the law 27/2011 about updating, adaptation and modernization of the Social Insurance System and 
planned the social inclusion of domestic work in the framework of the General Regime of Social Security, it still lacks 
the labour rights established in the Workers Statute, and is still submitted to many labour discriminations. 
Furthermore, the current government refuses to adopt the 189 Agreement of the International Labour Organization, 
that seeks to ensure equal legal protection within the sector and avoid discrimination practices. 
 
4 
 
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5. In accordance with the different profiles of old people generations, it must be highlighted that among the youngest 
generations (now aged 60 to 64) there are less gender inequalities in their pensions.
6 
 
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* A revision based on Catalonia’s data. 
1. Part of this study is included in a research project of the Social Inclusion Chair of the Rovira i Virgili University on 
poverty and gender. Some of the results included here have been incorporated in two recent collective studies: the VII 
FOESSA Paper on exclusion and social development in Spain (Valls and Belzunegui, 2014) and the issue on Social 
Exclusion and Gender at local level, published by the Institute of Social and Political Sciences (Valls, 2016). 
 
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2. ECV is a type of European survey, applied to all European countries under the project EU-SILC (European Union – 
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3. The consumption units are the reference units for the distribution of home income among all the members living in it, 
and are used to set the poverty threshold. The relationship between the individual and the equivalent consumption unit 
isn’t 1=1, since the consumption units take into account the economies of scale that are produced in the household as 
the number of members rises. On a technical level, the equivalence scale modified by OECD is used –the most common 
for this type of operation– and ponders the individual's influence the following way: the first adult corresponds to 1 
consumption unit; the rest of people from 14-years-old correspond to 0.5 consumption units each, and each person 
younger than 14 corresponds to 0.3 consumption units. Accordingly, whereas the poverty threshold is 9.667 annual 
euros for an individual household, a household constituted by two adults has a poverty threshold of 14,501. 
 
4. A solution suggested to this limitation is to safeguard the poverty threshold to the starting point and evaluate the 
evolution of the risk of poverty through the following years. To summarize: in 2015 there were 20.6% of men and 
20.9% of women below the poverty threshold in relation to 2009 (10,091 euros per consumption unit), which reveals 
that living conditions have worsened, but similar poverty data between men and women is still seen. 
5 
 
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5. AROPE indicator identifies individuals affected by, at least, one of the following problems: a) living in a home in 
situation of financial poverty, an aspect we have seen until now; b) living in a home with a significant low work intensity 
(under 20% of the total home capacity among the members aged 18 to 59), and c) suffering from severe material 
deprivation in, at least, four indicators suggested from nine estimated (being unable to deal with unexpected bills, being 
unable to go on holidays at least one week a year; delays in bill payments related to the main house during the year; 
being unable to afford a meat, chicken or fish dish at least every two days, being unable to afford to buy a washing 
machine, being unable to afford a TV, telephone or car). 
 
6 
 
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1.115 Barometer February 2016 - Alerte au 115 sur l'absence d'hébergement pour les femmes et les familles. Available 
at http://www.federationsolidarite.org/publications-fnars/barometre-115/barometre-archives-menu/6549-cop-fnars-
barom%C3%A8tre-115-f%C3%A9vrier-2017  
 
2. Homelessness report January 2016, Homelessness report January 2017.  Available at  
http://www.housing.gov.ie/housing/homelessness/other/homelessness-data 
 
3. Barcelona data are presented in the following epigraph. 
 
 
Barcelona 
Societat 
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4. Belzunegui and Valls (2014) outline in the paper La pobreza en España desde una perspectiva de género (Poverty in 
Spain from a gender perspective) how the convergence of the at-risk-of poverty rate of men and women in Spain over 
the last few years of the crisis has been caused by the worsening of the financial situation of families and how 
resources are distributed within the family is not considered. Methodologies scoping the at-risk-of-poverty rate based 
on the premise of autonomy are summarized by the authors, concluding that the standard at-risk-of-poverty rate isn't 
greatly influenced by the gender inequalities in which women continue to suffer higher and starker poverty. 
 
5. Complaint repeatedly documented on Women’s Homelessness in Europe Network. 
http://www.womenshomelessness.org/  
 
3 
 
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6 “Homeless women are even more vulnerable than homeless men”, published at The Guardian on February the 14th 
2017. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2017/feb/14/homelessness-women-disadvantaged-
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local level. Mainstreaming, longitudinal research and empowerement”, Barcelona: ICPS. 
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3. Department of Welfare and Family (2014): “Program for the developing of local plans for social inclusion”. 
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4. Department of Welfare and Family (2015). Annual report of the Government agreement for approving the Action 
Plan against poverty and social inclusion 2015-2016, Generalitat de Catalunya. 
5. See Diputació de Barcelona (2012): “Local plans of social inclusion. Methodological guidelines. Revision”. Col. 
Documents de Treball. Benestar Social series, 13. 
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1. Idescat and IERMB, Survey on Living Standards and Habits in Catalonia, 2011. 
2. According to Francesc Valls Fonayet’s research (2016), from the URV Chair of Social Inclusion about the total  
population in Catalonia; by using this alternative methodology based on the poverty measurement under the  
premise of autonomy, in 2015 nearly half of the women in Catalonia (49.3%) would be at risk of poverty living  
with their own income and living alone, against 24.2% of men. According to this methodology, the proportion of  
women at risk of poverty doubles, whereas men’s reduces.
 
Barcelona 
Societat 
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3. Presented before Barcelona City Council’s plenary chamber on the 23rd July 2015. 
4. Barcelona City Council, Estrategy against Feminization of Poverty and Deprivation in Barcelona (2016-2020), 
Councillor’s Office for Feminisms and LGBT, Department of Gender Mainstreaming –CIRD (2016). 
5. Report “Women and Work”, CESB, 2016, according to 2015 data.  
3 
 
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6. Report about unemployment in Barcelona, CESB, 2015, according to 2014 data. 
7. Idescat and IERMB. Survey on Living Standards and Habits in Catalonia, 2011. 
8. Idescat and IERMB. Survey on Living Standards and Habits in Catalonia, 2011. 
9. Census of Social Housing Applicants in Barcelona (2015). 
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