Climate Plan 2018-2030 CLIMATE BC PLAN N A historic global agreement was reached at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, following extremely difficult negotiations: to take all necessary measures to prevent the global temperature from rising above 1.5 ºC. Since then, countries across the world, with the exception of the USA, have been working to set their individual emission-reduction targets and create associated action plans. But we, the cities, cannot afford to wait and see whether their proposals are ambitious enough. The future of the fight against climate change is being played out in our streets and squares. We are where most of the population lives, the people most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and the main focus of innovation. If we want things to change, we have to start by changing ourselves. And that will only be possible if we all take joint responsibility: citizens, companies, associations and authorities. That is why Barcelona has decided to take another step along its path in the fight against climate change, which had already been bolstered in 2015 under the Climate Commitment, with the approval of a Climate Plan to prepare the city to meet the Paris agreement. It is an ambitious plan that is intended to propel us towards a 45% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and turn us into a carbon-neutral city by 2050. A plan which, as you would expect, has been co-produced by hundreds of the city’s organisations and under which we are boosting many of the measures that we had already started implementing and which prompts us to commit to embarking on many other initiatives. The fight against climate change presents us with the challenge of bringing about a huge transformation of the city. This is a challenge that is worth fighting through, not just because it is an act of global justice but also because it will enable us to achieve a healthier, more pleasant and more sustainable city. We can do everything if we do it together. It is high time we act against climate change. Ada Colau Ballano The Mayor of Barcelona Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 3 April 2018 CONTACT contact@c40.org SEE C40.org @c40cities #Cities4Climate Dear Mayor Colau, Re: Confirmation of Paris Agreement Compatible Climate Action Plan In 2016 nations of the world ratified a historic global agreement on climate change, the Paris Agreement, committing to keep global average temperatures within 2C of pre- industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5C. The Agreement also commits to strengthening the ability of countries to deal with the unavoidable impacts of climate change through adaptation. All of this is set within the context of sustainable development and on the basis of inclusivity for all communities. C40’s aim is that every C40 city will have developed and begun implementing a climate action plan before the end of 2020, which will deliver action consistent with the ambitions of the Paris Agreement, addressing both the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. With support from our cities, we have developed a Climate Action Planning Framework, which outlines the essential components of a climate action plan that is deemed to be compatible with the goals of the Paris Agreement. It is with great pleasure that I can confirm we have reviewed Barcelona’s Pla CLIMA against our Climate Action Planning Framework and found it to meet the requirements of the framework. Congratulations to you and your team on this achievement and for producing such a robust, integrated and ambitious climate action plan. Cities around the world will be inspired by your leadership. We look forward to continuing to support Barcelona as you move towards implementing Pla CLIMA. Your sincerely, Mark Watts Executive Director C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group C40 CITIES CLIMATE LEADERSHIP GROUP 1 4 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 CLIMATE PLAN BLOCK 1: CLIMATE Page Page 1 A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 8 10 AREAS AND LINES OF ACTION 62 2 WHY DOES BARCELONA NEED Line of action 1. Taking care of everyone 64 A CLIMATE PLAN? 10 Line of action 2. No cuts 68 3 WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM SCRATCH 12 Line of action 3. Preventing excessive heat 72 4 BARCELONA NOW 16 Line of action 4. Better than new buildings 78 4.1. Barcelona in figures 16 Line of action 5. Recovering terrace roofs 88 4.2. Mitigation, a key area we need Line of action 6. Planning with a climate focus 92 to keep working on 18 Line of action 7. Many more green areas 94 4.3. Barcelona, a habitable city for the people Line of action 8. Not a single drop wasted 96 most vulnerable to climate change too 22 Line of action 9. Renewables in public areas 100 5 BARCELONA IN THE FUTURE 26 Line of action 10. Getting around easily 104 5.1. What will Barcelona’s climate be like Line of action 11. Conserving the seafront 108 in the future? 26 Line of action 12. Virtuous circle 114 5.2. The main effects of climate change on Barcelona 28 Line of action 13. Responsible consumption 118 5.3. Other impacts that climate change has 38 Line of action 14. Zero Waste 122 Line of action 15. Food sovereignty 126 BLOCK 2: PLAN Line of action 16. Cultural action for the climate 132 6 THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE PLAN 42 Line of action 17. Climate cooperation 136 7 TAKING ACTION 48 Line of action 18. Let’s get organised 140 7.1. The Barcelona’s Commitment 11 TIMEFRAME 144 to the Climate as a forerunner 48 12 MONITORING 155 7.2. A Plan co-produced with our citizens 50 13 WOULD YOU LIKE MORE INFORMATION? 157 7.3. Climate Plan governance tools 52 14 MAP-DIAGRAM OF THE CITY WITH ALL 8 TRANSITION TO A CARBON-NEUTRAL CITY 54 THE ACTIONS 158 9 STRATEGIC GOALS AND TARGETS 58 15 INITIALS AND SYMBOLS 161 Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 5 BLOCk 1: Climate Plan 4. BARCELONA NOW Pág. 16 1. 1. A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Pág. 8 5. BARCELONA 2. WHY DOES IN THE FUTURE BARCELONA NEED Pág. 26 A CLIMATE PLAN? Pág.10 3. WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM SCRATCH Pág. 12 6 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 CLIMATE P SUSTAINABILITY / INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT MITIGATION / ADAPTATION / ACTION / JUSTICE CLIMATE / FUTURE / VULNERABILITY / +HEAT -WATER -BEACHES +FLOODS +URBAN HEAT ISLAND +FIRES -BIODIVERSITY -AIR QUALITY / HEALTH QUALITY OF LIFE / EMISSIONS C O N S U M P T I O N POVERTY Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 7 1. A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Cities face a big challenge when it comes to tackling The Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate goals climate change because they generate 70% of and targets for 2030 are as follows: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many of them are therefore adapting their agenda and adopting • As regards mitigation, to reduce its levels of measures to reduce GHG emissions, minimise CO2 equivalent emissions by 40% per capita dependence on fossil fuels, improve effi ciency, compared to those for 2005. reduce metabolic fl ows and increase resilience. All of those measures are geared towards improving the • With regard to adaptation, to increase the quality of life and sustainability of cities. urban green space by 1.6 km2, in other words, 1 m2 for each current resident. At COP21 in Paris, Barcelona presented the Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate The Barcelona Climate Plan includes existing actions (CBC), promoted by over a thousand businesses, and strategies along with new ones to achieve these citizen organisations and schools linked to the More goals, while fulfi lling the commitment it made when Sustainable Barcelona network, signatories of the signing the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and 2012-2022 Citizen Commitment to Sustainability and Energy (2017). Barcelona City Council. This declaration reaffi rms previous municipal commitments (Covenant of Mayors on Energy and Covenant of Mayors on Adaptation) and defi nes Barcelona’s roadmap for 2015-2017, where city citizens and the City Council set out the priorities and the challenges to be overcome by their joint efforts. 8 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 The strategic lines the Climate Plan is based on are: Mitigation, because we Adaptation and Climate justice, Promoting citizen cannot allow a context resilience, because because we need to put action, taking into of economic recovery to we can already see the most vulnerable account the Barcelona lull us into consuming the effects of climate people at the centre of Climate Commitment in an unsustainable change and we have to climate policies. while promoting way again. prepare ourselves. co-creation projects. Mitigation: all those actions geared towards reducing Resilience: the capacity of cities to prevent or, where they greenhouse gas emissions. are inevitable, minimise the impact of the natural and human-induced hazards they are exposed to, whether Adaptation and resilience: : all those actions geared towards they are occasional episodes or tensions over a lengthy reducing vulnerability to climate change. period, and to recover as soon as possible in order to continue their essential functions. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 9 2. WHY DOES BARCELONA NEED A CLIMATE PLAN? Key messages Climate change is a reality and it is caused by The cost of doing nothing is becoming ever greater. humans. The fi fth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Not just in terms of social and environmental costs, Change (IPCC) has demonstrated the unequivocal but also economic ones. Taking action as soon as average rise in air and ocean temperatures, the possible to deal with the present and future effects changes in rainfall patterns, widespread thawing and of climate change is an opportunity to create jobs, rising sea levels across the globe. The need to step to innovate and improve our knowledge of the city, to up our efforts in the fi ght against climate change reduce the risks associated with its vulnerability to has become even clearer in recent years, leading climate change, and so on. The price the city would organisations and public administrations around the have to pay if it reacts late would be too high for world to adopt various mitigation and adaptation everyone. commitments and measures, in order to reduce GHG emissions and vulnerability to the impact of climate change. 10 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 In that context, the Climate Plan is an opportunity to join forces and make Barcelona a pioneering city that accepts responsibility for its contribution to climate change (reduces emissions), prepares itself to be less vulnerable to its effects (adapts) and becomes a fairer, more participatory city (promotes climate justice and citizen action). WE ARE RESPONSIBLE IT AFFECTS PEOPLE’S FOR IT HEALTH AND EVERYDAY WE MUST ACT NOW Human activity is the LIVES It is a priority, we cause of this climate What is more, these cannot afford to change. We are part changes seriously damage wait. We must act of the problem, but also our health and affect our with urgency, part of the solution. quality of life. not caution. CLIMATE CHANGE IT IS ALREADY CLIMATE CHANGE THERE IS STILL TIME IS A REALITY HAPPENING IS UNFAIR We have the opportunity Numerous studies show We are already It does not affect to act and the capacity it exists. There is no noticing the effects: everyone in the same to do so. time for scepticism nor more heat, less way, some people and denial. water, more extreme neighbourhoods are climate phenomena, more vulnerable. and so on. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 11 3.WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM SCRATCH Barcelona City Council is fi rmly committed to implementing locally the climate and energy policies agreed on a European and international level. The Council has signed the following agreements: Covenant of Mayors Citizen Commitment “Making Cities Resilient” on Energy to Sustainability campaign and its “10 essentials” (2008) (2012-2022) (2013) Covenant of Mayors Paris Declaration committing Barcelona’s on Adaptation cities to the fi ght against Commitment (2014) climate change to the Climate (2015) (2015) Compact of Mayors Covenant of Mayors for Global Covenant of Mayors (2015) Climate and Energy for Climate & Energy (2017) (2017) 12 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Barcelona has been working on climate issues for some years. Primarily on measures directly related to mitigation, such as energy effi ciency and energy saving, with the Thermal Solar Byelaw (1999), the Energy Improvement Plan (2002), the Photovoltaic Solar Byelaw (2011) and the 2011-2020 Barcelona Energy, Climate Change and Air Quality Plan and subsequently with the approval of other plans and strategies linked to adaptation. Adapting means implementing measures that reduce the city’s vulnerability and increase its resilience to the undesirable effects of climate change. So, as part of the policies for changing the model, to make the city a greener, fairer, more effi cient and healthier place, various government measures and strategic plans have been drawn up over the last few years to achieve the climate goals. The Climate Plan recognises that these measures are already planned and therefore focuses on those that need to be developed further or on innovative measures that have not yet passed the planning stage. The following image shows which strategic line (mitigation, adaptation, climate justice or promoting citizen action) that each plan, programme or government measure contributes to with specifi c measures. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 13 Government measures and Strategic Plans relating to Climate Change YEARS 2006 2007 ... 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 ... 2030 ... 2037 Barcelona Comprehensive Sewer Network Plan (PICBA) (2006) Comprehensive Coastline Management Plan (PGIL) (2007) Energy, Climate Change and Air Quality Plan (2011-2020) Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2012-2020) Urban Mobility Plan (2013-2018) Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy Plan (2013-2020) Promoting living terraces and green roofs in Barcelona (2014) Eliminating the use of glyphosate in Barcelona's green spaces, streets and squares (2015) Barcelona Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015-2018) Programme of anti-air pollution measures (2016) “Filling the streets with life” by creating superblocks in Barcelona (2016) Urban resilience (2016) Creation of energy advice centres and basic supply guarantee (2016) Transition towards energy sovereignty (2016) Responsible Consumption Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Social and Solidarity Economy Promotion Plan (2016-2019) Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020) Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020) Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2016-2020) Right to Housing Plan (2016-2025) Drought Protocol (2017) Programme to promote the city's urban green infrastructure (2017) Programme to promote solar power generation in Barcelona (2017-2019) Democratising Care (2017-2020) Developing the electric vehicle in Barcelona (2018) Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in Municipal Buildings (2017-2020) Tree Master Plan (2017-2037) ... ... Bicycle Strategy (2018) Port Olímpic Master Plan (2018) Technical Plan for Taking Advantage of Alternative Water Resources (2018) Cooperation for Social Justice Master Plan (2018-2021) Strategic Plan for the City’s Coastal Areas (2018-2025) Action Plan for Preventing the Effects of Heat Waves on Human Health (annual) ... 14 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 MMIITTIIGGAATTIIOONN AADDAAPPTTAATTIIOONN AANNDD RREESSII-- LLIIEENNCCEE CCLLIIMMAATTEE JJUUSSTTIICCEE PPRROOMMOOTTIINNGG CCIITTIIZZEENN AACCTTIIOONN YEARS 2006 2007 ... 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 ... 2030 ... 2037 Barcelona Comprehensive Sewer Network Plan (PICBA) (2006) Comprehensive Coastline Management Plan (PGIL) (2007) Energy, Climate Change and Air Quality Plan (2011-2020) Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2012-2020) Urban Mobility Plan (2013-2018) Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy Plan (2013-2020) Promoting living terraces and green roofs in Barcelona (2014) Eliminating the use of glyphosate in Barcelona's green spaces, streets and squares (2015) Barcelona Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015-2018) Programme of anti-air pollution measures (2016) “Filling the streets with life” by creating superblocks in Barcelona (2016) Urban resilience (2016) Creation of energy advice centres and basic supply guarantee (2016) Transition towards energy sovereignty (2016) Responsible Consumption Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Social and Solidarity Economy Promotion Plan (2016-2019) Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020) Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020) Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2016-2020) Right to Housing Plan (2016-2025) Drought Protocol (2017) Programme to promote the city's urban green infrastructure (2017) Programme to promote solar power generation in Barcelona (2017-2019) Democratising Care (2017-2020) Developing the electric vehicle in Barcelona (2018) Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in Municipal Buildings (2017-2020) Tree Master Plan (2017-2037) ... ... Bicycle Strategy (2018) Port Olímpic Master Plan (2018) Technical Plan for Taking Advantage of Alternative Water Resources (2018) Cooperation for Social Justice Master Plan (2018-2021) Strategic Plan for the City’s Coastal Areas (2018-2025) Action Plan for Preventing the Effects of Heat Waves on Human Health (annual) ... Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 15 MITIGATION ADAPTATION AND RESI- LIENCE CLIMATE JUSTICE PROMOTING CITIZEN ACTION 4. BARCELONA NOW 4.1. Barcelona in fi gures City between water and mountain, Service city, which in the course of a standing between the Coastal Mountain century has gone from an industrial Range, the Mediterranean Sea, the River to a tertiary base highly specialised in Besòs and Montjuïc mountain. tourism, doubling its number of visitors in the last decade. Compact city, one of the densest in Europe, with 1.6 million inhabitants in Economic city and centre, with an area 101.3 km2 and a metropolitan area of of infl uence that spreads beyond the more than 3.2 million inhabitants. city itself and its metropolitan area to the rest of Catalonia. Mediterranean city, for its mild climate and its location on the Mediterranean coast, with one of the biggest passenger ports in Europe and the world. Territory 10,216 ha 157.47 28.32 km2 4,703 m inhabs/ha of green of beaches Climate 2,867 hrs 17.6 ºC 20.8 ºC 14.3 ºC of sun per year t mitjana annual annual (2015) anual average average max. temp. min. temp. 70% 587 mm relative humidity annual average (2015) rainfall 16 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Population 1,608,746 83.9 Level of studies Population pyramid inhabitants Life Expectancy (2014) +8 5 21% 64 65.7% 22.47% 9,065,650 19,162,580 14 foreign tourists overnight stays 12.6% population 71.2% attended to by free, public health services Socio- € 19,335 € 77,605 economic Disposable million Total GDP household (2015) income per capita (2015) 74.4% 11.6% Employment rate Unemployment rate 7.2% 3% Industry Construction 19.2% Risk of poverty rate (2015) 89.7% Services Environ- 9.75 MWh of 2.08 t CO2-e 17.59 m2 162.5 l 107.5 l mental energy consumed emitted per of green per of water/inhab. of water/inhab. per inhab. inhab. inhab. per day per day in (2014) (2014) domestic sector (2014) 1.3 kg 8.04 million of waste per journeys per 3 inhab. Day day NO2: 39 μg/m PM : 24 μg/m3 10 Internal Connecting Source: Barcelona City Council data. journeys (2015) Where no date is given, the fi gures are for 2016. journeys (2015) PM2.5: 13.8 μg/m3 Annual averages Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 17 3 7.8% university 18.0% secondary professional 19.3% secondary general 2 0.9% compulsory education 3.8% didn’t fi nish compulsory education 4.2. Mitigation, a key area we need to keep working on Emissions are still high Total energy consumption and But what will happen when the economy greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in picks up? According to the latest data Barcelona have gone down in recent available, energy consumption and years, by 2% and 31% respectively emission generation both increased between 1999 and 2014, and especially again in 2015 and 2016, with energy since 2005, when they peaked. The consumption and emissions in 2015 up economic crisis and the rise in energy to 15,865 GWh and 3,433,000 tonnes prices have contributed in a large of GHGs respectively, and 15,633 GWh measure to the implementation of and 3,443,000 tonnes of GHGs in 2016, energy-saving actions and good foreshadowing an upward trend in practices previously not considered. the coming years. There is therefore a This shows there is a clear correlation need to spread a new energy culture between energy consumption and the that uncouples economic growth from socio-economic context. energy consumption. Barcelona’s energy intensity (which enables the increase in GDP to be measured against energy consumption) fell from 261.64 Wh/€ in 1999 to 215.51 Wh/€ in 2014. That means the city has been able to consume less energy per euro generated. Energy consumption and GHG emission Emissions per inhabitant trends in Barcelona 6,000,000 3.50 60,000 Consumption 5,500,000 per inhabitant 55,000 Source: Barcelona 3.00 Energy Report 5,000,000 26 50,000 2014. Barcelona 24 Energy Agency 4,500,000 45,000 (Barcelona City 2.50 22 Council). 4,000,000 40,000 20 3,500,000 2.00 18 35,000 16 3,000,000 30,000 14 2,500,000 1.50 25,000 12 2,000,000 10 20,000 1.00 1,500,000 8 15,000 6 1,000,000 10,000 0.50 4 500,000 2 5,000 0 0.00 0 0 Total emissions (tC02-e) Emissions per inhabitant (tC02-e/inhab./year) Total consumption (GWh/year) Consumption per inhabitant (MWh/inhab./year) 18 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Energy consumption CO2 equivalent emissions per inhabitant per inhabitant -8% -35% 1999 2014 1999 2014 3.20 2.08 MWh/inhab./year MWh/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year tC02-e tC02-e/inhab./year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 MWh/inhab./year GWh/year Emissions per inhabitant 6,000,000 3.50 60,000 Consumption 5,500,000 per inhabitant 55,000 3.00 5,000,000 26 50,000 24 4,500,000 45,000 2.50 22 4,000,000 40,000 20 3,500,000 2.00 18 35,000 16 3,000,000 30,000 14 2,500,000 1.50 25,000 12 2,000,000 10 20,000 1.00 1,500,000 8 15,000 6 1,000,000 10,000 0.50 4 500,000 2 5,000 0 0.00 0 0 Total emissions (tC02-e) Emissions per inhabitant (tC02-e/inhab./year) Total consumption (GWh/year) Consumption per inhabitant (MWh/inhab./year) Energy consumption and GHG Energy consumption CO2 equivalent emissions per inhabitant per inhabitant emission trends in Barcelona -8% -35% Source: Barcelona Energy Report 1999 2014 1999 2014 2014. Barcelona 10.60 9.75 3.20 2.08 Energy Agency (Barcelona City MWh/inhab./year MWh/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year Council). How does Barcelona consume energy and emit GHGs? According to the  gures for 2014, the However, since 1999, emissions in the commercial and service sectors are various sectors have not followed the the biggest energy consumers, closely same trend. While they have increased followed by the domestic sector and in the commercial and service sectors transport, with industry and the rest (above all due to the increase in the some way behind. The order is different share of tourism consumption and for GHG emissions, where transport is commercial activity linked to that), the big emitter, contributing 30% of the they have remained very stable in the total. The breakdown of emissions in domestic sector and transport, and 2015 and 2016 is similar to that of 2014. fallen in industry. CO2-e emissions Port and airport Domestic by sector 12.08% 20.11% Municipal waste treatment Source: Barcelona 10.40% Energy Report, 2014. Barcelona Energy Agency (Barcelona City Council). Other 0.25% Services 18.66% Transport 29.93% Industry 8.57% Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 19 tC02-e tC02-e/inhab./year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 MWh/inhab./year GWh/year An energy mix with little renewable presence Of the total primary energy consumption in 2015 and 2016 follows consumption in the city in 2014, fossil the same pattern, with a slight increase fuels accounted for 47.24%, nuclear for in LPG in 2015 and recovering the values a further 47.08% and renewables for in 2016. just 5.68% (according to the Catalan mix) with similar sources in 2015 With regard to the source of electricity, and 2016. 74.49% of what we consume comes from nuclear power (which is why the As regards the form, 41.6% of the Barcelona mix shows a low emission energy Barcelona consumed in 2014 rate). Renewable sources only account was electricity, 31.7% natural gas, for 8.69% of the electricity Barcelona 25.7% automotive fuel and 1% liquefi ed consumes. petroleum gas (LGP). The breakdown of Primary energy FOSSIL FUELS RENEWABLES (TOTAL) sources (TOTAL) 47.24% 5,68% according to the Catalan Hydropower and other Gas combined cycle + renewables mix direct distribution 3.69% 27.93% ------- ------- Wind Source: Barcelona Liquid fuels 1.61% Energy Report, ------- 2014. Barcelona 13.46% Energy Agency ------- Solar (Barcelona City Fuel/gas with 0.27% Council). cogeneration ------- 4.83% Municipal and industrial ------- waste LPG 0.11% 0.63% ------- Fuel/gas 0.39% NUCLEAR 47.08% 20 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Efficiency of the generation system and transport A total of 26,946.14 GWh of primary 42% of the primary energy was lost in energy were required to provide the generation and transport. The pattern 15,627.57 GWh of final energy that was the same in 2015 and 2016. We Barcelona consumed in 2014. That need to increase the efficiency of means only 58% of the primary energy these processes with more suitable was transformed into useful final technologies, an aspect that directly energy. Or, to put it another way, depends on the big power stations. Efficiency of the power generation -42% and transport system Source: Barcelona Energy Report, 2014. Barcelona Energy Agency (Barcelona City Council). Primary energy Final energy 26,946.14 GWh 15,627.57 GWh Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 21 4.3. Barcelona, a habitable city for the people most vulnerable to climate change too One city, ten districts, ten realities Wealth Life expectancy Disposable household income (RFD) The average life expectancy in Barcelona measures the income households can is 83.9 years, according to the figures allocate to consumption and saving. for 2015. This index is directly related The average annual RFD per capita in to economic, social and health levels. If Barcelona is 20,800 euros (data from we compare the districts, it can be seen 2016), value equivalent to 100 with there is a difference of 4.3 years between respect to the RFD index. The District life expectancy in the district with the with the highest RFD index is Sarrià lowest figure (Ciutat Vella, 81.4 years) - Sant Gervasi (182.4 euros), while and the one with the highest (Les Corts, Nou Barris has the lowest (55 euros). 85.7 years). Taking the city as a whole, 16.7% of the population has an income in the top Health by neighbourhood bands (more than 126% of Barcelona Clearly, health is not spread evenly RFD), 47.9% in the middle bands around the city but unequally, depending (between 79% and 126% of Barcelona on the neighbourhood. The Urban Health RFD) and 35.5% in the bottom bands Equity Assessment and Response (less than 79% of Barcelona RFD). Tool (Urban HEART), (designed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) with a Access to water and energy contribution from ASPB researchers), is Nou Barris and Sant Andreu are the useful to evaluate equity in health and districts with the lowest RFD in the city, response in urban areas and enables and these are precisely where people inequalities in health between people who use social services centres (CSS) who live in different city neighbourhoods suffer the most energy poverty (66.2% to be identified and analysed. Firstly, and 65.1%, respectively). CSS users in it shows that those neighbourhoods the districts with the highest RFD such where the worst health results are as Sarrià - Sant Gervasi and Les Corts concentrated are: 4 neighbourhoods say they suffer less energy poverty in Ciutat Vella, 8 in Nou Barris, 3 in (35.05% and 39.10% respectively). Sant Andreu and 1 in Sant Martí, However, according to another source, Sants-Montjuïc and Horta-Guinardó. the 2016 Barcelona Health Survey Meanwhile, the 15 where the best results (ASPB, Barcelona Public Health Agency) are concentrated are in Eixample, Gràcia, Ciutat Vella is the district with the most Les Corts, Sarrià-Sant Gervasi and Sant energy poverty and Les Corts the least. Martí. So these two sources of information show there is a big difference in income Age and training in Barcelona, depending on the district, No differences in energy poverty can be and that this has consequences for observed between age groups, except access to water and energy. It should that it decreases slightly by band. If also be pointed out that the income we analyse the situation according distribution trend in recent years has to the social class of the head of the been one of growing income inequalities household, 23.4% of unskilled workers (a polarisation of the population in the (approximately 15,800 households) very high and very low bands). suffer from energy poverty, followed by the supervisory class in skilled technical jobs (13.9%) and the class in intermediate occupations (7.4%). 22 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Disposable household RFD (2014) income (RFD), 200 - energy Sarrià - 190 - Sant poverty (PE) 180 - Gervasi and life 170 - expectancy Les 160 - by neigh- Corts 150 - bourhood 140 - 130 - Gràcia Eixample 120 - Source: Barcelona City Council. 110 - 100 - Sant Martí Horta - 90 - Guinardó 80 - Sants Ciutat Montjuïc Vella 70 - 60 - Sant Andreu Nou 50 - Barris 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ENERGY POVERTY, PE ( 2016) LIFE EXPEC- Les Corts Sarrià - Sant Sant Nou Eixample 85.9 gervasi Andreu Barris TANCY ( 2014) 84.4 85.2 84.6 84.5 Sants - Horta - Sant Martí Montjuïc Guinardó Gràcia Ciutat Vella 84.4 84.3 84.2 83.9 81.4 Les Corts and Sarrià - Sant Gervasi are the two districts with the highest RFD in the city and the lowest energy poverty index. Both have the highest life expectancy in the city and, according to the Urban HEART, the best health. Nou Barris, on the other hand, is the district with the lowest RFD and highest energy poverty (after Ciutat Vella). Health levels are low in eight of its neighbourhoods, although life expectancy is one of the highest. Thus there is a certain inverse relationship between the level of wealth, life expectancy, health and energy poverty. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 23 DISPOSABLE HOUSEHOLD INCOME More climate change, more energy poverty Climate change could cause water, All these factors could mean an energy and food prices to vary, and no increase in energy poverty. doubt increase, and make access to these basic resources difficult. At present, energy poverty affects 10.6% of Barcelona’s population The main effects of climate change (2016 Barcelona Health Survey), which (more heat, less water) will also lead represents some 69,500 households. to changes in energy consumption This means that means 9.4% of the patterns, with less demand for heating population cannot maintain their forecast while the demand for water household at an adequate temperature and cooling could rise. during the cold months, while 14.5% say they are behind with utility In addition, given the demographic and service payments (gas, water, and socio-economic dynamics in electricity, community) and 9.2% the city, the vulnerable population is say the have leaks and damp in their expected to increase because there will home. The percentages for the most be more households with dependent disadvantaged social classes are children and single-person households, 15.4%, 21.1% and 11.4% respectively. migratory movements will grow and the ageing process will be more evident. Definition of energy poverty 20 ºC 25 ºC 100l/ /day Font: Ajuntament Energy de Barcelona. poverty 10.6% of Barcelona citizens suffer from energy poverty. Energy poverty: The inability of • Keeping their home at the right temperature for their health (18 to 20ºC in winter a household to satisfy the energy and 25ºC in summer). and water utilities to meet the basic needs of its members by: • Not having the minimum amount of potable water (100 litres per person per day). 24 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Heat affects the most vulnerable population In Catalonia, 19% more elderly between 70 and 80, while there are 26% people die when there is a heat wave. more deaths for those aged 80-90 in This fi gure can be as high as 27% in very hot weather. If they are over 90, the Barcelona, according to a study carried mortality rate is as high as 36%. But out by ISGlobal with data for the period although elderly people suffer most in between 1983 and 2006. The length very hot weather, children under one of the heat wave is a more important are vulnerable too. The study shows factor than the intensity of the heat. that infant mortality for those under And 1.6% of the people who die in one year old also increases by 25% on the summer months do so because of extremely hot days, especially among the heat. Elderly people are the most babies just a few weeks old. We are only sensitive group, so the older people talking about very few cases, but in an are, the more mortality increases when analysis that covers a lot of years, the heat rises. The increase is 15% for the trend is signifi cant. 60-70 age bracket and 17% for those Climate change does not affect everyone in the same way. Each place has its particular social and cultural features, which are very often conditioned by their geographical and economic situation. In Barcelona’s case, some neighbourhoods (due to their location, socio-economic situation or building quality) and some people (because of their age, status or health) are more vulnerable. From a climate justice perspective, the biggest challenges that climate change will pose are an increase in the vulnerable population threatened by energy poverty, health problems linked to heat waves and the possibility of food becoming more expensive. People vulnerable to climate change: people who, due to their socio-economic situation, health or age, are directly affected by the effects of climate change. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 25 5. BARCELONA IN THE FUTURE 5.1. What will Barcelona’s climate be like in the future? Reducing emissions is a global commitment but the effects of not doing so are felt locally. Therefore, we have analysed how climate change might affect Barcelona on the basis of Catalan Meteorological Service projections, which represent a regionalisation of the problem, focusing on two possible scenarios: 1. COMMITTED SCENARIO (or RCP4.5) 2. PASSIVE SCENARIO (or RCP8.5) A more committed scenario (aka A more passive scenario (aka RCP8.5) RCP4.5), in which the 2015 Paris which represents a situation in which Agreement emission reduction targets the targets set in Paris are not reached, are achieved. In this scenario, the so the GHG concentrations at the end of concentration of GHGs would be higher the century would be much higher than than now at the end of the century but present levels. The increase in global the increase would be reduced from temperature would be considerably 2030 onwards, in order to restrict the higher than 2ºC. maximum rise in the overall temperature of the planet to 1.5 - 2ºC. 26 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 More specifi cally, a rise in temperatures is forecast in Barcelona’s case, and a downward trend in rainfall. Rise in tem- peratures PASSIVE +3ºC SCENARIO +2ºC +1.6ºC +1.7ºC COMMITTED SCENARIO 17.6ºC 2015 2050 2100 Fall in rainfall 600 mm -14 % COMMITTED SCENARIO -26 % PASSIVE SCENARIO 2015 2100 Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 27 5.2. The main effects of climate change on Barcelona Climate change will affect Barcelona residents in the following ways: People’s health and survival: • Heat has a direct effect on mortality, mainly on young children and elderly people. • Climate change will be accompanied by new disease-bearing vectors, for example, tiger mosquitoes, which can transmit diseases produced by arboviruses, such as dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, chikungunya and Zika viruses. People’s quality of life and public safety: • More discomfort due to the heat. • Need to improve the comfort of homes. • Need for more friendly public spaces (shade, fountains, cool places). • Emergency situations caused by heat waves, flooding, drought or fires. Guarantee of basic supplies: • Scarcity of water due to droughts. • High energy demand due to extreme temperatures. Cost of living: • Higher food and water prices. • More poverty. Environment: • Disappearance of species and landscapes. • Appearance of pests and infestations and invasive species. • Loss of beaches. 28 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 The biggest climate change challenges that Barcelona will have to face are: • Rising temperatures. • Reduced availability of water. • Increased flooding, • Shrinking beaches. HEAT WATER FLOODS BEACHES We have also analysed the effect climate change will have on the following aspects: AIR QUALITY FIRES INFRASTRUCTURE BIODIVERSITY ENERGY FLOWS If you want to consult the full studies, visit the Climate Plan website: http://lameva.barcelona.cat/barcelona-pel-clima URBAN HEAT ISLAND Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 29 Increasingly hotter weather will have direct effects on health In Barcelona, a heat wave is defi ned as a situation where maximum temperatures exceed 33.1ºC for three or more consecutive days. Sustained, excessive heat leads to an increase in mortality and morbidity rates, especially among the more vulnerable groups such as the elderly, babies, people with physical or intellectual disabilities that have limited mobility or self-help, people with chronic illnesses, those who take medication that affects the central nervous system and those who live in socially precarious situations. The estimated number of deaths resulting from the 2003 heat wave was 411 (Borrell), although some studies put a higher fi gure: 537 (Tobias) and 665 (Martínez-Navarro, F). Today Measures implemented so far There have been eight heat waves in the Barcelona has been working for years to city in the last 34 years and the most reduce the effects of heat waves in the vulnerable areas are concentrated in city by, for example: neighbourhoods nearest the Besòs sector, part of Horta and a large part of • Increasing the quantity and the Sants-Montjuïc district. quality of green infrastructure, as this provides shade and cooler Tomorrow temperatures. Rising temperatures will have • Improving the thermal comfort of consequences for health but not public buildings and facilities by just in terms of heat waves. A rise in means of energy renovation. temperatures at night can also have an • Taking the necessary steps to ensure impact, as the period of night-time rest that people have equal access to is when people recover from the heat energy, setting up the energy advice during the day. points (PAE) which offer information and support. • Approving the Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of Heat Waves on Health (POCS). 30 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Today Tomorrow (End of century ) (Current situation) COMMITTED PASSIVE SCENARIO SCENARIO 1 2 4-5 +33.1 ºC heat wave heat waves a year heat waves a year Heat wave: every 4 years when maximum temperatures exceed 33.1ºC for three or more consecutive days. x8 x16 22 50 80 hot days a year hot days a year hot days a year > 30ºC Hot day x2 x4 1 2.5 8.5 torrid day torrid days a year torrid days a year every 2 years > 35ºC Torrid day x5 x17 38 tropical 83 tropical 112 tropical nights a year nights a year nights a year > 20ºC Tropical night x2 x3 1 2,5 6 torrid night a year torrid nights a year torrid nights a year > 25ºC Torrid night x2 x6 Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 31 Heat waves affects neighbourhoods differently, depending on their characteristics In the analysis of the heat waves of 2012 and 2015, daytime temperatures were found to be highest in Les Corts, Eixample Esquerra, Nou Barris and Ciutat Vella. In contrast, the areas with the lowest temperatures were in the coastal area, specifically in Barceloneta and Poblenou, due to the thermoregulatory effect of the sea. However, at night the situation is reversed, with the highest temperatures recorded on the coast. The area showing the least variation in maximum and minimum temperatures is the city centre. Temperature in the 2015 heat wave Low High by Census Section Source: Barcelona Regional, 2017. A study has also been carried out on the city’s vulnerability to high temperatures associated with risk parameters (population over 75; energy behaviour of buildings in relation to their air- conditioning demand; lack of vegetation and the socio-economic indicator of insufficient training). Taking these parameters into account, the most vulnerable areas are concentrated in the neighbourhoods near the Besós sector, part of Horta and most of the Sants-Montjuïc district. 32 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Map showing Below Barcelona’s Barcelona average overall Above vulnerability in heat waves Source: Barcelona Regional, 2017. Crosschecking the increase in temperature, which affects city neighbourhoods differently, with the vulnerability associated with the risk parameters, gives us a map showing the areas where the effects on the population are greater and action is therefore a bigger priority. According the map obtained, the city areas most affected by heat waves would be the Nou Barris district and some parts of Sants-Montjuïc, Les Corts and Eixample. Meanwhile, the areas where the effects would be less are those in the central strip, which includes the Sarrià – Sant Gervasi and Sant Martí districts and the right side of Eixample. 2015 heat wave risk map, Vulnerability Index in the 2015 heat wave. from cross- Low High checking the information on the heat suffered in the area in 2015 with the different factors analysed. Source: Barcelona Regional, 2017. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 33 Increasingly less water: Barcelona will need more water resources Barcelona and its metropolitan area are home to most of the population and the majority of economic activities, which cannot cover their potable water needs with their own water resources. Consequently, a large part of the city’s water supply currently comes from the surface resources of other basins. Other supply sources include underground resources, the desalination plant and rainwater. Today (Current situation) T omorrow (Mid-century) COMMITTED SCENARIO Surface resources 60% -12% 80.000 x 40% -9% Underground =200 hm3 of water resources 18 hm3 Need for additional potable water 34 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Today Measures implemented so far Some 200 hm3 of water (80,000 Olympic The following measures have been swimming pools) enters Barcelona implemented in recent years to reduce every year. 60% of that comes via potable water consumption and the potable water system (117 hm3), guarantee the water supply: 30% from rainwater and 10% from groundwater for non-potable uses. • Campaigns and programmes to raise However, the city currently has a defi cit public awareness. in its water supply system, as the • Reduction of consumption in resources are less than, or very close municipal services (public fountains, to, the level of demand one year out of urban green infrastructure every four. At the moment this is being management, etc.) resolved with the reservoir reserves of previous years, but the guaranteed • Use of alternative water resources, supply is only one year. especially groundwater, for certain uses (sprinklers, cleaning, Tomorrow ornamental fountains). A slight reduction in water resources, • Consolidation and optimisation of greater variability in its availability and the water supply system to prevent an increase in demand is forecast. More leaks. specifi cally, a 12% reduction in surface resources and a 9% reduction in under- • Improved system redundancy by ground resources is forecast by 2050, linking up the main water tanks. along with a 4% increase in demand for different uses. There will therefore be a • Defi nition of a drought action general need for additional potable wa- protocol ter resources in the metropolitan area of 34 hm3 a year, with Barcelona’s need estimated at 18 hm3 a year. In order to obtain the extra water needed it is planned to increase the use of alternative water resources, namely, 2.7 hm3 of groundwater for all municipal uses that do not require potable water quality, 5 hm3 of regenerated water for industrial uses and 1.3 hm3 of grey water in new housing developments and renovation projects, besides exploiting the Besòs aquifer (12 hm3) and using rainwater. There is also the desalination plant, which can provide water when necessary. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 35 Increased risk of fl oods The risk of fl ooding due to a lack of drainage in Barcelona is shaped by the terrain profi le, the high impermeability ratio and the artifi cialisation of natural water courses. This effect is increased by the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate where, typically, most rainfall is concentrated in few, high-intensity episodes. Today (Current situation) Tomorrow (Mid-century) COMMITTED SCENARIO PASSIVE 1959 2009 SCENARIO 45% 72% Impermeable Impermeable surface area surface area Today Measures implemented so far The high degree of impermeability in the Measures implemented in recent years city means a greater amount of rainwater to avoid fl ooding include the following:: is turned into runoff. From 1956 to 2009, Barcelona’s impermeable surface area • Construction of 15 rainwater increased by over 2,800 ha, from 45% to retention tanks that protect the city 72% of the city’s total surface area. against intense rain episodes, as well as the quality of the receiving The drainage system can currently cope environment. with rainfall that has a 10-year return pe- riod (T10), (despite the pressure on some • Promotion of sustainable urban sections). drainage systems, which operate like natural processes for fi ltering, Tomorrow storing, infi ltrating and evaporating runoff water in a decentralised However, in the two scenarios studied manner that supplements the and with the current level of imper- network of collectors and large meability, the system is expected to tanks. overfl ow at some points. Its fragility is evident in Poblenou, the Diagonal axis, • Increasing the city’s green surfaces. Sant Andreu, Badal and Sant Antoni. 36 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Shrinking city beaches, due to the rise in sea level Flooding caused by the rise in seal level is calculated by using the fl ood level. This is determined by three parameters: the localised increase in the average sea level causing permanent fl ooding; the tide and changes in wind pressure causing potential fl ooding; and, fi nally, the swell effect causing extreme fl ooding. Powerful waves are currently responsible for the major problems on the Barcelona shoreline during extreme storm episodes. Today and 46%. General climate projections predict that extreme events will be Even in today’s conditions, Barcelona’s more frequent but with little change in eight beaches are at high risk from their magnitude. More specifi cally, in sea storms. In fact. 80% of the their Barcelona, what before was associated surface area, apart from Barceloneta, is with return periods of 50 years is affected by this risk. forecast to be associated with periods of 35 years by 2050. Tomorrow Measures implemented so far As a consequence of climate change, it is expected that there will be more In an effort to prevent the loss of sand fl ooding, morphological changes in the due to the effect of sea storms and to beaches and a greater exposure of port protect the seafront, dykes have been infrastructures, although sea passage built and over 700,000 m3 of sand was will not be affected at all under normal brought in under the Barcelona Beach wave swell conditions. Stabilisation Plan in 2009 and 2010. A rise in sea levels could lead to the city’s beaches shrinking, with a loss of the usable sand available to users on all beaches. Some, like Sant Sebastià, could almost disappear in the worst- case scenarios, while the others could suffer reductions of between 30% Today Tomorrow (End of century) (Current situation) COMMITTED PASSIVE SCENARIO SCENARIO Average sea level Rise in sea level between Rise in sea level between (0 cm) +46 cm/+115 cm +64 cm/+133 cm Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 37 5.3. Other impacts that climate change has AIR QUALITY URBAN HEAT ISLAND ENERGY FLOWS The projections made The most intense urban heat Taking into account consumption in so far show the effects island effect in Barcelona all the sectors (residential, tertiary, of climate change could presently occurs at night transport and industrial), and bearing lead to an increase in the and during winter. Urban in mind that climate change will not annual concentration monitoring stations register produce any variation in the latter of the three pollutants temperatures up to 3ºC two, the projections show that in the analysed. The biggest (annual average) higher than “committed” scenario the reduction increase would be in those outside the city but in energy consumption by the end PM10 particles, medium differences of as much as 7 of century will be 6.7% less than in NO2 and much less to 8ºC have been observed. current consumption, and in the more in O3. However, those Climate change will intensify “passive” scenario it could be 7.3% projections do not take the urban heat island less than the current level. Despite into account that these effect, as it will increase the overall reduction in energy increases could be offset exposure to episodes of consumption, however, a change in by the consolidation of high temperatures and heat the public’s consumption patterns new technologies, which waves, with more serious is forecast with an increase in the mean fewer emissions, consequences. demand for electricity, mainly due to nor the reduction in the need for air conditioning linked mobility by private to episodes of high temperatures transport. as well as new consumption linked to e-mobility, which would create a bigger need for power distribution infrastructure in the city. 38 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 BIODIVERSITY FOREST FIRES IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURES Rising temperatures and periods of Climate projections show there drought could impact on vegetation will be an increased fi re risk in After the beaches, in natural areas. The phenology of the Mediterranean region. Around the sanitation and plants is currently affected and water Barcelona, however, there are other transport systems are the stress could mean a loss of vitality, the factors associated with human infrastuctures that could be penetration of better-adapted species activity, urbanisation processes and most affected by increased and make them more vulnerable to changes in land use that bear the main fl ooding risks(river, urban, suffering from pests and infestations. responsibility for fi res. Given the rise in due to a rise in the sea level temperatures and reduction in rainfall or sea storms) or fi res. In the case of fauna, these changes caused by climate change (leading to could affect particularly vulnerable increased water stress and more highly species: fi sh, amphibians and combustible vegetation), there will be a butterfl ies. It should be emphasised moderate increase in the fi re risk. that some pest species (cockroaches, monk parakeets and murids) could The areas of Barcelona where there benefi t from the change in climatic is, and will be, a bigger risk of fi res conditions, as well as some species of are mainly on the Barcelona side of mosquito that transmit diseases such Collserola in the Vallvidrera, Tibidabo i as dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile les Planes, Horta, Canyelles and Torre fever, chikungunya fever and the Zika Baró neighbourhoods. virus. In general, all these changes could contribute to the simplifi cation of ecosystems and therefore reduce biodiversity. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 39 BLOCK 2: Climate Plan 6. THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE PLAN Pág. 42 10. AREAS AND 14. MAP-DIAGRAM OF LINES OF ACTION THE CITY WITH ALL Pág. 60 THE ACTIONS Pág. 158 7. TAKING ACTION Pág.48 11. TIMEFRAME 15. INITIALS AND Pág. 144 SYMBOLS Pág. 161 8. TRANSITION TO A CARBON-NEUTRAL CITY 12. MONITORING Pág. 54 Pág. 155 13. WOULD YOU LIKE MORE INFORMATION? 9. STRATEGIC GOALS Pág. 157 AND TARGETS Pág. 58 40 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 CLIMATE PLA COMMITMENT / RESILIENCE / SAVINGS / EFFICIENCY RENEWABLES / REFURBISHMENT / SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY / GOVERNANCE / TRAINING / INFORMATION COMMUNICATION / COOPERATION / RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION / CO-RESPONSIBILITY / ACCELERATION PROACTIVITY / GREEN AND BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE CO-PRODUCTION / LONG TERM / HOLISTIC /MULTILEVEL MULTISCALE / GREEN AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRODUCTIVE ROOFS / HEALTH CLIMATE SCENARIOS / PROJECTIONS Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 41 6. THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE PLAN Barcelona is taking responsibility for its contribution to climate change and gearing itself up to be less vulnerable to its effects. • By focusing on • By comprehensively • By speeding • By approaching this people, because it transforming the up effi ciency, through a process of directly affects their city so we can renovation and co-production with health and quality of tackle the risks the introduction of city residents. life. and turn them into renewable energies opportunities. so we are better adapted. 42 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Mission Vision + responsible A proactive city that adopts a comprehensive approach to tackling - vulnerable the challenge of climate change and assumes its responsibility in + health that regard; a city that can fi nd opportunities in diffi culties and adapt + quality of life to new climate conditions intelligently, generating co-benefi ts for people and socio-economic activity. • To reduce Barcelona’s contribution to climate change. • To anticipate climate risks to ensure the city continues to function and improve its response capacity. • To reduce the vulnerability of people to climate change by guaranteeing their health and well-being. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 43 Values: the pillars of a more sustainable Barcelona HABITABLE, SAFE SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA BARCELONA HEALTHY BARCELONA A HEALTHY BARCELONA A SOCIALLY FAIR A SAFE, HABITABLE that promotes active BARCELONA, that takes BARCELONA that enables living, where you can the social, economic, people to live in comfort breathe clean air and gender, territorial and and social cohesion, with enjoy quality public cultural diversity of its quality green areas, and spaces, and people’s citizens into account generates safe, friendly health and well-being is when applying policies spaces that are suitable guaranteed. and measures. for everyone. 44 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA COMMITED EFFICIENT, BARCELONIANS RENEWABLE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS A LOW-CARBON, An EFFICIENT, A BARCELONA THAT And some COMMITTED DISTRIBUTIVE RENEWABLE LEARNS, tries out BARCELONIANS, MEN BARCELONA that is not BARCELONA with solutions every day and AND WOMEN who know so dependent on fossil sustainable mobility, never forgets, that moves they can change the fuels for generating that makes good use of forward and improves situation by their actions energy, nor products its resources and closes every day but is aware it and protect the future for and services, and where cycles. still has a lot to learn. the generations to come. economic benefi ts are distributed among its inhabitants. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 45 All the measures in this Plan have a core theme in common: people and their well-being. Priority is therefore given to actions that correspond to the following criteria: • They should provide a social return, • They should be co-produced, with the that is, one with a positive cost-benefit maximum involvement of all interested relationship for society. stakeholders. • They should be replicable and generate • They should enable us to take action, a high positive impact with a broad and learn from mistakes and good scope. decisions, even without having all the information. • They should be co-beneficial, in other words, respond to more than one • They should not compromise the future, challenge. either in technological or contractual terms. • They should be flexible and scalable as changes are gradually produced. • They should prioritise green and soft measures (ones that use nature or governance) over grey measures (which imply big investments in infrastructures that are generally more rigid). 46 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Scope TIME SCOPE: LONG TERM Climate change poses a challenge with a high degree of complexity and requires profound changes in the way of doing things. The climate projections are therefore made with 2100 in mind, while the goals and targets are long-term (2030 and TERRITORIAL SCOPE: 2050) and the associated actions MULTI-SCALE either short-term (2020) or medium Climate change does not respect to long-term (2030), depending on borders. So, to analyse some their importance and feasibility. specific issues (such as the water cycle), wider geographic scales are COMPETENCE SCOPE taken into account (metropolitan, MULTI-LEVEL AND HOLISTIC regional, state and international). The Climate Plan envisages a Barcelona cannot fight climate range of measures, ranging from change on its own. Naturally, it international cooperation to others has to use all the powers it can, on a neighbourhood scale. but it also has to be consistent with the policies and plans of higher authorities, especially in the metropolitan sphere. Therefore, the Climate Plan also has to involve organisations, companies and ordinary citizens in the process and promote co-responsibility. Finally, it has to do that with a holistic, intradisciplinary vision, where measures are projected and put into practice with a mainstream approach, integrating all sectors. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 47 7. TAKING ACTION 7.1 The Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate as a forerunner In 2015 a working group was set up Specifi c teams were set up to defi ne among the network of signatories the citizen projects, receiving specialist to the Citizen Commitment to training and advice on how to draw up Sustainability with the aim of defi ning a project and present it. They had a the city roadmap on climate change municipal helper for guidance, someone and collaborative projects for 2015- to ease the administrative tasks and 2017. This gave rise to the Barcelona’s a virtual “Wiki” platform was set up Commitment to the Climate (CBC). for contributions. The various teams met at least fi ve times to give shape to A total of 141 organisations were their project and 135 people from 86 actively involved in drawing up the CBC. organisations took part. Four participatory sessions were held which culminated in its signing and Then, in accordance with the Covenant presentation to the City Mayor on 23 of Mayors for Climate and Energy (2017), November 2015. the City Council initiated the drafting of the Climate Plan, which specifi es The City Council and Barcelona citizens the goals, targets, strategic lines and made a joint commitment, as well as a actions that need to be implemented commitment to each other within their between 2018 and 2030, with the target own respective spheres, to unify the of being a totally carbon neutral city by initiatives necessary for achieving the 2050. CBC goals. The Council contributed fi ve strategic measures and seven priority projects, while the citizen network defi ned nine projects to be rolled out in the course of the two years. 48 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 49 7.2 A Plan co-produced with our citizens What are its objectives Participatory meetings and methodology? calendar The general goal of the City Council- A co-production process was set in citizen co-production process has been motion, running from July to December to provide a space for the general public 2017, in order to gather the ideas of any to express their opinions and make individuals or organisations who wanted contributions to the Climate Plan. Thus, to contribute: its operational goals are as follows: • The first session was held at the • Information: Inform organisations Espai Jove Fontana on 13 July. Here and individual citizens about the the Climate Plan was presented Climate Plan and publicise it through along with the co-production the More Sustainable Barcelona process that was just getting under network, as well as the general way, and answers were given to public. seven key questions on the causes and effects of climate change in • Analysis: Examine the City Council’s Barcelona. A participatory dynamic Climate Plan analysis. was then established in which • Proposals: Gather proposals that various proposals were put forward. can be included in the Climate Plan. • A second face-to-face session • Return: Explain to citizens how the on action proposals took place proposals received have been taken on 17 October, with a debate and into account. discussion that enriched the proposals for lines of action. • A session open to the general public Who has driven the was also held on 14 September 2017 at the Urgell Civic Centre, where process and where? the Decidim platform gathered 27 proposals. This process covers the whole city. The Citizen Sustainability Council has been • The final session to present the the driving force, trying to involve all Climate Plan took place on 27 the city’s citizens with an open process February, 2018. and with a particular focus on members of the More Sustainable Barcelona network in particular. A plan monitoring committee was also set up in the Council to ensure the participatory process ran smoothly and the planned schedule was adhered to. 50 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Tools available • Independent session agenda. to the public .• Video: Barcelona fa front al canvi climàtic. (Barcelona tackles climate The Climate Plan has been included change) on the Decidim Barcelona platform. • Video: La veu dels tècnics There is also a tool kit to help the del Pla Clima. (The voice of Climate various participants take the debate Plan experts) on climate change in Barcelona to their • Seven questions and seven answers respective spheres and levels of work. document on climate change in It is a resources kit for organisations Barcelona. with guidelines and support materials • Information on the Barcelona City for carrying out internal reflection Council actions under way to tackle processes within the organisations climate change. themselves over a period of two months, • File with individual proposals. to enable them to contribute to the • File with proposals from the Climate Plan. The kit includes: independent session (group file). • Instructions for organising an • Access to the Decidim Barcelona independent session. platform Participants Number of Participatory (representatives Decidim platform mechanism of organisations) contributions Initial session (13 July, 2017) 58 - “Fes-te sentir pel clima” (14 September 2017) 8 27 Discussion session (17 October 2017) 34 39 Proposals submitted directly to the 19 46 Decidim platform TOTAL 119 112 (92 people) (85% accepted) Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 51 7.3. Climate Plan governance tools Climate change is a global challenge Three working groups have been created that requires local actions. Moreover, within the team to deal with specific it is a phenomenon that involves many questions that require a particular environmental vectors (water, energy, cross-cutting approach: biodiversity, waste, etc.) and has social and economic repercussions. • Working group 1 Resilience and Consequently, it cannot be tackled in Adaptation to Climate Change Plan, isolation by a specific local authority with the aim of identifying the risks department. It requires a cross- and emerging challenges for climate departmental approach that takes change. the complexity of climate change into • Working group 2 Energy efficiency in account. The whole administration has municipal buildings, with the aim of to be involved in this global challenge. reducing consumption in buildings, On a municipal level a team has been assessing the options for doing so, set up as part of the Public Space and increasing self-production. Co-responsibility Board to deal with • Working group 3 Energy culture and climate change. All municipal areas are raising awareness of climate change represented and its aims are to: issues, with the aim of identifying • Assess and monitor climate change internal training and communication projects and policies (mitigation and needs (key players, messages adaptation) in the city. and knowledge that need to be transmitted, existing spaces that can • Develop and drive actions and be used, etc.). projects for mitigating and adapting to climate change (drive existing mainstream projects in their own In addition to that, specific meetings sphere and put forward new ones). have been held with municipal technical • Disseminate and make known, both staff in the areas involved in the Plan internally and publicly, the projects and various informative sessions have that are being worked on in this area. taken place, along with an internal participatory session involving all the • Increase the level of information municipal managers to define and agree that municipal workers have on this the Climate Plan measures. issue. 52 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 53 8. TRANSITION TO A CARBON- NEUTRAL CITY Two scenarios have been defi ned to analyse the future development of energy consumption and emissions in Barcelona up to 2030: Trend scenario • Adopting a plan to close the three nuclear power stations no later This considers how energy consumption than 2027 (Ascó I and II in 2024 and and related greenhouse gas emissions Vandellòs in 2027). will evolve, taking into account the predicted behaviour of different context factors (population, GDP, mobility, city vehicle fl eet and its renewal, etc.) Action scenario as well as the anticipated electric Considers the application of the Climate mix, with a calculation based on the Plan measures and their effect on approach of the Catalan Climate Change reducing energy consumption and Act. Among other things, this foresees: emissions compared to the trend • Reducing fi nal energy consumption scenario. Achieving the action scenario by 2% a year and at least 27% by will initiate the path to neutrality in 2030. 2050 and necessarily involve a revision of the estimated forecast for the • Reaching 50% renewable energies in increase in energy consumption and the Catalan electricity grid by 2030, associated emissions. and 100% in 2050, with zero fossil- fuel consumption. 54 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Projections for context indicators The following variables were taken into account in calculating energy consumption in the scenarios posed: • POPULATION: the estimated • GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT • MOBILITY: it is estimated there annual population increase (GDP): the GDP percentage will be a very slight increase in between 2016 and 2030 is variations considered from 2018 mobility from 2014 to 2030, with 0.3%, which means a rise on refl ect the standard trends an inter-annual rate of 0.4%. With from 1,608,746 to 1,677,047 in economic growth and are not this scenario, in 2030 we would inhabitants. particular to Barcelona. The reach 4,500 Mveh/km/year (at the analysis assumes a moderate start of the 2000s it was around a year-on-year growth in GDP 5,000 Mveh/km/year). between 1.5 and 2%. As regards the energy source, it is estimated that a smaller proportion of vehicles will use diesel compared to petrol in 2030, with a maximum increase in electric vehicles of up to 15% of all vehicles on the road. The Catalan Climate Change Act forecasts e-vehicle registrations will reach 30% in 2025. • BUILT SURFACE: an increase • CONSUMPTION INTENSITY: The trends considered for of 1,192,617m2 is forecast in with regard to the unit energy the commercial and service the residential sector up to consumption of households (per sectors are different to those 2025, and 2,013,278 m2 by 2030 unit of surface area or per unit of of the residential sector. The compared to the 2014 levels. GDP), it is estimated there will be effects of climate change on This is equivalent to a year- a slight fall in the consumption the consumption of natural on-year rate of 0.2% between of natural gas, due to greater gas are not as signifi cant, 2014 and 2030, in line with effi ciency and the effects of while electricity consumption the rate of population growth. climate change, but an increase is affected by effi ciency The estimated increase in the in electricity consumption due improvements as well. In spite tertiary and industrial sectors to the initial effects of climate of that, lower energy intensity is 2,308,482 m2, with an inter- change (increase in the number would not be able to keep energy annual rate of 0.5% between of air-conditioning appliances consumption stable, with this 2014 and 2030. and a more intense use of rising as a result of the expected existing ones) as well as housing increase in commercial GDP from having a greater degree of the further outsourcing of the electrifi cation. economy which is forecast. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 55 Energy Energy consumption consump- per inhabitant Trend tion -1.99% scenario needs 2030 to be reduced 9.52 MWh/inhab./year more, even 2016 though it has CLIMATE 9.71 PLAN MWh/inhab./year stabilised -29.48% Action 2030 6.85 scenario MWh/inhab./year Trend scenario (2016-2030) Action scenario (2016-2030) An annual increase of 0.14% is estimated in energy By applying the Climate Plan measures it is consumption, while consumption per habitant, as a hoped that consumption per inhabitant will be result of the forecast population increase, will fall by reduced by 29.48%, which is equivalent to an 1.99%, from 9.71 MWh/inhab. to 9.52 MWh/inhab. annual fall in energy consumption of 2.46%. • By energy source: there will be a slight increase in • By energy source: it is calculated there will be the consumption of natural gas (9%) and electricity an overall reduction in natural gas consumption (13.5%). But there will be an overall fall of 22.7% of 13.53%, and 12.8% in electricity in automotive fossil fuels and 62.2% in the case of consumption. But the reductions are expected liquefi ed petroleum gases. to be 63.70% in the case of automotive fossil • By sector: fuels and 62.21% in the case of liquefi ed CO equivalent emissions petroleum gases. • Commercial: it is estimatepd 2 ethr aitn thhaisb witilal nbet the sector that increases its consumption the most, • By sector: the transport sector will cut back mainly electricity, due to higher demand for air consumption +th1e 7m.7os0t% (49.44%), followedTr beyn d conditioning. commerce (9.44%) industry (5.27%), ands tcheen ario domestic sector (3.35%). The o2t0h3e0r sectors will • Domestic: consumption is expected to stabilise after see an increase of 9.51%. the fall of recent years, despite a rise in electricity 2.52 tCO -e/inhab./year consumption due to the proliferation of electronic 2 appliances and more demand fo2r0 1a6ir conditioning. CLIMATE • Industrial: it is forecast consum2p.1ti4on will rise due to tCO -e/inhab./year PLAN higher consumption of natura2 l gas with the economic -18.22% recovery, although the application of effi ciency 2030 Action measures will reduce electricity consumption. 1.75 scenario tCO2-e/inhab./year The Climate Plan goes further than to break the present consumption and emission the Covenant of Mayors for Climate dynamic and reach 2050 with neutral levels. and Energy. It is more ambitious and targets a 45% reduction in emissions If the Climate Plan is not implemented, the trend by 2030. By applying the measures scenario would, in 2050, put us in the situation we envisaged in the Climate Plan up foresee being in by rolling it out in 2030. In other to 2030, Barcelona will be closer to the carbon words, we advance 20 years. Also, not implementing neutrality target by 2050. the Plan would mean the efforts required would be greater, more costly and less fair. The intermediate target of 2030 will enable us We are starting to see the uncoupling of energy activity has less environmental impact, a dynamic that consumption from GDP growth. In other words, energy should improve in the coming decades as a result of intensity is improving. In general, that means economic Barcelona becoming carbon neutral in 2050. 56 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Energy consumption per inhabitant Trend -1.99% scenario 2030 9.52 MWh/inhab./year 2016 CLIMATE PLAN MWh/inhab./year -29.48% Action 2030 6.85 scenario MWh/inhab./year If we act now, CO2 equivalent emissions we will be per inhabitant able to reduce +17.70% Trend emissions scenario 2030 more easily 2.52 tCO2-e/inhab./year and more 2016 quickly 2.14 CLIMATE tCO -e/inhab./year PLAN 2 -18.22% 2030 Action 1.75 scenario tCO2-e/inhab./year Escenari tendencial 2016-2030 Action scenario (2016-2030) With the closure of the nuclear plants and the more It is forecast that implementing the actions in the intensive use of renewables envisaged in the Catalan Climate Plan will reduce the total emissions for Climate Change Act, the emission factor resulting from 2016 by 1,158,179 tCO2-e , which represents a per power generation (electric mix) will increase, leading to a capita reduction of 18.22% compared to the 2016 17.7% growth in GHG emissions and reaching 2.52 tCO2-e levels (and 45% compared to 2005). per inhabitant in 2030. • By source: there will be a very signifi cant • By source: emissions from natural gas consumption reduction in emissions caused by LPG and fossil will increase by 9% and those from electricity by 102%, fuels (62.26% and 65.23% respectively) given while those caused by the consumption of automotive the drop in consumption forecast. On the other fossil fuels and LPG will fall 24.52% and 62.2% hand, the emissions associated with electricity respectively. consumption will increase by 58.87%. It is also calculated that GHG emissions from solid urban • By sector: waste treatment will fall by 38.19%. • Transport: emissions will be reduced thanks to the • By sector: only transport and municipal waste renewal of the vehicle fl eet (with 15% e-vehicles treatment will reduce their emissions in the forecast on Barcelona’s roads). Natural gas-powered same period, although the reduction will be vehicles will come to the fore because they are best signifi cant. ones for reducing NOx and PM10 emissions, with less impact on air quality than diesel or petrol-powered vehicles. • Waste treatment: emissions will stay at the same level. 4 Closure of 50% Renewables nuclear stations 3.14 -27% less energy 2024-2027 consumption 2030 3 2.52 45% reduction 2.14 TREND 2 ACTION 1.75 In the action scenario, 1.75 35% we achieve the reduction 1 reduction targets 20 years earlier than in the trend scenario 0.62 2005 2016 2030 2050 Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 57 tCO2-e/inhab./year 9. STRATEGIC GOALS AND TARGETS New, more ambitious goals and targets for reducing GHG emissions in Barcelona, to honour the commitments undertaken The new Catalan Climate Change Act Finally, Barcelona is also committed envisages a transition to an emission- to becoming a carbon-neutral city by neutral economy with a reduction in 2050, together with the other cities that greenhouse gases (GHGs) of 40% by belong to the C40 network. 2030, 65% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 For all those reasons, the Climate Plan compared to the base year of 1990. The increases the fi nal targets for reducing Act does not specify the contribution GHG emissions, compared to the of cities to that target but, to achieve it, Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate. Barcelona would have to reduce its GHG So it goes further than Barcelona’s emissions per capita by more than 50% commitments on a local level (>40%) compared to 2005 (the benchmark year and aligns itself with the regional target for the Climate Plan) by 2030. for 2030 set in the Catalan Act (>50%) With regard to the commitments and carbon neutrality by 2050. acquired from the Covenant of Mayors On the other hand, the City of Barcelona for the Climate and Energy and the commits to update its emissions Barcelona’s Commitment to the reduction trajectory, to maintain an up- Climate, Barcelona would have to to-date estimate of residual emissions, reduce GHG emissions per capita by and to explore different opportunities to 40% by 2030, compared to 2005. reduce residual emissions on a regular basis. 58 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 On the basis of collective action, the city intends to be emission-neutral in 2050 and achieve the following quantitative targets by 2030: 2 0 3 0 Reduce GHG emissions by 45% per capita compared to 2005 by means of the following measures: -20% Reduce travel by private motor vehicle by 20%. - 45% x5 Increase solar power generation fivefold. +20% Renovate, in energy terms, 20% of residential buildings that are over 40 years old. Increase urban green space by 1.6 km2, equivalent to 1 m2 more per current inhabitant. Obtain 100% clean funding. Achieve a domestic potable water consumption rate of less than 100 litres per inhabitant, per day. -100l/day Have zero energy poverty. =0 Allocate €1.2 milions in subsidies for collaborative citizen projects (€200,000 every two years). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 59 10.AREAS AND LINES OF ACTION people’s well-being people fi rst improved building effi ciency starting at home transforming public spaces into healthy, biodiverse, effi cient and inclusive settings transforming communal spaces uncoupling the quality of people’s lives from economic growth, with a circular vision that makes the most of resources and avoids generating waste and emissions climate economy and collaboration from an informed, critical, proactive, empowered citizenry building together 60 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 The Climate Plan has 5 areas and 18 lines of action. The areas of action correspond to the major issues that the plan is intended to address directly in a cross-departmental way. Each of these areas has a number of quantitative targets that will enable us to assess the plan’s progress. 1. 2. 3. Taking care of No cuts Preventing everyone excessive heat 4. 5. Better than new Recovering buildings terrace roofs 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables in Getting around Conserving the climate focus green areas drop wasted public areas easily seafront 12. 13. 14. 15. Virtuous circle Responsible Zero Waste Food consumption sovereignty 16. 17. 18. Cultural action Climate Let’s get for the climate cooperation organised Each of these action lines • An illustrative action as an In all, the Climate Plan proposes presents: example 242 short-, medium- and long- • The goal of the line of action • The key municipal players term measures that need to be applied in the city of Barcelona • The justifi cation for it and the involved • The strategic lines of the plan between 2018 and 2030. expected benefi ts • Actions already envisaged in • The plan’s values Whether they are implemented the existing plans • Monitoring indicators correctly will depend on coordination between various • Necessary short-term actions • Associated lines of action City Council areas and their (2018-2020) capacity for securing public • Necessary medium- and long- involvement. term actions (2021-2030) Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 61 62 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 People fi rst Climate change affects health and quality Ensuring water and energy supplies are of life but it does not affect everyone in the maintained and that critical services and same way. Consequently, the Climate Plan infrastructures are operational, preventing cannot respond in the same way to the people in vulnerable situations having their effects of climate change on the city and supplies cut off, improving the thermal its citizens. The measures it proposes have comfort of housing and strengthening to prioritise the groups that are the most social cohesion are some examples of how vulnerable to climate change. the Climate Plan proposes to deal with climate change by putting people above all else. 1. 2. 3. Taking care of No cuts Preventing ex- everyone cessive heat G OA LS A N D TA R G E TS F O R 2 0 3 0 : Zero energy poverty. =0 100% of the population at least 5 minutes on foot from a climate shelter (facilities and urban parks that provide good thermal comfort conditions and which could shelter sensitive people in the event of heat waves). 94,000 renovated dwellings. 1 water garden per district Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 63 People fi rst Line of action Taking care 1 of everyone Improving and adapting services, facilities and people’s homes, especially those of the most vulnerable to climate change JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Climate change affects people in different ways, Care services for the most vulnerable people, especially depending on various factors: their physical condition, health and transport services, need to be strengthened health, age, gender and socio-economic situation, the and alternatives found for the activities they fi nd roles and activities they perform, the characteristics of hardest in the most severe weather conditions. the physical environment they live and work in, Solutions for vulnerable people and giving an impetus and so on. to new, community or local commercial and productive We need to further analyse how climate change activities can also turn into employment opportunities specifi cally affects each group in order to identify (e.g. urban green infrastructure, agriculture and food possible risks and vulnerabilities, and defi ne specifi c sovereignty, repairing things and giving new value to actions for responding to them. Existing plans, such as waste, local manufacturing, energy renovation and the Neighbourhood Plan or Right to Housing Plan, need installing and maintaining renewable energy systems, to be strengthened and we need to work on improving or care work). the thermal comfort of homes and public facilities with specifi c energy renovation programmes. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Urban Mobility Plan (2013-2018). • Creation of energy advice points and guaranteeing • basic utility supplies (2016). Bicycle Strategy (2015). • • Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of Heat Waves on Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2016-2020). Human Health (annual). • Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020). • Democratising Care (2017-2020). • Right to Housing Plan (2016-2025). 64 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 People first / 1. Taking care of everyone ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Renovation grants serve to improve the accessibility and habitability of homes. Improvements are expected to include actions aimed at improving the thermal and acoustic insulation of flats, and making sure they have suitable installations, free of polluting materials. The purpose of the programme is to ensure minimum habitability, safety, security, accessibility, hygiene and energy-efficiency conditions by carrying out basic alterations on housing where people in vulnerable situations have established their usual and permanent place of residence. The programme covers 100% of renovation expenses, which have to be approved by the Housing Consortium and have an upper limit of €20,000 per dwelling, including VAT. The owner undertakes to refund the full Home interior alterations programme for amount if they transfer ownership of the dwelling and, if it is rented out, to maintain the same contractual people in vulnerable situations conditions for at least two years following completion of the work. Barcelona City Council is promoting housing renovation to ensure everyone has a decent place to live in. The new line of grants prioritises energy-saving measures and flat interior improvements. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 1.1. Provide grants and subsidies for housing energy 1.6. Launch the “care-work school” to offer ongoing improvements and prioritise work on the homes training for professional care workers and the of families in vulnerable situations and at risk of relatives of dependent persons (2020). social exclusion (annually). 1.7. Study the possibility of creating a carer card 1.2. Promote the figure of the energy adviser to to acknowledge the importance of carers, advise and help people to improve their energy with discounts on public transport and other consumption habits (2020). municipal services (2020). 1.3. Strengthen the mobility services for the most 1.8. Design pilot projects for social superblocks, vulnerable neighbourhoods and people (public geared towards providing a comprehensive care transport, specific mobility services on demand service for dependent persons using local home- for people with health problems, e-bicing [public care service teams (2020). bike-hire service] etc.) (2020). 1.4. Strengthen the services for the most vulnerable people at the Citizen Help and Information Offices (OACs) to help prevent the effects of heat and other extreme climate events (2020). 1.5. Improve the social network of elderly people who live alone and reinforce existing projects (vincles, radars, etc.) and specific actions on vulnerable groups in the teleassistance service (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 65 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 1.9. Adapt and improve the care services to help 1.14. Reduce the nuisance caused by bad smells by people face the impacts of climate change on improving waste collection and sewage systems health (2025). in the event of hot weather (2030). 1.10. Create an advice centre and information space 1.15. Extend the introduction of social superblocks to on the care economy (2025). the whole of the city, expand the local services to 1.11. Incorporate the climate variable in care work, groups with dependent persons and strengthen adapting existing services and starting up new all care services (2030). ones (2025). 1.12. Help provide employment for people in emerging sectors linked to the green, solidarity and circular economy, especially the most vulnerable, and give the Labora project an environmental vision (2025). 1.13. Renovate housing improving insulation, replacing obsolete electrical installations, optimising the power contracted and facilitating access to more efficient electrical appliances, paying special attention to the most vulnerable households (2030). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Social Rights. • Urban Ecology. • Housing. • Districts. • Barcelona Public Health Agency. • Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting Barcelona Health Consortium. justice citizen • Barcelona Education Consortium. action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care of No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous circle Responsible Zero Waste Food Cultural Climate Let’s get everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront consumption sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 66 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 People fi rst / 1. Taking care of everyone VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of renovated dwellings incorporating energy effi ciency criteria. • Number of interventions in households incorporating energy effi ciency criteria. • Number of people benefi ting from grants and subsidies. • Number of journeys made in specifi c transport services for vulnerable people. • Number of jobs created. Taking care of No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous circle Responsible Zero Waste Food Cultural Climate Let’s get everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront consumption sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 67 People fi rst Line of action No cuts 2 Guaranteeing energy rights for all Preventing gas, water and electricity supplies being cut off, especially for the most vulnerable people JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Climate change could have consequences for the And to guarantee the public’s rights in relation to utility population’s access to basic utilities (water and companies, Barcelona City Council has set up some energy), given the increased possibility of critical parts energy advice points (PAEs) in each district that offer of the supply systems being exposed to natural hazards help and information and intervene to prevent supplies and its impact on the availability of water resources or being cut off, as well as ensure the utility companies the need to switch to renewable energy resources, as do not deny anyone access to any utility. They also well as the possible changes in consumption patterns offer the general public information on reducing bills, or increased demand it might give rise to. Effort needs improving energy effi ciency in the home and the grants to be put into ensuring the continuity of these services available for that, and installing solar energy systems in and universal access to basic water and energy buildings. supplies, despite the negative impact of these factors. Barcelona City Council seeks to guarantee basic gas, In the case of people at risk of social exclusion, Act water and electricity supplies for everyone. 24/2015 bans utility companies from cutting off supplies where the failure to pay utility bills results from a lack of fi nancial resources. They are now legally obliged to maintain their gas, water and electricity supplies to customers for as long as they remain in a vulnerable situation or fi nancial diffi culty. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Creation of energy advice points and guaranteeing basic utility supplies (2016). • Transition towards energy sovereignty (2016). • Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020). 68 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 People first / 2. No cuts ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Barcelona City Council’s energy advice points Energy advice points are a Barcelona City Council service that offer people the help, information and intervention they need to exercise their energy rights and prevent companies from denying them access to basic utilities. In addition they advise the general public on processing social bonds, grants for improving energy efficiency in the home and cutting utility bills. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 2.1 Promote actions and agreements to ensure the 2.6 Improve our knowledge of the relationship public supply of potable water in the city for between energy poverty and health, by means everyone, at a fair price and with a guarantee of of the Health Survey and specific studies that quality, quantity and continuity (2018). provide indicators (2020). 2.2 Review the domestic sewage tax so it includes 2.7 Reinforce the energy advice points (PAEs) discounts for sensitive groups (2018). which offer people the help, information and 2.3 Work on responding to people’s supply needs any intervention they need so they can exercise while improving consumption efficiency, as well their energy rights, and utility companies cannot as guaranteeing everyone’s basic, essential deny them access to basic utility supplies. consumption of potable water, gas and Promote social bonds through the PAEs, as well electricity, with a special emphasis on people at as renewable energy consumption and grants risk of social exclusion (2018). for improving energy efficiency in the home, and empower people so they consume energy 2.4 Set up a municipal energy marketing company at responsibly and rationally (2020). the service of everyone (2018). 2.5 Deploy the municipal energy operator which will drive renewable energy production in the city and facilitate its installation in public and private spaces (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 69 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 2.8 Promote and prioritise self-produced energy 2.11 Guarantee water and energy supplies and using renewable sources and also make this uninterrupted service of various critical facilities accessible to vulnerable households (ongoing). and infrastructures (health centres, social 2.9 Promote “energy banks” that can help to cover services centres, schools, residences and so the needs of energy-vulnerable households on) during emergency situations (extreme heat, (2025). fl ooding, power cuts, water shortages, etc.) (2030). 2.10 Study the impact that climate change could have on the price of basic supplies and food (2025). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Social Rights. • Urban Ecology. • Housing. • Districts. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 70 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 People fi rst / 2. No cuts VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- -2- HEALTHY BCN -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of households advised at the energy advice points. • Number of households that have had their basic utilities cut off (gas, water and electricity). • Number of facilities and critical infrastructures whose service has been interrupted during emergency situations. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 71 People fi rst Line of action Preventing 3 excessive heat Improving thermal comfort in the city’s public spaces and buildings and creating a network of places to take shelter in high temperatures, to protect people’s health and provide special care for the most vulnerable groups JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona has suffered eight heat waves in the last The effects of climate change depend on the district and 34 years. However, according to the Meteorological neighbourhood too. For example, the highest daytime Service projections for Barcelona and at the end of the temperatures are found in Les Corts, Eixample Esquerra, century, they could be signifi cantly more frequent with Nou Barris and Ciutat Vella, while the areas with the between one and four a year, depending on the scenario lowest temperature are next to the coast, thanks to the considered. More tropical nights (temperatures above thermoregulatory effect of the sea. However, at night 20ºC) and torrid nights (temperatures above 25ºC) are the situation is reversed, with the highest temperatures also forecast, as well as days with extreme temperatures recorded on the coast. above 35ºC. So we need to prepare the city to cope with high High temperatures directly affect people’s health, temperatures by intervening in buildings and public especially those in vulnerable conditions, such as the spaces, and also anticipate incorporating and improving chronically sick, elderly people and young children, as well services and facilities for the general public during as everyday activity in the city and energy consumption extreme episodes, paying special attention to the most patterns. It also needs to be borne in mind that they have vulnerable. an unequal impact on the city, depending on factors such as the state of buildings, the presence of vegetation and socio-economic parameters, among others. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of Heat Waves on • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green Human Health (annual). Infrastructure (2017). • Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy • Tree Master Plan (2017-2037). Plan (2013-2020). • Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in • Urban resilience (2016). Municipal Buildings (2017-2020). • Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2016-2020). • Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020). 72 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 People first / 3. Preventing excessive heat ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION • Staff from the Council’s primary-care social services, home-care teams and homeless people care centres receive information and training. • The general public is informed of what heat waves are and offered advice on how to avoid their effects, in leaflets provided at social services centres, at municipal facilities for the elderly and on the city’s beaches. • The list of vulnerable individuals and individuals and families at risk is updated at every social services centre and through the Catalan health ministry. • The list of care resources and air-conditioned day centres is updated. Action protocols for heat waves, in order to • Vulnerable people receiving home-care services are informed of the steps they need take to protect protect the most vulnerable people themselves from the effects of a heat wave. • A 24-hour helpline, to provide information to those In the Specific Municipal Emergency Plan for Heat who call, run in coordination with the medical Waves, Barcelona City Council includes various services when health problems are detected, goes measures to protect people who are vulnerable to the into service . consequences of extreme temperatures. In fact, the heat wave action protocols are automatically kept at the preventive stages from 15 June to 15 September. These stages launch various preventive actions that are activated before the alert stage is reached. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 3.1 Review the Action Plan for Preventing the 3.3 Prioritise the cooling actions (more green Effects of Heat Waves on Health, in view of infrastructure, converting lakes and fountains the results of the future climate projections to make them accessible, etc.) to be carried out for Barcelona (activation thresholds taking in the territorial areas most vulnerable to heat minimum temperatures into account, the need (2020). to strengthen actions and services, etc.), and incorporate a territorial vision that includes vulnerability. Establish appropriate protocols for work outdoors in temperatures above 30ºC. Assess their effectiveness (2020). 3.2 Identify existing and potential climate shelter spaces: public and private facilities and public spaces (e.g. parks and gardens) which could provide conditions for thermal comfort in extreme episodes and establish the services linked to the heat wave action protocols that these spaces need to offer, aside from quantifying the extra resources required (parks open 24 hours, use of “greened” school playgrounds, block interiors, etc.). Map the degree of cover to ensure territorial fairness and take into account the areas identified as the most vulnerable to heat (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 73 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 3.4. Deepen our knowledge of how climate change 3.7. Create water gardens (sprinklers, accessible affects the health and mortality of people in each fountains, lakes, swimming pools, etc.) with neighbourhood, through the European research children’s games that combine permanent project funded by Climate-fit.city, in which the actions with ephemeral or seasonal ones. ASPB and ISGLOBAL participate (2025). These gardens will have to be assumable as 3.5. Deepen our knowledge of the urban climate by regards water consumption, comply with all the installing a network of fixed weather stations necessary sanitary requirements and be spread (to collect data that would enable us to know equally around Barcelona (2030). what its effect is on health and other sectors 3.8. Improve the thermal comfort of climate shelter of interest) and occasional or mobile ones (that facilities, with priority interventions in those that would enable us to evaluate the effectiveness of serve the most vulnerable population (nurseries, the measures applied, such as measuring climate schools, residences, etc.), without that meaning variables before and after pilot interventions in an increase in energy consumption wherever urban space, especially in the settings identified possible (by using passive measures such as as the most vulnerable) (2025). crossed ventilation, better insulation, darkening 3.6. Create the “Barcelona, city of shade” programme, with dissipated natural light or geothermal for intervening in public space to create cooling, among others) (2030). more shaded areas, by increasing the green 3.9. Create new climate shelter spaces (green spaces cover or installing urban furniture, preferably or facilities) to ensure territorial cover (2030). multifunctional (e.g. photovoltaic pergolas that generate energy), or ephemeral or seasonal 3.10. Increase health service staff to deal with heat textile elements. Identify and map itineraries. waves (2030). Foster the creation of shade in free private 3.11. Take action to increase the reflectance index of spaces (2025). city pavements and terraces and help to mitigate the urban heat island effect (2030). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Districts. • Safety and Prevention. • Social Rights. • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. • Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting Barcelona Public Health Agency. justice citizen • Barcelona Health Consortium. action • Education Consortium. ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 74 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 People fi rst / 3. Preventing excessive heat VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- -2- HEALTHY BCN -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of places to shelter that have been identifi ed and set up. • Degree of cover these places offer. • Energy consumed by shelter facilities (kWh/m2). • Number of times the Heat Wave Protocol is activated. • Increase in the city’s tree cover (%). • Heat-related morbidity and mortality. • Number of water gardens. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 75 76 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Starting at home Buildings consume a great deal of energy. locally produced solar energy, so we can But they can also be productive and get closer to a self-suffi cient model and independent, and generate energy from buildings with almost zero consumption. renewable sources installed on roof These actions will enable energy to terraces, party walls or facades. become more accessible and more The Climate Plan forecasts the energy affordable to everyone. Roofs, walls and renovation of existing buildings on a facades can be used to plant vegetation, massive scale and new buildings which retain rainwater, generate energy and are exemplary in that respect, with more create meeting places. 4. 5. Better than new Recovering buildings terrace roofs G OA LS A N D TA R G E TS F O R 2 0 3 0 Renovate 20% of residential buildings that are over 40 years old. Reduce the 7% of GHG emissions associated with the energy consumption of municipal buildings and facilities. Reach 34,100 m2 of green roofs, walls and facades. Install 100 emblematic productive roofs or facades on municipal public buildings. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 77 Starting at home Line of action Better than 4 new buildings Stepping up action to improve energy effi ciency in buildings and facilities in order to reduce their energy demand, optimise energy consumption and boost self-consumption, leading to buildings with almost zero consumption JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The domestic, commercial and service sectors account of residential buildings was built before 1979, in other for nearly 60% of all energy consumed in the city, with a words before thermal standards were introduced. fi nal energy consumption of around 10,000 GWh a year. In that context, the energy renovation of buildings, In terms of greenhouse gases, that represents 40% of dwellings and facilities takes on enormous all emissions recorded in the city. And a large part of importance. Renovating existing housing and buildings that consumption corresponds to the buildings where should enable a reduction in energy demand and, the activity is carried out. consequently, mean less effort on the part of families The built surface area in Barcelona in 2014 was 124.5 to cover their energy costs, a key issue, especially in the million m2, 16% more than in 1999. Over half of that more vulnerable parts of the city. corresponded to the residential sector (64 million m2), Although there are specifi c energy regulations for new followed by industrial sector premises, warehouses and buildings, they are often based on the technology itself car parks (25 million m2). Also noteworthy is the surface and not the features. Therefore, we need to promote the area dedicated to offi ces and the commercial sector construction of effi cient buildings and facilities and (7.3 and 8.4 million m2 respectively). make sure they produce part, if not all the energy they As regards energy, 106,400 existing buildings and require and, in that way, obtain buildings with almost 240 new-build buildings have been energy-certifi ed zero consumption. (2015). However, those fi gures only correspond to a We also need to work on developing regulations percentage of all the buildings in the city. Categories D adapted to the city’s reality and ensure they are a and E account for 58.2% of certifi cations, while 36.4% applied and complied with, as well as on tools (both have a consumption and emissions above the average administrative and economic, including incentives and for the existing stock (categories F and G), 5.2% are discounts, among others), so the action on construction in the effi cient categories (B and C) and only 0.2% is effective and builders assume their responsibility as are very effi cient (category A). In the case of new- far as reducing consumption and emissions in the city build buildings, 38.3% have a D or E rating, 45.8% are is concerned. effi cient buildings (B and C) and only 15.8% are very effi cient (A). From a municipal perspective, buildings and facilities account for more than 50% of municipal energy These percentages show that new-build buildings are consumption. So the City Council has to continue its more effi cient and that there is considerable potential efforts to secure energy improvements in the existing in existing buildings for improving energy effi ciency and stock and thus set an example of the possibilities reducing greenhouse gas emissions. that exist. It is also important to show that buildings The average age of residential buildings is more than 65 can generate part of their energy needs and, in that years, so they do not comply with today’s standards and regard, the City Council needs to pursue its policy of require a lot of energy. In fact, 72% of the surface area installing power generation systems in public buildings 78 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Starting at home / 4. Better than new buildings to demonstrate their viability, while encouraging emissions. That also requires the contribution of an private owners to do likewise. One example of this is empowered citizenry aware of the need to change the Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in their habits and consume less more efficiently, an area Barcelona. where there is a long way to go, both on a public and a So, acting on construction quality and building private level. features, as well as on how they behave in energy use and management terms, at all levels and in all sectors (residential, commercial, service, public and industrial), and ensuring proper maintenance, with the necessary degree of specialisation and resources, are key factors in achieving significant reductions in final energy consumption and, consequently, in the associated PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2016-2020). • Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in • Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in Barcelona (2017-2019) and subsequent editions Municipal Buildings (2017-2020). (2020-2030). ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Can Portabella, a renovated facility The renovation of the Can Portabella civic centre shows how the incorporation of energy efficiency criteria, prioritising the use of wood, gives the building a thermal inertia that ensures warm temperatures in winter and cooler temperatures in summer. Twelve centimetres of wood fibre provide external insulation for the facade and a large side window allows natural light into all the rooms practically the whole day. There is a ventilated roof with 24 cm of recycled cotton insulation that collects photovoltaic power. The battery-powered lift enables considerable energy saving on one of the building’s main energy consumers. And, in addition to all that, it has a natural light well and paved insulation in the floor. Can Portabella ended 2016 with a positive energy balance, as it produced more than it consumed. This model is an example for future projects, as the City Council’s aim is to work along these lines to ensure efficiency and minimise energy expenditure in all municipal facilities. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 4.1. Set up a municipal energy marketing company 4.3. Deploy the municipal energy operator which will at the service of everyone (2018). drive renewable energy production in the city 4.2. Promote actions and tools for energy and facilitate its installation in public and private improvements in Barcelona’s commercial sector spaces (2020). (2018). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 79 4.4. Increase grants and subsidies for renovating • Publication of a manual on the procedure buildings with sustainable criteria and for connecting generation systems for self- for implementing energy improvements, consumption (2018). both passive and active elements (for new • Dissemination of advice and tools to foster installations and for the renovation of existing energy saving (energy calculator) (2018). ones) in buildings (annually). 4.7. Study traditional energy solutions (balcony 4.5. Provide tax incentives for incorporating energy window doors, ventilated roofs, etc.) and how to effi ciency measures that go further than the fi t them into the modern building context (2020). regulatory requirements (annually). 4.8. Study and establish the technical specifi cations 4.6. Undertake communication and publicity for the new thermal comfort standards that activities to encourage energy savings in Barcelona wants to achieve locally, and work on buildings: changing the mentality of building promoters and • Energy-saving marathon involving awareness- users (2020). raising tasks among council workers (and 4.9. Analyse how long it will take for new, more centre users or visitors) in various kinds of environmentally responsible systems to be able municipal buildings (2018). to compete with traditional systems and what • Tactical communication actions (ongoing). the cost-benefi t result will be in economic, social • Environmental educational workshops and environmental terms (2020). (ongoing). 4.10. Monitor the energy performance of buildings, • Consolidation of the energy resources map housing and public facilities to provide (2018). knowledge of their consumption and the energy improvements applied (ongoing). • Publication of handbooks for the public and professionals on developing power generation facilities (2018). Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 4.11. Study building systems and solutions adapted 4.12. Draft and enforce an energy by-law on building to Barcelona to improve their protection against features that boosts the market and exemplifi es heat and passive cooling, and supplement the the city’s commitment to reducing energy con- current building regulations in force by establi- sumption along with emissions of greenhouse shing local technical and regulatory specifi ca- gases and local pollutants, and which also prio- tions. Incorporate criteria for protecting buildings ritises the use of sustainable materials and an against climate episodes (e.g. strong winds) energy supply based on residual sources (heating (2025). and cooling grids) (2030). ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 80 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Starting at home / 4. Better than new buildings VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Housing. • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. • Resources. • Districts. • Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting Social Rights. justice citizen • Administration and Economy. action MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of building renovations carried out. • Number of grant requests processed. • Number of buildings with A and B energy ratings. • Solar / photovoltaic power installed. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 81 Starting at home Line of action Recovering 5 terrace roofs Promoting roofs, walls and party walls that provide social and environmental services with added value JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS A dense, compact city such as Barcelona has to make • Generating renewable energy (energy roof) the most of every square metre to correct the adverse • Adding plants and biodiversity (green roof) effects of climate change. The use of roofs, walls and • Growing food (food roof). party walls as productive spaces opens up new urban spaces for thermal activities and various uses, with the • Storing water (reservoir roof). dual aim of mitigating the effects of climate change and • Cooling the city (cool roof). adapting to it by involving the general public. Terraces, • Providing a social use (active roof). on fl at and slightly inclined roofs, account for 67% of There have already been several initiatives promoting total roof surface area in the city, which is 1,764.4 ha. productive roofs in Barcelona, such as a number Those surfaces, together with those of the facades, of studies on green roofs, a government measure become potential settings for providing socio- promoting living terraces and green roofs in the city, the environmental services with added value because they publication of the Guide to Living Terraces and Green offer the possibility of: Roofs or the Programme to Promote Renewable Energy Generation (2017-2019) and various lines of subsidies. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green Plan (2013-2020). Infrastructure (2017). • Promoting living terraces and green roofs in • Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in Barcelona (2014). Barcelona (2017-2019) and subsequent editions (2020-2030). 82 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Starting at home / 5. Recovering terrace roofs ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Agriculturally productive green roof at the Vall d’Hebron-Teixonera market Remodelling the market (with a municipal investment of €10 million) consists of increasing the building’s volume, redesigning the basement and ground fl oor, and redeveloping its surroundings. It also includes the addition of a productive agricultural roof with a surface area of 1,400 m2. Work is being done to commission a social organisation to manage it, through the employment promotion network set up by the Horta-Guinardó District Council. Project coordinated by the Barcelona Municipal Institute of Markets and the District Council. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 5.1. Draw up a by-law to promote productive roofs 5.5. Promote tax rebates for installing solar power for new-build buildings, major renovations generation systems that do more than comply and buildings that undergo a change of use, with the regulations and study other possible which includes incentives and a proposal for rebates for other types of productive roofs the necessary regulatory changes to allow (annually). agriculture and construction elements on roofs, and which includes a maintenance commitment 5.6. Consolidate the green roof competition: one roof (2018). per district (annually). 5.2. Draw up technical guidelines for public buildings 5.7. Promote initiatives that publicise and tell people that include the use of productive roofs, walls about productive roofs: and facades (2018). • An interactive map of existing and potential 5.3. Set up a municipal energy marketing company at productive roofs and walls where each type of the service of everyone (2018). roof could be installed, for public consultation (2020). 5.4. Increase grants and subsidies for power generation and other types of productive roofs • A catalogue of existing roofs, with videos and based on using solar energy (for new installations experiences (2020). and renovation of existing ones) in buildings, and • Collaborative mappings (ongoing). ensuring a maintenance commitment (annually). • A design for an identifi cation symbol on the facade of public buildings with an accessible roof (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 83 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 5.8. Offer technical advice on productive roofs and 5.10. Promote rainwater collection and its reuse in walls at the energy advice points, housing offi ces buildings (2030). and other existing services (2025). 5.9. Increase photovoltaic generation on industrial roofs linked to rolling out the Strategic Master Plan for the Llobregat Delta Economic Platform, as well as others (2025). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED EIXOS ESTRATÈGICS DEL PLA CLIMA • Urban Ecology. • Housing. • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. • Districts. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 84 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Starting at home / 5. Recovering terrace roofs VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of productive roofs built, by type. • Surface area (in hectares) of productive roofs built, by type. • Solar power generation (kilowatts per hour, number and type of installations, square metres of thermal solar surface area, and photovoltaic picowatts). Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 85 Transforming communal spaces City planning also requires a climate guarantees people’s well-being at the same approach where energy effi ciency and self- time. Creating much more green space and consumption are key elements, and which infrastructure in the city, making use of also fosters cycling and pedestrian mobility. alternative water resources to cut potable The Climate Plan encourages planners water consumption, solar power generation, to incorporate a metabolic logic in urban healthier and more sustainable mobility, space planning, to ensure that it not and the conservation of the coastline are all only functions but is also functional and strategies that need pursuing. 86 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 6. 7. 8. Planning with a Many more Not a single climate focus green areas drop wasted 9. 10. 11. Renewables in Getting around Conserving the public areas easily seafront G OA LS A N D TA R G E TS F O R 2 0 3 0 Reduce GHG emissions per Reduce domestic drinking capita by 45% compared to water consumption to 2005. 100 l/inhab/day Achieve 1.6 km2 more green Increase the use of space and infrastructure. underground water by 2.7 hm3. Increase tree cover by 5% Achieve 18 hm3 additional (2037). potable water in collaboration with other authorities (2050). Increase adapted tree species 100% procurement of low- from 30% to 40%. carbon public transport buses, taxis and municipal fl eets Reduce private motor vehicle (2025). travel by 20%. Have 95% of the population at less than 300 m from a bike Increase solar power generation lane (2018). fi vefold. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 87 Transforming communal spaces Line of action Planning 6 with a climate focus Incorporate the climate variable in urban planning JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The way we plan and design the city, both public spaces though there are many sectoral projects under way, and buildings, is a key factor in how it can reduce there is still a need for a holistic, systematised and greenhouse gas emissions and respond to the effects comprehensive vision. of climate change. Its cross-cutting character calls In that regard, it is very signifi cant that the for the application of structural measures capable of Metropolitan Urban Development Master Plan (PDUM) having a powerful impact on the urban environment. is being drawn up at the same time as the Climate Incorporating the climate variable (which includes Plan, Bearing in mind that the drafting of this new the urban heat island effect) as well as resilience and urban planning framework provides a very important sustainability criteria in the process is a very complex opportunity for introducing resilience and sustainability task and involves many players. What we understand by criteria. the urban development process begins with planning, Similarly, the superblock project is an opportunity for continues with urban management and implementing removing cars and, therefore, reducing greenhouse the plan (buildings and public areas), and ends with gas emissions while opening up more green spaces maintaining the urban spaces. So, although projects (adaptation). have been promoted which, to varying degrees, include a socio-environmental perspective and even PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy • Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020). Plan (2013-2020). • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green • “Filling the streets with life” by creating Infrastructure (2017). Superblocks in Barcelona (2016). • Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2016-2020). 88 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 6. Planning with a climate focus ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Reclaiming 100,000 m2 of public space in The Eixample block interior map now shows 48 Eixample block interiors interiors that have been reclaimed for public enjoyment (2017). The project to reclaim these spaces began in 1987 and continues to make progress towards the target of people having a green area within 200 metres of their homes. These re-greened spaces are local spaces that provide opportunities, fostering social cohesion (they are often linked to facilities and provide children’s recreation areas), health (some are equipped with keep-fit areas for elderly people), leisure and even cooling down (some have incorporated small urban beaches). Achieving this required specific amendments to the General Metropolitan Plan. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 6.1. Adapt the necessary current urban planning 6.4. Analyse how climate change specifically affects regulations so they help to achieve the climate each district in order to identify possible risks change mitigation and adaptation goals and and vulnerabilities (heat, presence of people targets (2020). vulnerable to climate change, buildings in a 6.2. Draw up a design guide with sustainability and bad state of repair, a lack of green spaces, etc.) resilience criteria (based on the sustainable and define what specific action is required, urban planning workshops) for architects, in collaboration with existing plans and their engineers and so on, as well as key players such updated versions, such as the Neighbourhood as research centres and universities (2020). Plan or the Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy Plan (2020). 6.3. Draft a green and biodiversity charter, to provide an instrument with the technical, environmental 6.5. Locate and characterise the areas at risk (of and design criteria that need to be borne in mind extreme heat, flooding, power cuts, availability of when planning green spaces and urban trees, in water, etc.) (2020). the spirit of conserving and enhancing the city’s plant and animal diversity. This charter must include the technical aspects that plans for a green space or planting roadside trees have to comply with: soil quality, soil volume, planting distances, distances between trees and lamp- posts or other urban furniture, etc. It also has to decide the choice of the most suitable species (depending on the necessary resources, which produce allergens and which avoid pests and infestations) as well as recommendations for obtaining more services (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 89 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 6.6. Infl uence higher-level planning instruments, measures to be incorporated when they are such as the Urban Development Master Plan revised (2025). (PDU) and urban planning legislation (Catalan Urban Planning Act) to incorporate planning 6.8. Keep suffi cient space in the soil and subsoil to considerations that ensure the presence of allow for the necessary climate services (greater quality green infrastructure, such as green water infi ltration, better quality soil to allow corridors, reserved spaces that allow water to plants to grow properly, etc.) (2025). infi ltrate the subsoil, the protection of areas at 6.9. Rethink and adapt the criteria in project risk from climate change or agricultural use on a and works protocols and in the technical metropolitan scale (2025). specifi cations for urban spaces, in order to 6.7. Characterise the various urban fabrics according equip them with a more mainstream vision and to the risks that affect them and establish co- ensure the compliance of these sustainability relationships between them and key existing and resilience criteria in urban transformation planning instruments to enable corrective projects (2025). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Barcelona Public Health Agency. • Social Rights. • Districts. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 90 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 6. Planning with a climate focus VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of projects evaluated by means of project and works protocols. • Soil and subsoil surface area reserved for delivering climate services. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 91 Transforming communal spaces Line of action Many more 7 green areas Achieving another 1.6 km2 of green surface area and preserve species that are vulnerable to climate change JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life, is a Another obvious concern on which there is consensus key element in the functioning of ecosystems that is the sustained loss of biological diversity in recent provide many services, such as water and microclimate decades, both in terms of populations as well as regulation, better air quality, food supply, etc. The species, habitats and landscapes. Some wildlife measures so far adopted to preserve biodiversity are species that live in Barcelona are particularly sensitive necessary but still not enough. to climate change (amphibians, butterfl ies, bats, local Climate change could have serious repercussions on birds, etc.) and require conservation measures. the city’s ecosystems and alter part of the benefi ts For example, the Barcelona’s Commitment to the they bring, even encourage the presence of some Climate sets a target of an additional 1.6 km2 of green pests (cockroaches, monk parakeets, rats and mice). space by 2030. The Programme for Promoting Urban So we need to analyse the best way of dealing with Green Infrastructures (PIVU) spells out part of the it to prevent its effects from becoming a threat to Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy Plan health or leading to a loss of diversity and ecological and also specifi es how to achieve those additional 1.6 functionality and, therefore, lower quality of life for km2. It is also worth mentioning the Tree Master Plan Barcelona’s residents. (PDA), which sets out the tree selection criteria and Moreover, rising temperatures and humidity variations promotes a diversity of species, adapted to the urban could affect some insect populations and increase ecosystem and climate, and anticipates a 5% increase the risk of certain arboviruses (such as dengue, yellow in tree cover by 2037. fever, West Nile, chikungunya and Zika viruses) being transmitted. Various cases are recorded every year (there were warnings of 70 arbovirus cases in Barcelona in 2014) so supervision and control protocols have already been established. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green Plan (2013-2020). Infrastructure (2017). • Eliminating the use of glyphosate in Barcelona’s • Tree Master Plan (2017-2037). green spaces, streets and squares (2015). 92 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 7. Many more green areas ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION The Parc de Joan Miró includes an area of special interest for biodiversity This 448 m2 area encourages the presence of wildlife by means of carefully selected nectariferous plants, which provide food for certain species of butterflies and other pollinators. Small rockeries and tree trunks also offer shelter and feeding possibilities to birds, insectivores and other beneficial species of fauna. Almost 99% of the garden is made from organic material, while the remaining 1% is for sprinklers and footpaths, so people can walk through the garden without treading on planted areas. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 7.1 Incorporate climate change criteria in the 7.5 Consolidate the existing programmes to Special Plan for protecting the environment conserve wildlife vulnerable to climate change and landscape of the Serra de Collserola nature (birds in buildings, amphibians, bats) and create reserve (2020). new ones (for fish, such as the Catalan barbel in 7.2 Maintain the firefighting and prevention Collserola, and pollinators) (2020). services, paying special attention to areas that 7.6 Step up comprehensive pest control are more vulnerable to the risk of fire and the (cockroaches, tiger mosquitoes, etc.) with hillside neighbourhoods bordering woodland. minimum use of insecticides and biocides (2020). Promote and supervise sustainable forest management (ongoing). 7.7 Consolidate the control programmes for arboviruses and other diseases transmitted by 7.3 Create design criteria and, with public insects, and also the mosquito control protocols participation, plan the network of urban green (ASPB) (ongoing). corridors, a mesh connecting the green spaces with each other and with the surrounding 7.8 Find solutions to the problem of mosquito natural areas, expressly strengthening the role reproduction in scuppers and reservoir roofs that green infrastructure plays as a measure (2020). for adapting to the possible effects of climate change (2020). 7.4 Prioritise the actions planned in the PIVU in those districts and neighbourhoods with fewer green spaces or infrastructure and those areas most exposed to heat (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 93 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 7.9 Produce a catalogue of tree species that will 7.11 Improve our knowledge of the effects of climate prioritise them according to their capacity for change on natural systems (phenology, allergies, resisting certain extreme climate conditions pests, etc.) (2025). (heat and little water) while providing ecosystem services (thermal regulation, shelter and food, 7.12 Create ephemeral or seasonal gardens (10 a year, pollutant capture, etc.), after carrying out the one per district) (2025). corresponding studies specified in the Tree 7.13 Create a network of urban nature reserves with Master Plan (2025). a high pedagogical value designed to preserve 7.10 Decide which zones (with high temperatures, wildlife vulnerable to climate change, among a large exposed population, intense use of other things, and which at least includes Parc public spaces and the presence of groundwater) dels Tres Turons, the Montjuïc cliff and the Besòs need more thermoregulatory vegetation, riverbank (2030). those where it is not necessary and where 7.14 Reclaim the Rec Comtal canal (2030). xerophile vegetation (which is adapted to dry environments and needs little water) is already sufficient. Priority needs to be given to native or well-adapted species in the parks, preferably evergreens, and ensuring they are incorporated into plans for public spaces, mainly near benches and rest areas (2025). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Districts. • Barcelona Public Health Agency. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 94 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 7. Many more green areas VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Green surface area (total hectares and hectares per inhabitant). • Proximity of green spaces (percentage of the population less than 5 minutes from a quality green space). • Protected surface area (hectares of nature reserves). • Percentage of adapted tree species. • Number of ephemeral gardens per district. • Number of mosquito control operations carried out. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 95 Transforming communal spaces Line of action Not a single 8 drop wasted Closing the water cycle and optimising the use of groundwater, promoting the use of rain and regenerated water and facilitating water infi ltration into the subsoil JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona suffers from recurring episodes of drought We also now have the Alternative Water Resources Plan that are turning potable water into a very valuable (PLARHAB), which contemplates a series of actions to resource and putting our capacity to maintain the city’s increase infi ltration and expand the use of ground, rain, water supply at risk. Moreover, the city has a very high regenerated and grey water. Applying the PLARHAB degree of impermeability (72% of the municipal total). means expanding the groundwater system and Various climate projections appear to suggest that increasing the annual volume of the concession in order 3 climate change could affect the water cycle in the to take advantage of underground water by 2.7 hm a 3 following ways: year, from the current 1.8 hm a year to 4.4 hm3 a year. • a slight fall in resources, especially towards the end Making the city more permeable enables us to reduce of the century. the risk of urban fl ooding and the impact of overfl ows on the receiving environment. Achieving that requires • greater variability in the availability of water integrating water-runoff management into the city’s resources, in periods of drought as well as torrential urban model, by means of sustainable urban drainage rain, with the increased risk of saturating the urban systems (SUDS), reservoir or green roofs, or increasing drainage systems. the city’s permeable green surface area. • a slight increase in the demand for water, which could Ensuring Barcelona has an optimal and effi cient water worsen the water supply defi cit that currently affects cycle is one of the challenges facing the city and the the city. metropolitan area, and one which could be posed even More specifi cally, a 12% reduction in surface resources more starkly in the future. It is also planned to reduce and 9% in underground resources is forecast by 2050, domestic potable water consumption to 100 litres per along with a 4% increase in demand for different uses. inhabitant per day. There is therefore a general need for additional potable water resources in the metropolitan area of 34 hm3 a year, with Barcelona’s need estimated at 18 hm3 a year. Following a series of critical situations, a series of measures have been adopted to reduce potable water consumption (currently 107 litres per inhabitant per day for domestic consumption), including awareness campaigns and the construction of a desalination plant. 96 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 8. Not a single drop wasted ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Parc de Joan Raventós, a green area that absorbs rainwater Parc de Joan Raventós is in the Sarrià neighbourhood and has a surface area of 20,000 m2. It opened in 2009 following the reclamation of the old Riera de les Monges riverbed. Built with an innovative, sustainable drainage system, it collects rainwater through various kinds of draining surfaces, which filter the water while purifying it, so that it eventually reaches the subsoil. In the event of a downpour, the water is kept in the retention area or anti-flooding areas created for that purpose. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Comprehensive Sewer System Plan Infrastructure (2017). (2006) and updates planned. • Tree Master Plan (2017-2037). • Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiveristy • Drought Protocol (2017). Plan (2013-2020). • Technical Plan for Taking Advantage of Alternative • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green Water Resources (2018) and updates. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 8.1 Foster water saving on a municipal level in 8.6 Envisage watering trees and increasing irrigating parks and gardens, fountains, street that whenever necessary for the desired cleaning and municipal buildings (ongoing). evapotranspiration and cooling services 8.2 Incorporate up-to-date climate projections in (optimally by remote control, depending on the future editions of the Drought Protocol (2018). water balance) (2020). 8.3 Increase soil permeability by defining a 8.7 Ensure compliance with the protocol for sustainable urban drainage strategy for emptying water into naturalised ponds in the Barcelona that offers design recommendations event of a drought, to preserve and protect in a manual, maintenance protocols (with amphibians and water plants (ongoing). professional training to ensure it is done 8.8 Assess and continually monitor the quality correctly) and recommendations on how to of drinking water and groundwater to see it monitor and evaluate its effectiveness using is affected in periods of drought or heavy rain monitors and sensors (2020). (2020). 8.4 Use drainage paving by means of innovative 8.9 Have a Barcelona water supply plan in place public procurement (2020). (2020) 8.5 Run publicity campaigns to encourage water- saving on a domestic level and, in 2018, link that to the Water Memorial celebrations (ongoing). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 97 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 8.10. Draw up a base map of the city’s subsoil to 8.15. Utilise regenerated water from the River find out the present degree of occupancy and Llobregat for the industrial uses of the Zona impermeability and create reserve spaces for Franca Consortium and for recharging the aquifer infiltration (2025). (2030). 8.11. Promote the use of grey water in new housing 8.16. Build recharging pools at high points in the city developments and renovations or for industrial and generate a flow retention and lamination purposes, and study its inclusion in future effect, and install rainwater capture systems versions of the Municipal Urban Environment By- in Collserola so it can be reused. Evaluate their law (2025). exploitation cost (2030). 8.12. Study the energy impact of supplying water (the 8.17. Utilise pumped groundwater from underground desalination plant, regenerated water plants, etc. facilities (the metro, car parks) to infiltrate the (2025). aquifer (2030). 8.13. Study the feasibility of producing regenerated 8.18. Prevent saline intrusion by using regenerated water at the Besòs waste water treatment plant water and surplus groundwater (2030). (EDAR) to feed the Besòs aquifer, to maintain the river’s ecological flows and feed the purification plant (2025). 8.14. Exploit the Besòs aquifer resource as potable water and build a purification plant (2030). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology (BACSA). • Districts. • Barcelona Metropolitan Area. • Catalan Water Agency. • Barcelona Public Health Agency. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 98 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 8. Not a single drop wasted VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Water consumption by type and use (cubic metres). • Length of groundwater system built (kilometres). • Number of buildings renovated or built reusing grey water. • Number of projects incorporating SUDS. • Percentage of permeable surface area in the city. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 99 Transforming communal spaces Line of action Renewables 9 in public areas Fostering the installation of solar power generating systems in public areas by means of new structures or transforming existing urban structures JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona is committed to a change of energy model in and in existing public spaces, whether they are publicly the short-to-medium term by switching mainly to clean or privately owned, by means of public or private and renewable energy sources. This restructuring has investment. to be linked to a signifi cant change in power generation One example of how to take advantage of public and consumption patterns by promoting, among other spaces and their structures to generate power is things, the development of systems for generating solar the installation of power-generating pergolas and power, the most abundant renewable energy resource converting existing pergolas into power generators we have. There were 15 power-generating pergolas spread The City Council is therefore pushing for generating across the city in 2016 and the intention is to continue systems to be installed in buildings, facilities and installing them. public spaces that make use of available, local, waste or renewable resources, principally the sun, to reduce the amount of energy that comes from the grid. This has included the launch of a solar power generation promotion programme in Barcelona to boost the installation of solar power systems on buildings PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in Barcelona (2017-2019) and subsequent editions (2019-2030). 100 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 9. Renewables in public areas ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Photovoltaic pergola over a children’s play When Plaça del Centre, a square in the Les Corts area in Barcelona’s Plaça del Centre district, was renovated, a pergola was placed over the children’s play area which, as well as providing shade, uses solar power to generate electricity. The pergola is covered with photovoltaic panels with 12.48 kWp of installed power. It is connected to a set of lithium-ion batteries and supplies locally sourced renewable energy to the 25 public lights in the square itself and on the stretch of Avinguda de Madrid that crosses it. In fact it supplies 70% of the square’s annual lighting needs. When the energy stored in the batteries proves insufficient, the lights are powered directly from the electricity grid. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 9.1. Set up a municipal energy marketing company at 9.3. Facilitate the integration of power generation the service of everyone (2018). structures into public spaces by adapting the 9.2. Deploy the municipal energy operator which will existing regulatory framework (2020). drive renewable energy production in the city and facilitate its installation in public and private spaces (2020). Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 9.4. Create programmes to foster employment 9.5. Evaluate incorporating this generation in other around local and renewable power generation parts of the public space, such as pavements, (ongoing). road surfaces, etc. (2025). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 101 MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. • Districts. • Administration and Economy. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 102 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 9. Renewables in public areas VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Installed generating power. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 103 Transforming communal spaces Line of action Getting 10 around easily Optimising the urban network to encourage a change of city model that produces more spaces for pedestrians and fewer for private motor vehicles JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Mobility is a key factor in urban development. The Removing cars from the streets also means reclaiming public’s everyday life cannot be understood without public space to bring life back to the streets, create considering the millions of journeys made on foot, by more green spaces, improve rainwater drainage, make bike, on public transport and in private vehicles, not to more space available to pedestrians and so on. mention commercial vehicles. However, that transport So we need to rethink how to plan and transform and those vehicles now account for 30% of the city’s the city in a way that gives more prominence to greenhouse gas emissions. So this is one of the main pedestrians and cyclists, boosts the use of collective sectors where action is required. public transport by improving existing infrastructures, Reducing the number of vehicles, while making reduces the use of private vehicles and, in general, sure those on the roads are cleaner, and facilitating ensures that mobility in the city is geared towards the switch to more effi cient means of transport, by improving the quality of life of its citizens. For example, promoting public transport, cycling and going on foot, the superblock programme is an opportunity to remove are two essential lines of action for tackling climate cars from the city and reclaim space for the general change and improving the city’s environmental quality. public to use. Another priority is promoting a model change by Improving mobility also requires coordination with the replacing private vehicles with more sustainable forms higher-level authorities to ensure the city’s transport of mobility for reasons of health. So work is being done infrastructure plans are implemented and our goals can to offer other ways of getting round the city, principally be achieved. public transport but also other shared-vehicle options. The idea is to have a broad range of mobility options in place that meets the needs of every journey and is more effi cient. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Urban Mobility Plan (2013-2018) and subsequent • “Filling the streets with life” by creating updates. Superblocks in Barcelona (2016). • Bicycle Strategy (2015). • Developing electric vehicles in Barcelona (2018). • Barcelona Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015-2018). • Programme of anti-air pollution measures (2016). 104 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 10. Getting around easily ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Expanding the cycling infrastructure, as one of the main goals for implementing the measures set out in the 2013-2018 Urban Mobility Plan. Barcelona City Council aims to provide 308 km of cycle lanes by 2019, which would mean an increase of 165% on the figure quoted in the 2015 Strategic Bicycle Measure (based on a network of 116 kilometres). This would ensure that at least 95% of the city’s population would have a bike lane 300 m from their home. With this target in mind, nearly 130 interventions are planned in various streets and locations in order to achieve the full roll-out of the cycle lane network. In most cases, new cycle lanes will be created, although in some places, streets will be improved or signs and markings will be introduced for cycling (30 kph zones) and cycle routes. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 10.1 Improve public transport accessibility and 10.9 Regulate parking and budget to oversee the frequency (ongoing). promotion of electric vehicles in the city 10.2 Promote cycling: develop infrastructure (cycle (ongoing). lane network), encourage different forms of 10.10 Introduce and consolidate services associated cycling (own/shared bike, mechanical or electric) with promoting electric vehicles: electric taxis, (ongoing). sharing the last mile with an electric vehicle, etc. 10.3 Improve modal interchanges between bikes and (ongoing). public transport (ongoing). 10.11 Make the low emission zone permanent 10.4 Provide grants and subsidies for going to work (ongoing) by bike: Promote a pilot test, help businesses 10.12 Improve goods distribution and promote last to buy bikes and evaluate the possibility of mile distribution by bike, electric motorbike, etc., economically compensating workers for the through microplatforms (ongoing). kilometres travelled to work (annually). 10.13 Consolidate the Poblenou superblock, create 10.5 Electrify and diversify municipal vehicle fleets new ones in the city (Horta - old quarter, (ongoing). Eixample - Sant Antoni, Sants-Hostafrancs, Les 10.6 Promote plug-in electric or hybrid motorbikes Corts - La Maternitat i Sant Ramón) and study (ongoing). others (2020). 10.7 Promote electric and mechanical bike fleets 10.14 Implement the Barcelona City Council Mobility (ongoing). Plan (2020). 10.8 Strengthen and create new infrastructure linked with electric vehicle penetration in the city: increase the number of charging points in municipal car parks, pilot tests for charging points for urban goods distribution, taxis, etc. (ongoing). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 105 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 10.15 Urge companies to draw up sustainable mobility Fuel Free Cities agreement, only electric buses plans (2025). will be purchased from 2025 on (2025). A fossil 10.16 Diversify fuels and electric vehicles in vehicle fuel free zone also needs to be set up in line with fl eets (2025). the C40 commitment (2030). 10.17 Promote a 100% low-emission taxi fl eet. In 10.20 Create park & ride zones in collaboration with accordance with the measure adopted by the other authorities (2030). metropolitan area (AMB), from 2019 no taxi 10.21 Extend the superblock concept to the whole city licences will be awarded to diesel vehicles (2030). (2025). 10.22 Increase the number of bus lanes in the city 10.18 Link up the tram systems (2025). and complete the roll-out of the orthogonal bus 10.19 Renew the bus and coach fl eet with less network (2030). polluting technologies, and give priority to zero- emission vehicles. In line with the C40 - Fossil MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Districts. • TMB. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 106 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 10. Getting around easily VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- -2- HEALTHY BCN -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Kilometres of bike lanes installed. • Number of superblocks installed. • NOx and PM10 emissions (micrograms / cubic metre). • Number of electric-car charging points. • Energy consumption of the municipal vehicle fl eet, by type of fuel. • Number of park & ride zones created. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 107 Transforming communal spaces Line of action Conserving 11 the seafront Maintaining and making the most of the environmental services offered by the sea and the coastline to combat climate change. Ensuring the functional integrity of the coastline. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona’s history has been bound up with the sea provides food, is used for leisure and so on. Moreover, since its origins. The coastline has been gradually there are services that have to be used in tackling the transformed over the years, and a landscape of lagoons adverse effects that climate change might produce. and mud fl ats has been heavily developed by human Then beaches and coastal parks, for example, could be hand, predominantly industrial facilities in the 19th a place to shelter during heat waves, given they have century, into the urban seafront we have today. the lowest daytime temperature in the city and there is Opening Barcelona up to the sea has undoubtedly the sea to cool down in. been one of the big challenges and achievements of But if we are to take advantage of the environmental municipal politics in the last 40 years. As a result of services the shoreline offers, we need to take care of this process, with its beaches and coastal parks, the it. That requires keeping the mass of sea water fi t for city now has more than 133 ha of free space, and one of bathing in and maintaining the marine ecosystems in the biggest public spaces in the city. Because, as a look optimum conditions, because the life cycle of the sea, at the old maps shows, those beaches are beyond the for example, also helps atmospheric carbon, or blue “natural” lie of the coastline. carbon, capture. Consequently, there is not only a need The seas and oceans play a key role in climate change to adapt the sanitation system, it is also essential to mitigation. More than a quarter of the CO released into publicise and make people aware of the vulnerability of 2 the atmosphere is captured and stored at the bottom the marine ecosystem and the action that can be taken of our oceans by means of certain physical, chemical to keep it in good condition. and biological processes. However, the increase in Ensuring the environmental functionality of the emissions and excess of greenhouse gases in the city coastline requires making sure the beaches atmosphere could prevent this system from working have sediment in suffi cient quantity. That means as it should and, ultimately, reduce its mitigating guaranteeing its sedimentary balance by adopting the potential. appropriate measures and increasing its resilience. On the other hand, the Barcelona shoreline provides some key environmental services: it protects the infrastructure and neighbourhoods behind the beaches, PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Comprehensive Coastline Management Plan (PGIL) • Strategic Pan for the City’s Coastal Areas (2007). (2018-2025). • Port Olímpic Master Plan (2018). 108 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 11. Conserving the seafront ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Transferring sand from the Olympic Port The Comprehensive Coastline Management entrance to Barcelona’s beaches, as part Plan (PGIL) is Barcelona City Council’s tool for deciding how the city’s beaches are managed, and of the PGIL, a collaborative tool of the establishes a joint working framework for all the competent authorities agents involved. This plan is covered by Article 6.3 of Act 1/2006, of 13 March, and is based on an agreement between the Catalan and Spanish governments and Barcelona City Council, signed in 2007, that provides a framework for institutional collaboration. Transferring the sand trapped by the Maresme marina port structures to the beaches to the west complies with the demands of Spain’s environment ministry and the Catalan government. Similarly, on the Barcelona coastline and under the PGIL, the sand deposited at the Olympic Port entrance is dredged every year and transferred to the Somorrostro and Barceloneta beaches (currently about 8,000 m3 a year). It would be necessary to study the feasibility of making the dredging and transfer of sand more effective to see if it would be possible to feed other city beaches, besides increasing the effectiveness of the feeding operation to maximise conservation of the sand transported. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 11.1 Analyse the social perception of the effects 11.6 Naturalise the Barcelona coast so the land of climate change on the coast (expanding the spaces can eventually become a green corridor beach user survey) with the aim of prioritising and the coastal sea might improve its physical, and redesigning the beach awareness and chemical and biological quality and its communication actions (2018). biodiversity (2020). 11.2 Carry out further studies on the vulnerability of 11.7 Promote sustainable use of the sea by fostering beaches to erosion and sea flooding (2019). environmentally friendly marine activities 11.3 Define the strategy for protecting and the through the coastal sea schools, publicise specific use of each beach in line with the study Barcelona’s reef park, etc. (2020). results (2020). 11.8 Increase public knowledge of the sea, promote 11.4 Establish sediment conservation measures: its heritage value and popular science (the CSIC’s beach regeneration, change the grain size of public area of experimental research, the Beach the sediment brought in, analyse other coast Centre’s educational programme, etc.) (2020). protection options (2020). 11.5 Redefine existing coastal uses to adapt them to future uses and to beach availability, and introduce sustainability into all the activities that take place there (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 109 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 11.9 Apply adaptation and resilience increasing 11.13 Foster the protection and expansion of the measures that are suited to the Barcelona coast current marine carbon sinks (mainly the Garraf (2030). and Maresme meadow woods) between the 11.10 Increase marine biodiversity by installing towns on the Barcelona coast, and encourage artificial reefs (2030). collaborative networking (2030). 11.11 Study the effects of climate change on the sea 11.14 Re-plan the model for coastal area uses that is temperature and their implications for water consistent with a continuous improvement policy quality, marine biodiversity, fishing and so on for environmental practices and preventing (2030). coastal pollution, with the ultimate aim of maintaining the quality, biodiversity, productivity 11.12 Reduce discharges into the receiving environment and dynamism of our sea (2030). during periods of heavy rain and ensure that any water discharged into the natural environment is of sufficient quality (2030). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Municipal Manager’s Office. • Urban Ecology. • Districts. • Coastal research centres. • Citizen organisations. • Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting Others. justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 110 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Transforming communal spaces / 11. Conserving the seafront VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- HEALTHY BCN -2- -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Breadth of emerged beach (metres). • Total beach volume (cubic metres). • Percentage of occupied / free beach space. • Quality indices for coastal water, river water and biodiversity. • Number of activities carried out by the sea schools to foster sustainable use of the sea. • Number people attending popular-science and citizen-science centres promoting knowledge of the sea. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 111 The Climate Plan asserts the need to rethink the current and competitiveness is key to creating employment, economic model, decarbonise the economy and modify especially for the most vulnerable population. At the consumption patterns. We have to promote an economy same time, we need to move towards a model that fosters that closes cycles, fosters the effi cient use of resources, the social and solidarity economy, prioritises satisfying responsible consumption, waste prevention and its people’s needs over profi t, based on fairness, solidarity, subsequent recycling and reuse, and which leads to food sustainability, participation, inclusion and community sovereignty. commitment, values which also drive social change. This results in processes and products that emit What this means is a radical transition to a new social and fewer greenhouse gases, and citizens who adapt economic model that has to be determined and fair, and their consumption habits to fi t a more conscious and which we need to accelerate. responsible model. Boosting local business innovation 112 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy 12. 13. 14. 15. Virtuous circle Responsible Zero Waste Food consumption sovereignty G OA LS A N D TA R G E TS F O R 2 0 3 0 Triple the fresh vegetables Obtain 100% clean funding. consumed in the city that come from Barcelona province Pursue the zero waste strategy. 1 farmers’ market per district • Achieve 1.2 kg waste/inhab/day. • Achieve 60% selective collection (of all waste generated) and quality Presence of local produce in organic waste collection, with a maximum of 8% foreign matter in all municipal markets weight. 0 single-use, non- • >130,000 t of CO2 saved per year. compostable tableware at • >4,500 jobs with full roll-out of the public events and in public Zero Waste strategy. buildings Incorporate social and Reach 10% of GDP generated environmental criteria in 80% by the social and solidarity of public procurement economy Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 113 Climate economy Line of action Virtuous 12 circle Drawing up a green and circular economy strategy JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona aspires to be a city that uses its own which should allow us to fi ght against climate change resources effectively and one which substantially and the impact it has. Boosting local business reduces its impact on other areas, to enable local innovation and competitiveness is key to creating developments with the capacity for boosting employment, especially for the most vulnerable employment, strengthening social cohesion and population, and strengthening the social and solidarity improving everyone’s quality of life. economy at the same time. Boosting the circular economy helps the transition to a more effi cient use of resources and low emissions, PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. 114 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 12. Virtuous circle ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION New municipal policy on the relationship with financial institutions, incorporating social and environmental clauses and criteria The City Council, in its public leadership role, intends to foster a more plural economy and incorporate new financial entities, new banking services and new financing offers that include social and environmental values into municipal management. Traditional banking covered approximately 92% of municipal financing needs until 2016. But 28% of Barcelona City Council’s 2017 financial transactions correspond to the issue of green and sustainable bonds; 32% to public banking; 18% to ethical banking, and only 22% to traditional banking. This means we are opening up to banking institutions that are committed to the Climate Plan’s principles. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 12.1 Draft a government measure on the green and 12.3 Set up programmes for training and employment circular economy (2019). in the circular economy through Barcelona Activa 12.2 Foster low-carbon public procurement by (2020). drawing up guidelines and carrying out innovative public procurement (2020). Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 12.4 Design a municipal strategy for the green and 12.11 Advise companies on reducing waste and circular economy (2025). emissions, both at the planning stage and when 12.5 Adapt Barcelona Activa to promote the green implementing improvements (2030). local economy (2025). 12.12 Facilitate the replacement of machinery and 12.6 Set up programmes to foster green employment, professional vehicles with others that are low in self-employment, and eco-entrepreneurship emissions(2030). in economic sectors linked to climate change 12.13 Improve energy consumption efficiency (energy renovation, solar panel installation and in businesses, especially in shops and maintenance, drainage system maintenance, new services(2030). gardening, etc.) (2025). 12.14 Encourage companies and other entities to 12.7 Review dealings with financial institutions to produce and consume their own energy from incorporate and promote ethical banking and renewable sources (2030). entities involved in the cooperative, social and solidarity economy (ECSS) (2025). 12.15 Promote the consumption of waste-valorisation products and supplies (2030). 12.8 Consolidate sustainable-bond issues to attract international and local capital for sustainable 12.16 Study the feasibility of having a green projects in the city (2025). aaccounting system at City Hall for classifying green-economy actions in the municipal budgets, 12.9 Develop a mechanism to compensate for as well as creating an additional environmental emissions generated by major public works in classification (2030). the city, in support of actions to combat climate change (2025). 12.10 Study the options for improving environmental taxation for “low-carbon” companies (2030). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 115 MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Social Rights. • Districts. • Commissioner for Cooperative, Social and Solidarity Economy • Administration and Economy. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 116 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 12. Virtuous circle VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of employed persons, salaried and freelancers, and the number of companies linked to the green, social and circular economy. • Installed solar generating power. • Energy intensity. • Percentage of clean funding. • Number of contracts low in carbon. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 117 Climate economy Line of action Responsible 13 consumption Promoting conscious consumption that drives healthier, more sustainable ways of life, facilitating the choice of and access to sustainable and socially just products and services JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Consumption affects and determines many essential and solidarity economy (which prioritises satisfying aspects of life (food, housing, clothes, basic utility people’s needs over profi t, based on fairness, solidarity, supplies, leisure, transport, etc.), so the production sustainability, participation, inclusion and community and consumption model has profound social, commitment, values that also promote social economic, environmental and ethical implications change) are key aspects in minimising the social and for the city itself as well as beyond its boundaries, environmental impacts of our society. since services and products are often made in other Public awareness of responsible consumption in places. Consumption therefore has a direct effect Barcelona is on the increase but we need to defi ne on GHG emissions because, for example, it is not the strategies and adopt measures that facilitate access same buying local food products as those produced to those products, habits and lifestyles, as well as take thousands of kilometres away, or replacing an old action that helps the economic agents in the transition domestic electrical appliance with a new and effi cient to responsible consumption, with a more sustainable one, etc. market that is also accessible and affordable for the Promoting responsible consumption, in a holistic, most vulnerable population. collective responsibility sense, fostering habits and lifestyles directed towards the supply and demand of sustainable, socially just products and services and tending towards a model that fosters the social PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity (2012-2020). Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. • Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020). • Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) and • Strategy for Promoting Responsible Consumption subsequent updates. (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. 118 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 13. Responsible consumption ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION In 2016, Barcelona City Council began organising a Christmas fair on the busiest shopping days of the festive season. The fair invites social and solidarity economy organisations and companies to exhibit, sell and advertise their products and services in order to involve the general public in responsible consumption and buying local produce. Around 60 projects and entities take part, offering a wide range of products and services spanning, among others, food, clothes, knowledge and culture, communication, ethical financing, care and health. Apart from these ideas for responsible consumption, there are cultural activities to attract the general public The Responsible Consumption, Social to a market whose main aim is not to make a profit and Solidarity Economy Fair offers an but to improve the quality of life of as many people as possible. Another aim of this alternative fair is to avoid alternative with local, sustainable, socially the compulsive, unthinking consumption typical of just products for Christmas Christmas time. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 13.1. Create a new benchmark space (Espai Consum) 13.5. Enrich the Municipal Consumer Information in the city that will promote responsible Office (OMIC) with a responsible consumption consumption, provide information and perspective and expand the information and specific resources for facilitating responsible advice resources with specific issues resulting consumption and become a meeting point for the from a new way of doing things, such as the stakeholders in consumption (2018). platform economy or the collaborative economy 13.2. Encourage a new way to be more socially and (2019). environmentally friendly by setting up the FAR 13.6. Identify and highlight local authority strategies (lighthouse) for social and economic innovation, and good practices for responsible consumption a facility for promoting the social and solidarity by boosting its illustrative role in public policies economy and ESS advice points in the districts, (2019). with more training and a line of funding for business projects based on agreements with 13.7. Conduct specific internal training on responsible ethical banks, among other things (2018). consumption at City Hall (2020). 13.3. Expand and strengthen the Network of 13.8. Consolidate the Social and Solidarity Municipalities for the Social and Solidarity Economy Fair and the Christmas Responsible Economy, which promotes new democratic, Consumption Fair as meeting points and places solidarity and sustainable ways of producing for promoting economic initiatives that advocate and consuming, with the aim of moving towards social and environmental justice (ongoing). an economic model that is more resistant to the 13.9. Apply and increase the use of social and effects of major economic crises (2018). environmental purchasing criteria in public 13.4. Boost the promotion of citizen and social procurement (ongoing). projects and initiatives and continue the specific line of subsidies for responsible consumption (ongoing). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 119 Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 13.10. Foster economic models based on responsible 13.12. Strengthen the greening of public and public- consumption and on social and solidarity economy private events in relation to using single-use organisational models (2021). glasses and bottled water (2030). 13.11. Raise public awareness of the responsibility of choice in consumption (2025). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Social Rights. • Districts. • Commissioner for Cooperative, Social and Solidarity Economy • Administration and Economy. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 120 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 13. Responsible consumption VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of FAR, ESS advice point and Espai Consum users. • Number of tips given on responsible consumption. • Number of greened events. • Number of users and economic activity at the Christmas Responsible Consumption Fair. • Result of responsible consumption subsidies awarded. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 121 Climate economy Line of action Zero 14 Waste Rolling out the zero waste strategy by means of the waste action plan, in order to substantially reduce the generation of waste, improve separate collection and promote its reuse as resources JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The best waste is waste that is not created. Prioritising measures for prevention, reduction, repair At present, waste treatment and management account and reuse is the fi rst step in seeking to achieve zero for approximately 10% of computable greenhouse gas waste. Correct management of waste generated and emissions in the city. Reducing waste, separating it out its possible reuse are end strategies which, while and managing it correctly is therefore key in reducing necessary, consume energy and generate emissions. its impact. Therefore, the less waste, the better. PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2012- • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity 2020) Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. • Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020) • Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) and • Strategy for Promoting Responsible Consumption subsequent updates (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. 122 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 14. Zero Waste ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Repair workshops A BARCELONA RESIDU ZERO Barcelona City Council has a repair workshop programme for civic and neighbourhood centres, that is designed to provide TALLERS DE REPARACIÓ people with the knowledge they need to repair their own CENTRE CÍVIC EL CARMEL electronic devices and small household electrical appliances. Dimecres 07/02/2018 19 - 21.30 h Taller: Petits electrodomèstics de la llar Desmuntarem un aparell i descobrirem com resoldre els problemes més habituals. Dimecres 14/02/2018 The Plan’s main aims are to: 19 - 21.30 h Servei d’assessorament Porta els teus aparells espatllats i t’ensenyarem com ar- reglar-los. • Promote waste prevention. Dimecres 21/02/2018 19 - 21.30 h Taller: Manteniment i optimització • Preserve raw materials and avoid exhausting their supply on de sistemes operatius Coneixerem diferents sistemes operatius i com fer-ne una correcta gestió. making new appliances. APUNTA’T I ATREVEIX-TE A REPARAR ELS TEUS • Avoid generating new waste and, therefore, the economic APARELLS! and environmental costs associated with its subsequent treatment. • Give people the tools for lengthening the useful life of appliances. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 14.1. Foster exchange and marketing of second-hand 14.5. Promote fab labs 2.0 (ateneus de fabricació) products (ongoing). (2018). 14.2. Develop more product repair and restoration 14.6. Promote waste reduction, management and services and empower people so they can reuse initiatives at events, trade fairs and repair their own things (e.g. the Barcelona City conferences (the Donation Room, for example) Council and AMB repair workshop programmes) (2020). (ongoing). 14.7. Optimise transport routes to reduce journeys and 14.3. Promote deposit, return and refund systems improve the waste collection service (2020). (SDDR) in the city (ongoing) 14.4. Introduce and promote the use of a reusable tableware loan service for public events (2018). Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 14.8. Renew the cleaning and waste collection fleet 14.11. Foster and promote products and commercial with less polluting vehicles on the market formats that reduce or do away with packaging (2025). and the waste associated with packing and 14.9. Promote waste prevention in shops and transporting products (2030). department stores (2025). 14.10. Extend the door-to-door system where it is practical (2030). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 123 MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Districts. • Commissioner for Cooperative, Social and Solidarity Economy • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. • Administration and Economy Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 124 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 14. Zero Waste VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Kilograms of waste avoided. • Kilograms of waste reused. • Percentage of economic waste devoted to repairing, upcycling or recycling with added value, and exchanging products. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 125 Climate economy Line of action Food 15 sovereignty Advocating local, ecological and healthy products that help to improve people’s quality of life and preserve the environment. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The current agro-food model (industrialised agriculture, and cooperatives, the existing supply of local produce involving large amounts of resources and transport, diets in municipal and farmers’ markets, and the presence that are not really sustainable, etc.) is responsible for a of shops selling ecological products, are improving quarter to a third of global GHG emissions. Taking into access to those types of foods that are healthier and account the total impact, it is calculated that, for every more sustainable, while providing an outlet for the agro- euro we spend as consumers on an agricultural product, ecological producers near the city and, therefore, a local the population as a whole pays two more linked to economy. environmental damage and on people’s health. However, this market is still insuffi cient and only within Switching to a food model with short circuits and local the reach of part of the population. Promoting these kinds products, ecological and seasonal practices, and less of products, practices, short circuits and entities should animal protein, means taking the road towards food enable their use to become more widespread, fl exible and sovereignty, a territorial model involving more equality accessible to everyone, because their benefi ts have to between the various agents, job creation, better health be capable of reaching as many people as possible and and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, because also because increased demand would allow supply to there is less need for transport, lower quantities of stabilise and diversify. resources, and less dependence on external resources. Foodstuffs are a vital product but Barcelona is a consumer, not a producer. Access to local or ecological products is still diffi cult in a dense urban environment such as Barcelona, but ecological consumption groups PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity (2012-2020). Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. • Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020). • Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) and • Strategy for Promoting Responsible Consumption subsequent updates. (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. 126 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 15. Food sovereignty ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION In fact, the food served in school dining rooms comes from ecological agriculture. For example, all the dairy produce supplied (milk, yoghurt and cheese) are ecological, as is the most popular fruit (apples, pears, oranges and bananas) and the fruit juices, bread, rice, potatoes, pasta and pulses. The vegetables are ecological during the months when it is seasonally possible to get hold of them (e.g. lettuce, onions, carrots and pumpkins throughout the school year, and tomatoes, leeks, green beans and broccoli when they are in season). As regards animal protein, the chicken is ecological throughout the year. The fish children get is hake, cod, monkfish and sole. At nursery school they do not eat pork or pork products, nor perch or halibut. And every meal is accompanied Access to a balanced Mediterranean diet by salad. in schools provides a great opportunity to This commitment to an ecological diet containing lots of raw food, vegetables and vegetable protein promote healthier food habits. not only allows many children to have access to quality food on an equal basis, but also allows All municipal nursery schools have their own kitchen families to incorporate some of these habits into where they prepare the menus every day. This their daily diet, because they receive the school facilitates the use of fresh, ecological produce. menu on a monthly basis. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 15.1. Promote an agro-ecological vision, an approach 15.6. Promote the consumption of locally produced with a triple focus (as a science, a social ecological products among the general public by movement and a vision with agrarian practices), supporting the growth of ecological consumption working with projects and communities and groups, awareness campaigns, publishing guides, promoting links with all the agents involved (2018). the More Sustainable Barcelona Map, etc. (2019). 15.2. Create and promote farmers’ markets, with 15.7. Consolidate the acquisition of locally produced producers from Barcelona’s surroundings (2018). ecological products and seasonal fruit and 15.3. Develop short food circuits with various vegetables through communal dining rooms initiatives and agents to boost local, ecological (nurseries, schools, homes, etc.) and at various agriculture, and logistics to facilitate these public events (meal services) through public circuits (2018). procurement of food services (2019). 15.4. Create a pavilion for local ecological produce 15.8. Take the step to a healthier, low-carbon diet, at Mercabarna, in collaboration with other by increasing the production and consumption municipalities, the AMB, DIBA, the Generalitat, of local ecological products, promoting fresher the Llobregat Agrarian Park, the Strategic diets rich in vegetable protein (therefore reducing Metropolitan Plan and producers’ organisations the meat content) and less processed (pre- (2019). cooked) food (2020). 15.5. Raise public awareness of the important 15.9. Promote the use of local ecological food in the contribution of food (the food chain, distribution, restaurant sector (2020). eating habits and consumption patterns) 15.10. Support the appearance of consumer to climate change. Make schools places cooperative initiatives with higher scalability for transmitting the values of a healthy and and other projects that boost the supply of sustainable diet (2020). responsible consumption products and services in the city (preferably ESS services) (2020). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 127 15.11. Combat food waste by promoting integrated 15.12. Promote and boost training and activities management of the food production cycle to designed to introduce knowledge of prevent it from spoiling, establishing compulsory vegetarianism in various spheres (2020). mechanisms and circuits for reusing surplus stocks, studying possible refuse tax exemptions, running communication campaigns targeting consumers, promoting the use of leftovers for new meals, etc. (2020). Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 15.13. Consolidate the green markets project and its social function and as an outreach tool, create new farmers’ markets evenly spread and foster ecological peri-urban agriculture around the city (2025). and livestock raising in collaboration with 15.14. Add the vegan/vegetarian option to the supramunicipal authorities (2025). Technical Instructions for the Application of 15.17. Promote food shops and spaces in the markets Sustainability Criteria to Food Services (2025). to show how to make the most of quality food 15.15. Promote local commerce in the food sector with a short expiry date, in order to foster saving (2025). and reduce food waste (2030). 15.16. Promote the urban allotments network for MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Social Rights. • Districts. • Commissioner for Cooperative, Social and Solidarity Economy • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting • justice citizen Administration and Economy. action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 128 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Climate economy / 15. Food sovereignty VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of farmers’ markets. • Number of markets with local produce. • Number of communal dining rooms with ecological products in season. • City and metropolitan surface area (hectares) devoted to agriculture. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 129 130 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Building together Most of the population and, therefore, Innovation is essential and we have collective intelligence, is concentrated in to equip ourselves with the necessary cities. If everyone (citizens, businesses, knowledge, tools, structures and resources institutions, the local authority, etc.) works to tackle climate change. Education and together and there is cooperation between communication are vital instruments for cities and regions, the change we need will spreading knowledge and helping to raise come about. everyone’s awareness. Likewise, we need to facilitate and foster citizen debate and action. 16. 17. 18. Cultural action Climate Let’s get for the climate cooperation organised G OA LS A N D TA R G E TS F O R 2 0 3 0 Allocate €1.2 million in subsidies for collaborative citizen projects (€200,000 every two years). Have one cultural facility on sustainability per district Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 131 Building together Line of action Cultural action 16 for the climate Fostering climate culture and promoting public training in reducing emissions and adapting to climate change JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Culture is a key element for overcoming any crisis, as good example of co-production. We also need to take the cultural context is the reference framework which advantage of the socialisation possibilities offered shapes the way people live and act. We are faced by ICTs for openly circulating knowledge, ideas and with the challenge of transforming a culture based proposals among interconnected citizens. on increasing consumption of energy and resources, On top of that, Barcelona has a very interesting ignoring the undesirable effects this has on our habitat, community network at neighbourhood level, which into a culture that recognises planetary limits and could be very useful in dealing with climate change on fosters sustainable ways of living. a smaller scale. This is an opportunity for generating Therefore, we need to expand our knowledge and help intersectoral (between various professional and raise awareness among individuals, organisations, interest spheres), interterritorial (between districts institutions and businesses in Barcelona, so that and neighbourhoods) and intergenerational dialogue everyone can assume their own responsibility and (between the young and elderly population) to spread together we can shoulder the city’s responsibility. habits locally. Education, communication and encouraging citizens There are also facilities on a district level that could to take action are vital instruments for advancing serve as active catalysts, such as the environmental down this road, and must be fi rmly promoted by the classrooms (Bosc Turull, Sagrada Família, Centre Cívic City Council. The More Sustainable Barcelona network, Can Deu, Casa de l’Aigua) and the energy advice points. made up by the signatories to the Citizen Commitment On a city level, there are two benchmark environmental to Sustainability, is a key piece in this cultural facilities: the Fàbrica del Sol and the Centre de la Platja transformation. New citizen projects developed under (Beach Centre). the Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate are a very PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Creation of energy advice points and guaranteeing basic utility supplies (2016). 132 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Building together / 16. Cultural action for the climate ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Specific call for subsidies for citizen climate projects The City Council encourages citizen organisations to play a prominent and active role in the fight against climate change and promotes their initiatives. The purpose of the subsidies is to provide financial support for projects that promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, adapting the city to climate change and climate justice. The call stresses that they should be cooperative projects involving at least three organisations, with one acting as leader, and that the subsidy may be up to 80% with a maximum of €20,000 per project. The 2018 budget for these subsidies is €200,000. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 16.1. Establish a specific call for grants to promote • Promote waste reduction and encourage the citizen climate agenda, thus rewarding composting. innovation and cooperation (2018). • Promote an increase in green spaces and 16.2. Reinforce the support programmes in schools, respect for wildlife that is threatened. shops and local organisations as spaces for climate awareness and action (2020). • Promote the care of vulnerable people (e.g. elderly people who live on their own). 16.3. Highlight the commitments, actions and good practices of the various stakeholders (2020). • Enhance the shaded paths and promote their benefits. 16.4. Put a sustainability reference figure in place in each district with a strategic vision of • Encourage climate solidarity with other environmental and climate change issues, with countries. an overview of the participants in the district 16.7. Carry out actions that raise people’s awareness and the capacity to offer advice and support and show what can be done locally, such (2020). as ephemeral gardens, mobile exhibitions, 16.5. Strengthen the participation of the local vehicles that open out and turn into a green community in defining urban development, space or a mobile water point (a mobile green green development and mobility plans for point that could have plants inside instead of mitigating the effects of climate change waste, or a tourist bus with an “open” top full of (throughout the whole process) (2020). plants), competitions, collaborative mappings, community allotments and tree wells, climate 16.6. Conduct campaigns on climate change and marathons, and so on (2020). its effects through the appropriate media, and widely publicise options and habits that help to 16.8. Generate and make the most of public events to combat it, countering all the myths (ongoing). give practical examples (annually). • Encourage efficiency and savings in energy and • Exhibitions (such as “After the End of the water consumption. World”). • Promote self-production and self-consumption • Theme-based festivals (on art, photography, using renewable energy. cinema and so on). • Raise awareness of the need for responsible 16.9. Provide access to climate information through consumption, of local and second-hand Smart Citizens and other applications. Promote products. citizen science to obtain data on temperature, relative humidity, warnings, phenology, bird • Promote sustainable mobility. migrations and so on, and then share them. Carry out more publicity, adapt information Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 133 channels. Have climate information linked to 16.11. Provide support for the energy sovereignty people’s everyday lives and activities (2020). network (2020). 16.10. Widely publicise information on the 16.12. Establish the necessary mechanisms for opportunities, subsidies and support available ensuring vulnerable people’s participation in (renovation, improved, energy efficiency climate change (2020). improvements, training and so on) (ongoing). Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 16.13. Consolidate a network of environmental 16.14. Promote the setting-up of citizen co- education facilities in every district in the city responsibility networks and climate action that act as vectors of information, training, groups on a neighbourhood level (2025). participation, skills and citizen action, where climate change is an integral part of their 16.15. Have an energy-efficiency and climate-change discourse and which serve as examples for other interpretation centre on a city level (2030). centres in the city (2025). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Districts. • Barcelona Institute of Culture. • Barcelona Education Consortium. • Barcelona Municipal Institute of Education. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 134 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Building together / 16. Cultural action for the climate VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- -2- HEALTHY BCN -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of organisations committed to citizen climate projects. • Number of co-produced climate projects. • Number of districts with sustainability benchmarks. • Number of districts with environmental education facilities. • Number of energy advice point consultations. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 135 Building together Line of action Climate 17 cooperation Making progress in reducing the city’s ecological debt and raising public awareness of the effects of climate change stemming from Barcelona on more vulnerable countries and societies JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS In a mainly urban world, cities are the key to ensuring sustainability or everyday lives of the most vulnerable social equity, sustainable development and quality of populations. life. However, the consumption habits of the inhabitants We need to make people more aware that our habits of the most prosperous cities such as Barcelona often and the way we consume impact on everyday life and generate a big ecological debt that falls on the most increase the risks for other parts of the world, as well vulnerable societies, regions and countries. As a city as promote international cooperation projects aimed at in the Northern hemisphere, Barcelona must take the reversing the ecological debt that the city has acquired. initiative and drastically reduce its emissions in order to improve social justice and not compromise the PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Cooperation for Social Justice Master Plan (2018-2021). 136 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Building together / 17. Climate cooperation ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION solid waste very day but almost 500 tonnes of that is not collected. In the city’s outlying districts, which lack many basic services, solid urban waste management (GRSU) is now becoming a serious environmental, social and health problem. Urban areas like the Maxaquene neighbourhood have grown out of the chaotic occupation of public spaces. That makes it enormously difficult to introduce, roll out and maintain basic services and the consequences of that are seriously affecting the daily lives of the people who live there. The main purpose of the Maxaquene project is to improve GRSU in the neighbourhood by strengthening the network of primary collection Support for solid urban waste associations with a social and solidarity focus, management in the outlying districts along with raising community awareness regarding the importance of recycling and the social, of Maputo (Mozambique) economic and environmental benefits of the work done by informal recyclers (catadors). Barcelona City Council’s Department of The activities have mainly been designed and Global Justice and International Cooperation implemented by two local organisations, Kutenga funds projects to promote climate justice in and Comsol, with the support of the Maxaquene Mediterranean, African and Latin American neighbourhood development platform and in countries. collaboration with the NGO Enginyeria Sense Fronteres Maputo generates more than 1,100 tonnes of (Engineering Without Borders). Short-term actions (2018-2020) 17.1. Learn more about the ecological/climate debt 17.2. Generate more active social involvement in and its effects on the most vulnerable countries highlighting the effects of climate change on and societies. Implement the principle of the most vulnerable countries and societies, planetary limits in Barcelona’s future strategic as well as conduct educational and awareness plans (2020). campaigns on Barcelona’s ecological debt (ongoing). Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 17.3. Define a comprehensive strategy for reducing 17.5. Promote cooperation between cities on Barcelona’s ecological debt that prioritises climate justice, urban resilience and energy actions that have the biggest impact on third policy matters, and start up technical support parties (2025). processes between Barcelona City Council and 17.4. Foster climate solidarity between peoples other cities that are highly vulnerable to climate and develop projects that address the issue of change (2025). correcting the effects of climate change on the 17.6. Prepare to take in climate refugees (2030). most vulnerable countries and societies (2025). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 137 MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Mayor’s Office. • Administration and Economy. • Districts. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 138 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Building together / 17. Climate cooperation VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- -2- HEALTHY BCN -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of international cooperation projects that have been carried out to correct climate change. • Budget for international cooperation projects designed to improve climate justice. • Number of users informed by awareness-raising campaigns. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 139 Building together Line of action Let’s get 18 organised Incorporating changes on an organisational and working methodology level which will enable sustainability and resilience criteria to be integrated into city planning, transformation and management processes from an overall, systemic city perspective JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Climate change is a global challenge that requires local knowledge and improve the information available to us for actions. It is also a phenomenon that involves lots of making decisions, managing and putting climate action environmental vectors (water, energy, biodiversity, waste, into practice. etc.). Consequently, it cannot be tackled in isolation by a This new working approach will also require tools that specifi c local authority department. It requires a cross- enable a more detailed analysis of the impacts and how departmental approach that takes the complexity of these will affect people, generate internal training for the this phenomenon into account. That means involving the technical team involved and ensure accessibility to this whole local authority, along with the other key players in new information. the city. In turn, that will require changes on an organisational Another major challenge is to incorporate the climate and working methodology level which will enable change variable into long-term city planning and sustainability and resilience criteria to be integrated into management, not just because it implies setting goals city planning, transformation and management processes and targets or acquiring commitments in the long from a global, systemic city perspective. term but also due to the uncertainty inherent in future projections and in managing climate impacts and the risks that fl ow from them. We will have to deepen our PLAN ACTIONS Actions already envisaged in the existing plans • Urban resilience (2016). 140 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Building together / 18. Let’s get organised ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION The urban resilience information and analysis platform aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the city, by bringing together all the critical or relevant information gathered from the various systems involved. Managing the city is a complex task due to the multiple operators involved and because, despite the obvious interdependencies between the different urban systems, they often manage their information separately. This platform opens up a new possibility of managing and sharing information with all the agencies involved and enables the joint analysis of data which, up to now, was impossible to correlate, thereby providing new information to support decision-making processes both at a strategic and operational level. Short-term actions (2018-2020) 18.1. Set up a climate office that will adopt a 18.8. Take part in city networks to foster the exchange mainstream approach to working on climate of good practices and collaborate with benchmark change in the administration and a committee to international institutions, in order to position monitor the implementation of the Climate Plan Barcelona as a model for climate action and report actions consisting of the core team driving the the results in line with acquired commitments plan and other key players (2018). (2018). 18.2. Define and calculate the monitoring indicators 18.9. Develop an internal training plan with specific for the Climate Plan and citizen coproduction training for staff directly involved in climate action, products; draw up and publish periodic reports as well as information and awareness-raising on compliance with the Covenant of Mayors for sessions on the importance of climate change Climate and Energy (2018). (2020). 18.3. Estimate the city’s carbon budget for meeting its 18.10. Study each neighbourhood’s contribution to acquired commitments (2018). generating greenhouse gases to determine 18.4. Establish internal coordination mechanisms possible inequalities (2020). for ensuring notification of progress made and 18.11. Deploy the municipal energy operator which will monitoring the associated sectoral plans (2018). drive renewable energy production in the city 18.5. Establish the necessary external coordination and facilitate its installation in public and private mechanisms and communication between the spaces (2020). various administrations (especially Barcelona 18.12. Promote innovation and establish links with Provincial Council, the Metropolitan Area and the research centres to generate new knowledge on Catalan government), as well as with other key climate change. Check what studies are currently city players, in order to create synergies and help under way to avoid overlapping and make the most to achieve the Climate Plan’s goals and targets, of the funding available (2020). while boosting the role of the Citizen Council for Sustainability (2018). 18.13. Learn more about the impact of climate change on keeping critical city services and infrastructures 18.6. Incorporate a climate line of action for putting going (health services, utility supplies, etc.) and resilience board projects into practice (2018). how they depend on each other (2020). 18.7. Make public, through Open Data, relevant 18.14. Learn more about how climate change will information on climate impacts and any affect Barcelona by taking part in the European monitoring action carried out (transparency) RESCCUE project (2020). (2018). Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 141 18.15. Do a study on the possible economic effect of planning, development and services (2020). climate change on each sector, especially tourism 18.19. Map of all the climate initiatives put into practice (2020). and publish them in the resilience atlas (2020). 18.16. Study the reduction in energy expenditure linked 18.20. Revise municipal emergency plans in the light of to adapting working hours (2020). the new information generated on climate change 18.17. Include a common repository of climate (2020). information on the resilience platform that 18.21. Improve the communication systems with critical ensures accessibility to all the players involved city facilities and services during extreme climate (2020). episodes (2020). 18.18. Create a resilience atlas that includes vulnerability maps which ensure the information is accessible to all the municipal players involved in urban Medium- and long-term actions (2021-2030) 18.22. Systematise the use of climate information 18.23. Improve the public information provided in between municipal technical staff, set up pollution episodes and warnings of new risks instruments that enable new information to be (2025). shared more effectively (resilience platform) and give staff the skills to use them, by means of the 18.24. Revise and update the Climate Plan (2025). necessary training (extend the use of geographic information systems within the organisation to improve analysis capacity, etc.) (2025). MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN • Urban Ecology. • Districts. • Social Rights. • Safety and Prevention. • Resources. Mitigation Adaptation Climate Promoting • Barcelona Public Health Agency justice citizen action ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate 142 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Building together / 18. Let’s get organised VALUES OF THE CLIMATE PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BCN -5- -4- HABITABLE BCN -3- 2- HEALTHY BCN - -1- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BCN LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BCN WHO LEARN COMMITTED BARCELONIANS MONITORING INDICATORS • Number of people trained on climate change. • Amount of participation in research projects and improving our knowledge of climate change. • Amount of content published on the resilience platform and other tools for access to information. Taking care No cuts Preventing Better than Recovering Planning with a Many more Not a single Renewables Getting Conserving Virtuous Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get of everyone excessive heat new buildings terrace roofs climate focus green areas drop wasted in public around easily the seafront circle consumption Waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas climate Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 143 11.TIMEFRAME Short-term Medium- and Line of action 1. actions long-term actions Taking care of everyone 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 1.1 Provide grants and subsidies for housing energy improvements. • • • • • 1.2 Promote the fi gure of the energy adviser. • 1.3 Strengthen mobility services. • 1.4 Strengthen the City Help and Information Offi ces (OACs). • 1.5 Improve the social network of elderly people who live alone. • 1.6 Launch the "care-work school". • 1.7 Study the possibility of creating a carer card. • 1.8 Design pilot projects for social superblocks. • 1.9 Improve care services for people. • 1.10 Create an advice centre and information space on the care economy. • 1.11 Incorporate the climate variable in care work. • 1.12 Facilitate employment. • 1.13 Renovate housing. • 1.14 Reduce the nuisance caused by bad smells. • 1.15 Extend the introduction of social superblocks. • Short-term Medium- and Line of action 2. actions long-term actions No cuts 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 2.1 Ensure the public supply of potable water. • 2.2 Review the sewage tax. • 2.3 Ensure basic essential consumption of potable water, gas and electricity. • 2.4 Set up a municipal energy marketing company. • 144 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 2.5 Deploy the municipal energy operator. • 2.6 Improve our knowledge of the relationship between energy poverty • and health. 2.7 Reinforce the energy advice points (PAEs). • 2.8 Promote and prioritise self-produced energy using renewable sources. • • • • • 2.9 Promote “energy banks”. • 2.10 Study the impact that climate change could have on the price • of basic supplies and food. 2.11 Guarantee energy and water supplies and uninterrupted service to • critical facilities and infrastructures. Short-term Medium- and Line of action 3. actions long-term actions Preventing excessive heat 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 3.1 Revise the Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of Heat Waves on Health. • 3.2 Identify existing and potential climate shelter spaces. • 3.3 Prioritise cooling actions in those territorial areas most • vulnerable to heat. 3.4 Deepen our knowledge of how climate change affects health. • 3.5 Deepen our knowledge of the urban climate. • 3.6 Create the “Barcelona, city of shade” programme. • 3.7 Create water gardens. • 3.8 Improve the thermal comfort of climate shelter facilities. • 3.9 Create new climate shelter spaces. • 3.10 Increase health service staff to deal with heat waves. • 3.11 Take action to increase the reflectance index of paving and terraces. • Short-term Medium- and Line of action 4. actions long-term actions Better than new buildings 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 4.1 Set up a municipal energy marketing company. • 4.2 Promote actions and tools for energy improvements in Barcelona’s • commercial sector. 4.3 Undertake communication and publicity activities to encourage • energy savings in buildings. 4.4 Increase grants and subsidies for renovating buildings. • • • • • 4.5 Provide tax incentives for incorporating energy efficiency measures. • • • • • Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 145 Short-term Medium- and Line of action 4. actions long-term actions Better than new buildings 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 4.6 Deploy the municipal energy operator. • 4.7 Study traditional energy solutions. • 4.8 Establish technical specifications for the new thermal comfort • standards. 4.9 Analyse how long it will take for new environmentally responsible • systems to be able to compete with traditional systems. 4.10 Monitor the energy performance of buildings, • • • • • dwellings and public facilities 4.11 Study building systems and solutions to improve their protection • against heat and passive cooling. 4.12 Draft and enforce an energy by-law on building features. • Short-term Medium- and Line of action 5. actions long-term actions Recovering terrace roofs 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 5.1 Draw up a by-law to promote productive roofs. • 5.2 Draw up technical guidelines for public buildings • that include the use of productive roofs, walls and facades 5.3 Set up a municipal energy marketing company • at the service of everyone. 5.4 Increase grants and subsidies for power generation • • • • • and other types of productive roofs. 5.5 Provide tax relief for productive roofs. • • • • • 5.6 Consolidate the green roof competition. • • • • • 5.7 Promote initiatives that publicise and tell people • about productive roofs. 5.8 Offer technical advice on productive roofs and walls. • 5.9 Increase photovoltaic generation on industrial roofs. • 5.10 Promote rainwater collection and its reuse in buildings. • 146 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Line of action 6. Short-term Medium- and actions long-term actions Planning with a climate focus 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 6.1 Adapt current urban development regulations. • 6.2 Draw up a design guide with sustainability and resilience criteria. • 6.3 Draft a green and biodiversity Charter. • 6.4 Analyse how climate change specifically affects each district. • 6.5 Locate and characterise the areas at risk. • 6.6 Influence higher-level planning instruments. • 6.7 Characterise the various urban fabrics according to the risks that • affect them. 6.8 Keep sufficient space in the soil and subsoil to allow • for climate services. 6.9 Rethink and adapt the criteria in the project and works protocols • and in the technical specifications for urban space. Short-term Medium- and Line of action 7. actions long-term actions Many more green areas 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 7.1 Incorporate climate change criteria in the Special Plan for protecting the • environment and landscape of the Serra de Collserola nature reserve. 7.2 Maintain the prevention and firefighting services. • • • • • 7.3 Plan the network of urban green corridors with public participation. • Prioritise the actions planned in the PIVU in those districts and • 7.4 neighbourhoods with fewer green spaces or infrastructure and those areas most exposed to heat. 7.5 Consolidate existing programmes for conserving wildlife vulnerable to • climate change. 7.6 Step up comprehensive pest control. • 7.7 Consolidate the programmes to control arboviruses and other • • • • • diseases. 7.8 Find solutions to the problem of mosquito reproduction in scuppers • and reservoir roofs. 7.9 Produce a catalogue of tree species. • Decide which zones need more thermoregulatory vegetation, and • 7.10 those where it is not necessary, where xerophile vegetation may already be sufficient. 7.11 Improve our knowledge of the effects of climate change on natural • systems. 7.12 Create ephemeral or seasonal gardens. • 7.13 Create a network of urban nature reserves. • 7.14 Reclaim the Rec Comtal canal. • Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 147 Short-term Medium- and Line of action 8. actions long-term actions Not a single drop wasted 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 8.1 Foster water saving on a municipal level. • • • • • 8.2 Incorporate up-to-date climate projections in future editions • of the Drought Protocol. 8.3 Increase soil permeability by defining a sustainable urban • drainage strategy for Barcelona. 8.4 Use drainage paving. • 8.5 Run publicity campaigns to foster water saving on a domestic level. • • • • • 8.6 Envisage watering trees and increasing that whenever necessary for • the desired evapotranspiration and cooling services. 8.7 Ensure compliance with the protocol for emptying water into • • • • • naturalised ponds. 8.8 Assess and continually monitor the quality • of drinking water and groundwater. 8.9 Have a Barcelona water supply plan in place. • 8.10 Draw up a base map of the subsoil. • 8.11 Promote the use of grey water. • 8.12 Study the energy impact of supplying water. • 8.13 Study the feasibility of producing regenerated water at the Besòs • waste water treatment plant (EDAR). 8.14 Exploit the Besòs aquifer resource. • 8.15 Use regenerated water from the River Llobregat for industrial uses. • 8.16 Build recharging pools. • 8.17 Use pumped groundwater. • 8.18 Prevent saline intrusion. • Short-term Medium- and Line of action 9. actions long-term actions Renewables in public areas 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 9.1 Set up a municipal energy marketing company. • 9.2 Deploy the municipal energy operator. • 9.3 Facilitate the integration of power generation structures i • nto public spaces. 9.4 Create programmes to foster employment • • • • • around local renewable power generation. 9.5 Evaluate incorporating generation in other parts of the public space. • 148 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Short-term Medium- and Line of action 10. actions long-term actions Getting around easily 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 10.1 Improve public transport accessibility and frequency. • • • • • 10.2 Promote cycling. • • • • • 10.3 Improve modal interchanges between bikes and public transport. • • • • • 10.4 Provide grants and subsidies for going to work by bike. • • • • • 10.5 Electrify and diversify municipal vehicle fleets. • • • • • 10.6 Promote plug-in electric or hybrid motorbikes. • • • • • 10.7 Promote electric and mechanical bike fleets. • • • • • 10.8 Strengthen and create new infrastructure linked • • • • • with electric vehicle penetration. 10.9 Regulate parking and oversee the promotion of electric vehicles • • • • • in the city. 10.10 Introduce and consolidate services associated • • • • • with promoting electric vehicles. 10.11 Make the low emission zone permanent. • • • • • 10.12 Improve goods distribution. • • • • • 10.13 Consolidate the Poblenou superblock and create new ones. • 10.14 Implement the Barcelona City Council Mobility Plan. • 10.15 Urge companies to draw up sustainable mobility plans. • 10.16 Diversify fuels and electric vehicles in vehicle fleets. • 10.17 Promote a 100% low-emission taxi fleet. • 10.18 Link up the tram systems. • 10.19 Renew the bus and coach fleet with less polluting technologies. • 10.20 Create park & ride zones in collaboration with other authorities. • 10.21 Extend the superblock concept to the whole city. • 10.22 Complete the roll-out of the orthogonal bus network. • Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 149 Short-term Medium- and Line of action 11. actions long-term actions Conserving the seafront 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 11.1 Analyse the social perception of the effects • of climate change on the coast. 11.2 Carry out further studies on the vulnerability • of beaches to erosion and sea flooding. 11.3 Define the strategy for protecting and the specific use of each beach. • 11.4 Establish sediment conservation measures. • 11.5 Redefine existing coastal uses . • 11.6 Naturalise the Barcelona coast. • 11.7 Promote sustainable use of the sea. • 11.8 Increase public knowledge of the sea. • 11.9 Apply adaptation and resilience increasing measures • that are suited to the Barcelona coast. 11.10 Increase marine biodiversity. • 11.11 Study the effects of climate change on sea temperature. • Reduce discharges into the receiving environment during periods • 11.12 of heavy rain and ensure that any water discharged into the natural environment is of sufficient quality. 11.13 Foster the protection and expansion of the current marine carbon • sinks. 11.14 Re-plan the model for coastal area uses. • Short-term Medium- and Line of action 12. actions long-term actions Virtuous circle 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 12.1 Draft a government measure on the green and circular economy. • 12.2 Foster low-carbon public procurement. • 12.3 Set up programmes for training and employment in the circular eco- • nomy. 12.4 Design a municipal strategy for the green and circular economy. • 12.5 Adapt Barcelona Activa to promote the green local economy. • 12.6 Set up programmes to foster green employment, self-employment • and eco-entrepreneurship. 12.7 Incorporate and promote ethical banking and entities involved in the • cooperative, social and solidarity and economy (ECSS). 12.8 Consolidate sustainable-bond issues. • 12.9 Develop a mechanism to compensate for emissions generated by • major public works in the city. 12.10 Study the options for improving environmental taxation. • 150 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 12.11 Advise companies on reducing waste and emissions. • 12.12 Facilitate the replacement of machinery and professional vehicles • with others that are low in emissions. 12.13 Improve energy consumption efficiency in businesses, • especially in shops and services. 12.14 Encourage companies and other entities to produce and consume • their own energy from renewable sources. 12.15 Promote the consumption of waste-valorisation • products and supplies. 12.16 Study the feasibility of having a green aaccounting system at City Hall. • Short-term Medium- and Line of action 13. actions long-term actions Responsible consumption 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 13.1 Create a new benchmark centre (Espai Consum) in the city that will • promote responsible consumption. 13.2 Set up the FAR (lighthouse) for social and economic innovation. • 13.3 Expand and strengthen the Network of Municipalities for the Social • and Solidarity Economy. 13.4 Continue the specific line of subsidies for responsible consumption. • • • • • 13.5 Enrich the Municipal Consumer Information Office (OMIC) • with a responsible consumption perspective . 13.6 Highlight local authority strategies and good practices for responsible • consumption. 13.7 Conduct specific internal training on responsible consumption. • 13.8 Consolidate the Social and Solidarity Economy Fair and the Christmas • • • • • Responsible Consumption Fair. 13.9 Apply and increase the use of social and environmental purchasing • • • • • criteria in public procurement. 13.10 Foster economic initiatives based on responsible consumption. • 13.11 Raise public awareness of the responsibility • of choice in consumption. 13.12 Strengthen the greening of public-private events. • Short-term Medium- and Line of action 14. actions long-term actions Zero waste 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 14.1 Foster exchange and marketing of second-hand products. • • • • • 14.2 Boost the setting-up of repair services. • • • • • 14.3 Promote deposit, return and refund systems. • • • • • 14.4 Introduce and promote the use of a reusable tableware loan service. • 14.5 Promote fab labs 2.0 (ateneus de fabricació). • 14.6 Promote waste reduction, management and reuse initiatives at • events, trade fairs and conferences. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 151 Short-term Medium- and Line of action 14. actions long-term actions Zero waste 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 14.7 Optimise waste collection routes . • 14.8 Renew the cleaning and waste collection fleet with less polluting • vehicles. 14.9 Promote waste prevention in shops and department stores. • 14.10 Extend the door-to-door system where it is practical. • 14.11 Foster and promote products and commercial formats that reduce or do • away with packaging and the waste associated with it. Short-term Medium- and Line of action 15. actions long-term actions Food sovereignty 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 15.1 Promote an agro-ecological vision. • 15.2 Create and promote farmers’ markets. • 15.3 Develop short food circuits. • 15.4 Set up a local ecological pavilion at Mercabarna. • 15.5 Promote the consumption of locally-produced ecological food • products among the general public. 15.6 Consolidate dining-room purchasing of local ecological produce and • fruit and vegetables in season. 15.7 Raise public awareness of the important contribution food makes to • climate change. 15.8 Take the step towards a healthier, low-carbon diet. • 15.9 Promote the use of local ecological food in the restaurant trade. • 15.10 Support the appearance of consumer cooperative initiatives. • 15.11 Combat food waste. • 15.12 Introduce more people to vegetarianism. • 15.13 Consolidate the green markets project and create new farmers’ • markets. 15.14 Add the vegan/vegetarian option to the food service guideline. • 15.15 Promote local commerce in the food sector. • 15.16 Promote the urban allotments network and foster ecological peri- • urban agriculture and animal farming. 15.17 Promote food shops and spaces in the markets to show how to make • the most of quality food with a short expiry date. 152 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 Short-term Medium- and Line of action 16. actions long-term actions Cultural action for the climate 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 16.1 Establish a specific call for subsidies. • 16.2 Reinforce the support programmes in schools, shops and local • entities. 16.3 Highlight the commitments, actions and good practices of the various • stakeholders. 16.4 Put a sustainability reference figure in place in each district. • 16.5 Strengthen the participation of the local community. • 16.6 Conduct campaigns on climate change and widely publicise options • • • • • and habits that help to combat it. 16.7 Carry out awareness-raising actions that show what can be done • locally. 16.8 Generate and take advantage of public events. • • • • • 16.9 Ensure access to climate information. • 16.10 Widely publicise information on the opportunities, subsidies and • • • • • support available. 16.11 Provide support for the energy sovereignty network. • 16.12 Ensure vulnerable people’s participation in climate change. • 16.13 Establish a network of environmental education centres in all the • districts. 16.14 Promote the setting-up of citizen co-responsibility networks and • climate action groups at a neighbourhood level. 16.15 Have an energy-efficiency and climate-change interpretation centre • in place. Short-term Medium- and Line of action 17. actions long-term actions Climate cooperation 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 17.1 Deepen our knowledge of the ecological/climate debt. • 17.2 Generate more active social involvement in highlighting the effects of • • • • • climate change on the most vulnerable countries and societies. 17.3 Define a comprehensive strategy for reducing • Barcelona’s ecological debt. 17.4 Encourage climate solidarity between peoples. • 17.5 Promote cooperation between cities. • 17.6 Prepare to take in climate refugees. • Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 153 Short-term Medium- and Line of action 18. actions long-term actions Let’s get organised 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 18.1 Set up a climate office. • 18.2 Define and calculate the Climate monitoring indicators. • 18.3 Estimate the carbon budget. • 18.4 Establish internal coordination mechanisms. • 18.5 Establish external coordination mechanisms. • 18.6 Incorporate a climate line of action for putting resilience board • projects into practice. 18.7 Make relevant information public through Open Data. • 18.8 Take part in city networks. • 18.9 Study each neighbourhood’s contribution to generating greenhouse • gases. 18.10 Develop an internal training plan. • 18.11 Deploy the municipal energy operator. • 18.12 Promote innovation and establish links with research centres to • generate new knowledge on climate change. 18.13 Learn more about the impact of climate change on keeping critical • city services and infrastructures going. 18.14 Deepen our knowledge of how climate change will affect Barcelona. • 18.15 Do a study on the possible economic effect of climate change. • 18.16 Study the reduction in energy expenditure linked to adapting working • hours. 18.17 Include a common repository of climate information on the resilience • platform. 18.18 Create a resilience atlas. • 18.19 Map of all the climate initiatives put into practice. • 18.20 Revise the municipal emergency plans. • 18.21 Improve the communication systems with critical facilities and • services. 18.22 Systematise climate information use. • 18.23 Improve the public information provided in pollution episodes and • warnings of new risks. 18.24 Revise and update the Climate Plan. • 154 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 12. MONITORING The Climate Plan proposes a large The purpose of these indicators is to number of measures to achieve its accurately monitor the performance strategic goals and targets. In order to of the Climate Plan projects and the assess whether the measures put into consequences they have in the city and practice achieve the expected results, it on its big data, in order to provide an also provides for a variety of indicators ongoing evaluation of the plan’s real to monitor their development which impact and overall reach. adhere to some essential requirements: The indicators will be calculated at the relevance, availability of easy-to- start of the plan, to provide some initial calculate data, sensitivity to changes, data, and then updated annually. A completeness, ease of interpretation and monitoring report will be published every comparability. They include the following: two years to show the level of compliance • Impact indicators, which measure the with the Covenant of Mayors for Climate result achieved by the actions taken, and Energy. Evaluation meetings will the level of goal achievement (e.g. the also be held with the public and other reduction in GHG emissions). stakeholders involved to monitor the • Action indicators, which measure the development of collaborative projects effort put in (e.g. the hours of training promoted by citizen action under the taught). Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate. • Resource indicators, which measure This way it will be possible to control, the resources allocated to carrying out show and communicate how the Climate the various actions (e.g. renovation Plan is being applied, to enable possible grants). deviations to be corrected and redirect measures, where necessary. In that sense, • Environment indicators, which this is a dynamic plan, because it will be measure the conditions of external periodically updated and programmed in elements that have a link with the line with these results plan’s actions (e.g. the number of hot days). All the information will be public and posted on the Climate Plan website. • Perception indicators, which measure how the public have perceived (valued) the actions and their impact. • Performance indicators, which show the percentage of plan performance as an average of the performance percentages of the actions planned. This enables a quantitative, objective evaluation of the state of the plan. Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 155 156 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 13.WOULD YOU LIKE MORE INFORMA- TION? You will fi nd all the information on climate change in Barcelona on the Climate Plan website: • Video of the Climate Plan. • Video of the coproduction process of the plan and Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate projects. • Citizen action projects linked to the Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate and good practices. • Analysis of the current situation regarding adaptation to climate change. • Energy balance (2014) and sectoral studies. • Studies on the impact of climate change on Barcelona (climate projections and the effects on heat, the availability of water, the risk of fl ooding, biodiversity, energy fl ows, air quality, etc.). • Plan monitoring reports • What can you do? • Related news • And plenty more! Check it out at: http://lameva.barcelona.cat/barcelona-pel-clima/ca Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 157 13.BARCELONA, A CITY COMMITTED TO THE CLIMATE planning with a climate focus Many more green areas Not a single drop wasted Renewables in public areas Getting around easily Conserving the seafront Cultural action for the climate Climate cooperation Let’s get organised 158 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 BARCELONA, A CITY COMMITTED TO THE CLIMATE Taking care of everyone No cuts Preventing excessive heat Better than new buildings Recovering terrace roofs Virtuous circle Responsible consumption Zero waste Food sovereignty Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 159 160 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 14.INITIALS AND SYMBOLS ASPB: Barcelona Public Health Agency PECQ: Barcelona Energy, Climate Change BCASA: Barcelona cicle de l’aigua, SA and Air Quality Plan CBC: Barcelona’s Commitment to the PGIL: Comprehensive Coastline Climate Management Plan CO : Carbon dioxide GDP: Gross Domestic Product 2 COP21: United Nations Framework PIVU: Programme for Promoting Urban Convention on Climate Change Green Infrastructures held in Paris in 2015 PLARHAB: Barcelona Alternative Water CSIC: Advanced Scientifi c Research Resources Plan Centre PM10: Particulate matter ECSS: Cooperative, social and solidarity POCS: Action Plan to Prevent the Effects economy of Heat Waves on Human Health EDAR: Waste water treatment plant RCP4.5 and 8.5: Representative ESS: Social and solidarity economy Concentration Pathway 4.5 (corresponds to the committed GHG: Greenhouse gas scenario) and 8.5 (corresponds LPG : Liquefi ed petroleum gas to the passive scenario). These are emission scenarios for the GRSU: Solid urban waste management estimated change in greenhouse GWh: Gigawatts per hour. A gigawatt is gas emissions and concentrations 1,000,000 kilowatts (KWh) during the 21st century set by the International Panel on Climate MVeh: Millions of vehicles Change when drafting their fi fth NO : Nitrogen dioxide assessment report. The four RCP 2 scenarios are: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, O3: Ozone RCP6 and RCP8.5. These names OAC: Citizen Help and Information are based on the possible range Offi ce of radiative forcing values in 2100 (2.6; 4.5; 6.0 and 8.5 W/m2, OMIC: Municipal Consumer Information respectively). Offi ce RFD: Disposable household income NGO: Non-governmental organisation SUDS: Sustainable urban drainage PAE: Energy advice point systems PDA: Tree Master Plan T10: 10-year return period PDUM: Metropolitan Urban Development tCO2-e: Tonnes of CO equivalent Master Plan 2 PE: Energy poverty Climate Plan 2018 Urban Ecology 161 CLIMATE Published by Produced with: PLAN Area of Urban Ecology. The Climate Plan has benefited from the valuable Barcelona City Council. participation of municipal technical staff in all the March 2018. Barcelona City Council sector and district manager’s offices, as well as the support of the Barcelona Public Fourth Deputy Mayor Health Agency, the Serra de Collserola Natural Park Consortium, the Port of Barcelona, Barcelona Airport- Janet Sanz El Prat and the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. Commissioner for Ecology It has been co-produced by representatives of Frederic Ximeno various bodies, associations, businesses, commercial establishments, schools and organisations, most of which belong to the Barcelona + Sustainable network, and with the involvement of the Citizen Sustainability Coordination of contents Council, while members of the public have also Irma Ventayol contributed in an individual capacity through the Decidim platform or the sessions that have been held. Plan drafting team Cristina Castells, Tonet Font, Teresa Finally, there has been professional collaboration Franquesa, Ares Gabàs, Irma from Barcelona Regional (studies on the impacts Soldevilla and Irma Ventayol. of climate change in Barcelona, in defining the Plan scenarios and on the energy balance; Catalan Meteorological Service (producing climate Municipal technical support team projections); Ana Villagordo (help with editing and in drawing up the Plan graphic coordination); La Page (design and layout); Sergi Delgado, Patrícia Lacera, Lavola (help with carrying out a diagnosis of the Elisabet Gallardo, Benjamí Gauchía, current situation regarding climate change in Andoni González. Barcelona); Toni París (help with the energy balance); Technical Secretariat of Barcelona + Sostenible (organisation of participatory processes); Espai Tres (help with the participatory processes); El Centre (videos on the coproduction process and citizen projects) Laia Ventayol (production of the Climate Plan video). Printed on 100% recycled paper. The CO2 emissions associated with the publication of this document have been compensated through the Clean CO2 project in Brazil. http://lameva.barcelona.cat/barcelona-pel-clima/ca 162 Urban Ecology Climate Plan 2018 BCN Climate Plan 2018-2030