Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 BCN Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 BC N bcn.cat/ habitaturba facebook.com/Bcn.cat twitter.com/Bcn_mediambient Presentation 3 About the City 5 1. CONTEXT Prevention in the management of municipal waste 7 1.1 The concept of prevention 7 1.2 The benefits of prevention 10 1.3 Laws, plans and baseline objectives 11 1.3 Powers of local authorities 15 2. KNOWLEDGE The production of municipal waste in Barcelona 19 2.1 Collection types and services 19 2.2 Trends in waste composition 22 2.3 Possible scenarios and predictions 37 2.4 The cost of waste management 39 3. PLANNING Challenges and actions proposed 43 3.1 The extent and scope of application 43 3.2 Prevention: challenges and objectives 45 3.3 Strategic fields and actions 48 – Thematic area of organic waste (OFMSW) 50 – Thematic area of light packaging 55 – Thematic area of paper and cardboard 58 – Thematic area of glass 60 – Thematic area of bulky waste 62 – Thematic area of other fractions 64 – Thematic area of actions concerning specific agents and sites 66 – Thematic area of training, participation and research 68 3.4 The global potential of prevention 76 3.5 Execution and follow-up 82 The annex to Barcelona’s Waste Prevention Plan includes the various proposal sheets. The annex is available for download at Barcelona’s Council website. PRESENTATION Prevention is the best solution to avoid Waste Prevention Plan for the period generating waste. Any resource or mate- 2012-2020. The document, the first of its rial that, by not being consumed, does kind by the city, aims to consolidate pre- not end its life cycle as waste represents vention actions as part of the municipal an important benefit from an environ- waste management programme, pro- mental, energy and economic perspec- mote the active participation and com- tive inasmuch as the collection, trans- mitment of various social and economic port and treatment of municipal waste agents in this shared project, while currently represents a significant cost sending a prevention message to the met by society as a whole. general public so that they incorporate into their daily lives actions and good It is for this reason that waste prevention practices that help promote responsible has become the number one objective of and non-material consumption. the European Union’s waste manage- ment policy, more important even than The general objective of the plan is to re- 3 reuse and recycling. European Directive duce municipal waste by 10%. To reach 2008/98/CE, transposed into Spanish that target, the document is structured Hàbitat Urbà and Catalan law, clearly establishes that around eight policy areas that cover ap- prevention is the main policy action to proximately 20 strategic lines and a total Environment and move towards zero waste, while the last of 45 actions to be implemented as a pri- Urban Services resort is waste disposal. The directive ority while the plan is in place, although defines prevention as the package of some have already been introduced as Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona measures to be adopted before any sub- municipal planning and environmental 2012-2020 stance, material or product becomes a planning policies. The deployment and waste product. application of this package of measures will allow waste to be reduced by almost As specified in waste management pro- 100,000 tonnes by 2020, making Barce- grammes prepared by Catalan and met- lona one of the most committed cities ropolitan administrations, Barcelona in Europe facing up to the challenge of City Council has taken on this prevention waste prevention. challenge and drawn up the Barcelona ABOUT THE CITY The area The population and economic activities Barcelona is a city in the east of the Ibe- As a result of migration flows, Barcelona rian Peninsula in the Autonomous Com- grew from a little over half a million in- munity of Catalonia. Situated on the habitants at the beginning of the 20th Mediterranean coast, Barcelona’s cli- century to more than 1.9 million at the mate is characterised by hot summers end of the 1970s. Today, the city’s popu- and mild winters. The mean average lation stands at approximately 1.6 mil- temperature is 18.3ºC, with 2,800 hours lion. In terms of age groups, 12% of the of sunshine and 870 mm3 of rainfall. population is between 0 and 14.9% is be- tween 15 and 25.58% is between 25 and The city lies between the Llobregat basin 64, and 21% is 65 and above. Immigration in the south and the Besòs basin in the has risen over recent years to 17% of the north, and, from east to west, between total population, turning Barcelona into a the sea and the Collserola mountain multicultural area. It has also given the range. Covering 102.2 km2 Barcelona’s city a high degree of social complexity widest points run from Collserola and and considerable diversification in terms 5 the Port (8 km), and from Montjuïc and of employment and housing. the Besòs river (9 km). Wooded areas Hàbitat Urbà cover 17.6% of the city (most of which At an economic level, business services is in Collserola Park), and urban green are a key feature, accounting for 25% of Environment and spaces account for 10% of the city’s sur- the tertiary sector and more than 20% Urban Services face area. of the city’s total economy. Hotel and commercial services have also been a Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Nevertheless, the city’s area of influence significant feature of this tertiarisation 2012-2020 extends beyond its administrative lim- process. Turning to the technological so- its. Over the last 50 years, a process of phistication of the city’s industries and metropolitanisation has affected cities services, Barcelona leads the field when throughout the world and has made Bar- it comes to technology and knowledge. celona a large urban system with a new Its industrial fabric accounts for 10% of geographic reality. This has meant an highly technical jobs and 41% of medium extension of the urban pattern with ma- to highly technical jobs. Within the tertia- jor environmental, social and economic ry sector, there is also a trend towards implications for the area, particularly in specialisation of activities, with 5% of terms of the planning and management services based on high technology and of natural resources and waste, along 43% on knowledge. with their associated services. However, the city is characterised by the compactness and density of its ur- ban fabric, a feature that has always en- hanced Barcelona’s character as a mixed and diverse city. Consequently, there has been limited zoning with regard to urban functions, where the proximity of hous- ing to the workplace and other areas of activity mean average journey times continue to be relatively short. Barcelona in figures Average temperature 18.3ºC Annual rainfall 865.5 mm Population (2012) 1,619,839 (52,5% women) Surface area 102.2 km2 Density 15,850 inhabitants/km2 6 Life expectancy 82.8 years Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Wooded areas 17.6% Green spaces 10.5% Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Length of beaches 4.6 km 2012-2020 Domestic water consumption 40 m3/person/year Domestic electricity consumption 1,487 kWh/person/year Average income per person (2009) €19,900/any GDP per person (2008) €39,900 Production of municipal waste (2011) 804,921 tonnes Waste production per capita 1.36 kg/person/year Selective collection 37.9% 1. CONTEXT Prevention in the management of municipal waste 1.1. The concept of prevention Current legislation and planning docu- down priorities to be applied in waste mentation define prevention as the set management policies where prevention of measures to adopt before any sub- is of primary importance when taking stance, material or produce becomes action: waste, and where the measures also have to contribute to reducing: 1. prevention 2. preparation for reuse • the quantity of waste (including prep- 3. recycling (including composting) aration for reuse1 or extending prod- 4. other types of valorisation (for exam- uct life) ple, energy valorisation) • the negative impact of waste on the 5. elimination (or disposal) health of individuals and on the envi- ronment The concept of preparation for reuse • the content of hazardous substances includes checking, cleaning or repair- in materials and products ing activities which allow a waste sub- 7 stance, product or material to be reused In this sense, European, Spanish and without any other pre-processing. Hàbitat Urbà Catalan law define a hierarchy that sets Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Figure 1: Hierarchical pyramid of waste management Prevention Preparation for reuse Recycling and material valorisation Energy valorisation Controlled disposal It is possible to change the order of priority for specific waste flows, providing this can be justified on grounds of technical or economic viability and environmental protec- tion. Figure 2: Definition of the concept of waste prevention Types of waste prevention Quantitative prevention Qualitative prevention 8 Hàbitat Urbà Reduction in the quantity of waste Reduction of the amount of hazardous produced (weight, volume, number substances or pollutants contained Environment and of units) in products/waste Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 The French Agency for the Environment 3. Actions in favour of responsible prod- and Energy Management (ADEME) serves uct use: training to promote the use of as an example of the different strategies information and communication tech- that can be adopted to reach prevention nologies (ICTs), promotion of reusable objectives (see Figure 3), where detailed products, actions that promote repair, steps of the entire waste production and centres to promote the use of second- management process are described, hand items, etc. from the extraction of raw materials to their final destination. In line with these 4. Actions to ensure that waste, once strategies, four types of actions can be generated, does not enter the waste- considered to promote prevention: collection cycle: secondary use and home composting. 1. Actions that promote eco-friendly production in business and com- merce: business waste prevention plans, regulations covering advertis- ing, magazines and newspapers, eco- friendly events, etc. 2. Actions in favour or responsible pur- chasing: promotion of dematerialised consumption and products that last, regulation of the distribution of pack- aging at point of sale, control of untar- geted advertising material, promotion of eco-labelling, environmental clauses in public procurement, etc. Figure 3: Stages in waste prevention Extraction / manufacturing Transport Distribution Reuse after col- lection (e.g. bulky items, textiles) Purchase / use 9 Management Hàbitat Urbà by owners Reuse Environment and Urban Services Municipal or private Involvement and behaviour collection Waste Prevention of economic actors and Plan for Barcelona individuals Recycling or 2012-2020 treatment Extended consumer Other types of responsibility – pre-treatment / Source reduction eco-consumption treatment / disposal Waste Waste avoidance diversion Waste minimisation STAGES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT STAGES IN WASTE PREVENTION Source: ADEME, 2005. 1.2. The benefits of prevention Environmental Economics • Saving natural resources: waste pre- • Reduction in the costs associated vention avoids the consumption of raw with waste management (collection, materials to make new products. transport, treatment and final dis- • Energy savings: these relate to the posal, etc.), especially in the areas of avoidance of manufacturing, distrib- treatment, where less tonnage enter- uting and using products and also to ing waste treatment plants represents the processes associated with waste a direct saving. management (collection, treatment • Direct and indirect job creation arising and final disposal). from rolling out prevention actions and • Lower environmental impact: related projects (communications campaigns both to the production and distribu- and campaigns about reuse, etc.) and tion of goods (atmospheric emissions, other associated activities. 10 water and soil pollution, etc.) and to waste collection, treatment and final Hàbitat Urbà disposal. Management sphere • Better workplace health and lower Environment and environmental risks: qualitative pre- • Complement the legal framework Urban Services vention means less handling of toxic that establishes general and specific or hazardous substances, benefits to prevention objectives (EU preven- Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona the health of workers and lower asso- tion strategy, wrapping and packaging 2012-2020 ciated environmental risks. legislation, Municipal Waste Manage- ment Programme of Catalonia – PRO- GREMIC, etc.) and a management hier- archy that prioritises prevention. • Increased knowledge and awareness amongst the public about waste man- agement in the city. • Reductions in the need to manage collection services and reductions in plant capacity; optimisation and con- trol of waste management systems. Furthermore, this could mean a longer life for current landfill sites and a re- duction in the land required for land- fill, with new treatment and waste dis- posal infrastructures. 1.3. Laws, plans and baseline objectives Legislation covering waste prevention rial or substance. has also progressed. Since the beginning – Computer, telecommunications, of the 1990s, the issue has moved from and consumer equipment: 65% re- being a theoretical priority for the Gov- cycling target or the reuse of each ernment, an intention that never turned component. into reality, to becoming the number one – Small household appliances, light- priority for waste management to the ing, electric and electronic tools point where quantitative objectives have (except large, fixed industrial been set down in a number of regula- items), toys: 50% recycling target or tions. The main objectives, particularly the reuse of each component. quantitative ones, included in current legislation and planning policy follow: • Directive 2000/53/EC, amended by Decision 2002/525/EC, of 27 June, transposed into Royal Decree European directives 1383/2002 on the management of 11 end-of-life vehicles. The following ob- • Directive 2008/98/EC, of 19 Novem- jectives were set: Hàbitat Urbà ber 2008, on waste, sets a hierarchy – Increase the reuse and valorisation of waste where prevention and pre- of vehicles up to 85% of their aver- Environment and paring for reuse are the guiding man- age weight (by 1 January 2006). Urban Services agement principles, followed by recy- – Reuse and valorisation of up to 95% cling and other forms of valorisation, per vehicle (by 1 January 2015). Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona such as waste valorisation. Disposal 2012-2020 is considered to be a last resort. No benchmarks for prevention were set Spanish laws and plans in the directive, although it does indi- cate that benchmarks based on best • Law 22/2011, of 28 July, on waste and practice will be introduced at the end contaminated soils, which states that of 2014. public administrations, in the frame- • Directive 94/62/EC, of 11 February work of their own powers, must ap- 2004, amending Directive 64/62/EC, prove waste prevention programmes on packaging and packaging waste, by 12 December 2013. was transposed into Act 11/1997, of The programmes need to estab- 24 April, on packaging and packaging lish prevention objectives and set waste. Law 11/1997 states that the down existing prevention measures. total waste from packaging should be The measures will aim to reduce the reduced by at least 10% in weight by weight of waste produced in 2020 by 30 June 2011. 10% compared with 2010. • Directive 2003/108/EC, of 8 Sep- tember 2003, transposed into Royal The aim of the objectives and meas- Decree 208/2005 of 25 February, on ures is to sever the link between eco- waste electrical and electronic equip- nomic growth and its impact on human ment (WEEE) and how to manage it. health and the environment associ- The objectives to reach by 31 Decem- ated with the generation of waste. So ber 2006 were: as to monitor and evaluate progress in the application of prevention mea- – Large electrical appliances and sures, the competent administration vending machines; 75% recycling will determine those instruments that target for each component, mate- make it possible to carry out periodic assessments of the progress made to Planning in Catalonia date and may set specific objectives and indicators. The evaluation of pre- • Municipal Waste Management Pro- vention programmes will be carried gramme of Catalonia 2007-2012 out at least every six years and the (PROGREMIC), currently under revi- results will be made available to the sion. The general objectives covered in public. Economic, financial and fiscal the prevention sub-programme are as measures may be introduced in order follows: to promote waste prevention. – 10% per capita reduction, from 1.64 kg/person/day (2006) to 1.48 kg/ • Spanish Integrated Waste Plan (PNIR) person/day by 2012. 2008-2015. Urban and Household – 30% per capita reduction in the use Waste. Text approved by the Cabinet in of plastic bags by 2009 and 50% by December 2008. The Plan contains the 2012. 12 following objectives: – Initially, stabilise the generation of Hàbitat Urbà urban waste produced by house- • Metropolitan Municipal Waste Man- holds and then bring about further agement Plan 2009-2016 (PMGRM). Environment and reductions. The following objectives are included Urban Services – Packaging: reduce waste tonnage by in the plan: 4% by 2012 compared with 2006. – General: 10% (or the maximum pos- Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona – Single-use shopping bags: reduce by sible) reduction in waste generation 2012-2020 50% from 2010. Timetable to sub- by means of five main waste frac- stitute non-biodegradable bags and tions, taking into account the pre- progressively ban them from 2010. vention potential for each fraction – Increase the reuse of glass packag- set down in PROGREMIC. ing for certain liquids, especially – OFMSW: promote home composting those used in the hotels and res- in the 33 municipalities in the met- taurants sector (HORECA), and in- ropolitan area to reach treatment dustrial and commercial packaging targets (as stated in the Munici- from 2011: water bottles 60%, soft pal Home Composting Plan: 15% in drinks 80%, beer 80%, and wine 2012 and 25% in 2016. 50%. – Paper and cardboard: make produc- ers of waste more responsible; back initiatives that aim to help promote a sense of responsibility among the public; support initiatives that in- crease the responsibility of inter- mediate users of paper and card- board (use and distribution). – Glass: study the possibility of ex- panding the deposit, return and refund scheme (DDRS) in the res- taurant industry; avoid incentivising Integrated Management Systems (SIGs) by encouraging local coun- cils to apply charges for the use of public roadways for glass recycling containers. Figure 4: Potential for prevention in PROGREMIC 2007-2012 and related actions Typical bag Potential for composition Fraction prevention of over Actions (2006 figures) 10% • Promote home composting, especially in Organic waste rural areas but also community compost- 36% 2 (OFMSW) ing in schools, green spaces, etc. • Initiatives to combat wasting food. Initia- tives involving the food bank (Banc dels Aliments). 13 Paper and • Regulations affecting advertising material. cardboard Study to look at implementing economic 18% Hàbitat Urbà (non-packaging) 2 instruments covering non-packaging paper. Paper and card- • Campaigns to promote the responsible use board (packaging) of paper. Dematerialisation of information. Environment and Urban Services 6% Light packaging - • Waste prevention plans for businesses. plastic • Promotion of eco-design. Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Light packaging - • Presentation of a proposal to implement 2012-2020 4% 1 metal DDRS for material valorisation for specific types of packaging at state level. 2% Light packaging - • Promotion of minimal packaging. mixed • Regulation of disposable plastic bags. • Encouragement of the use of tap water in homes by improving its quality. Bulky items • Development of measures to promote Wood reuse and repair, especially of furniture Waste electrical and electrical and electronic equipment 27% and electronic 4 (WEEE). equipment (WEEE) • Promotion of pilot schemes to encourage Textiles the use of reusable nappies. Sanitary textiles • Promotion of the reuse of clothing. Rubble • Promotion of the consumption of Other immaterial goods and their use as gifts. 100% Total 10 Prevention in Barcelona’s Agenda 21 In May 2002, the Barcelona Council for 1. Separate economic development from the Environment and Sustainability ap- the consumption of resources and the proved the text for its Public Commit- generation of waste. Dematerialise ment to Sustainability-Agenda 21, which consumption, moving towards user was the result of more than three years’ IDs rather than ownership. Extend the work by the Council and the subsequent service life of products (maintenance, contributions from hundreds of organi- recovery, repair and reuse) and sharing sations and thousands of people to de- products and services. fine and agree on ten objectives for the period between 2002 and 2012. The text 8. Introduce management models to included a specific objective related to move towards zero waste: source pre- 14 the prevention and sustainable manage- vention and reduction plans, voluntary ment of waste: “to reduce the production agreements, taxes, repair shops, in- Hàbitat Urbà of waste and promote a culture or reuse troduction of schemes to return and and recycling”. reuse packaging materials, phasing Environment and out disposable bags, swap markets, Urban Services When the timeframe of the original com- etc. mitment ended in 2012, the document Waste Prevention was updated and renewed for a further 10. Improve the management of waste by Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 ten years, until 2022, again with the par- prioritising (in the following order) re- ticipation of hundreds of organisations duction, reuse and recycling over en- and groups in the city. Objective five on ergy valorisation. Extend composting. the “rational use of resources” consid- Apply criteria of proximity and respon- ers a range of actions where the need to sibility in waste treatment and the op- reduce waste generation and to progress timisation of transport routes. towards zero waste is one of the main priorities for the years to come with re- gard to waste management. 1.4. Powers of local authorities Framework of powers • In this waste management model, and in other actions outlined in article 6.1, Decree 1/2009, of 21 July, which ap- it is clear that priority is given to pre- proved the revised text of Law 6/1993, of vention. 5 July, on the regulation of waste, regu- larises waste management in Catalonia • Section 3 of Article 6 states that the within the framework of the Generali- hierarchy of waste management, in tat’s powers on regional development, the order laid down in the decree, is environmental protection and nature a priority in the environmental poli- conservation. The decree defines the cies of the Generalitat and local au- powers and, therefore, the functions of thorities and must be specified in the local authorities with regard to waste plans and programmes concerned. prevention and the development of ac- Providing reasons are given, plans tions aimed at reaching the objectives and programmes can prioritise dif- set down in PROGREMIC. ferent actions, as long as the objec- 15 tives set down in Article 2 are adhered • In accordance with article 42.1, as the to. Although there is the possibility Hàbitat Urbà management of waste is the respon- for ambiguity with regard to the ob- sibility of each municipality, local ligation of local authorities to draw Environment and authorities have the power to put in up prevention plans (whether or not Urban Services place actions that will allow them to they are integrated into generic waste reach the overall objectives set down management plans or programmes), Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona in the management process. As a Article 6 allows public administra- 2012-2020 minimum requirement, municipalities tions to approve prevention plans and need to provide selective collection programmes for a specific time pe- services, and to transport, valorise riod, and with specific objectives, ac- and dispose of waste. tions and resources, as explained in the following point. • Articles 42.3 a) and 42.4 state that lo- cal authorities undertake to take own- • Public administrations need to specify ership of waste providing it is available quantifiable prevention and valorisa- for collection under the conditions laid tion targets in their management pro- down in the applicable regulations and grammes and set aside the resources that local authorities may oblige the to reach those objectives. Any plans owners of waste that is dangerous or or programmes must, therefore, in- difficult to collect, transport, valorise clude quantifiable prevention targets or treat to manage the waste them- that make it possible to objectively selves or adopt the necessary mea- monitor progress in actions and plan- sures to facilitate its management. Lo- ning, and also to assign the necessary cal authorities have to make a case for resources (economic, human or mate- such requirements by justifying their rial) in order to reach the targets that reasons based on the characteristics have been set. of the waste and the impact it would have on municipal services, on pub- Law 22/2011, of 28 July, on waste and lic roadways or on the environment. contaminated soils, follows the same These articles could form the basis for hierarchy as the European Directive on promoting prevention habits or for the waste management and gives priority to delivery of specific fractions in such a waste prevention and preparing for re- way as makes it possible for them to use. be reused, providing appropriate justi- fication is given. With regard to prevention planning, Law Municipal limitation factors 22/2011 states that public administra- tions have until 12 December 2013 to In the legal context outlined, it is impor- approve waste prevention plans. It is tant to take into consideration municipal the regional administrations that are re- powers (and their limitations) when es- sponsible for preparing waste manage- tablishing actions in Barcelona’s waste ment plans. Amongst other points, the prevention plan. There are limitations of plans need to include measures direct- a generalised nature when trying to in- ed at facilitating prevention, reuse and fluence the consumption habits of con- preparation for the reuse of waste. Tar- sumers. gets set down by law need to be included in the plans. However, the legislation also • As income per capita increases, so specifies that local authorities, within do purchases of consumer goods (not the framework of their powers, may draw to mention services), which subse- 16 up waste management programmes in quently result in waste. Therefore, the accordance with both the Spanish Plan strategy involves separating GDP and Hàbitat Urbà and regional waste plans. waste production. Environment and With regard to targets, the law estab- • The range of products offered by the Urban Services lishes that prevention plans need to con- market limits the options of consum- sider measures aimed at bringing about ers when making choices inasmuch Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona a 10% reduction in the weight of waste as stimulating consumption promotes 2012-2020 by 2020 compared with 2010. As a final packaging, over-packaging, dispos- point, the legislation states that the aim able products, short-life products, of the objectives is to break the link be- etc. Thus, bulk products, large items, tween economic growth and the impact and those that are re-usable and/or on human health and on the environment returnable, etc., have a lower market associated with the production of waste. share. • In addition, certain products are de- signed to have a limited service life either on account of the quality of the components that are used or by the marketing strategies employed, and are based on programmed obsoles- cence. • The availability of repair/restoration services has decreased because it is often cheaper to replace an item than to repair it. There are also limitations of a specific Finally, there are limitations related to nature when trying to promote certain management instruments, such as: types of actions, for example: • Regulations, including planning regu- • The difficulties of taking measures in lations: new regulations and a new the market and the production of dif- approach are starting to emerge that ferent consumer goods, factors that provide support for an action frame- may have an impact on free competi- work that promotes initiatives at local tion. level and beyond. • The technical limitations in promot- • Operational limitations: prevention ing and implementing deposit, return is a stage that really begins to gather and refund schemes (DRRS) that are momentum as part of the manage- not operational at local level as larger ment function. There are a number markets are needed to be viable (pref- of areas where there is a lack of ex- 17 erably, at state level). Furthermore, perience or where initiatives have not producers and distributors exert yet been implemented. As a conse- Hàbitat Urbà pressure to avoid a return to previous quence, tools and working methods deposit systems, even though there have not yet been fully consolidated. Environment and is provision for such systems in the Urban Services packaging law itself. • Economic, technical and organisa- tional limitations: these relate to eco- Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona nomic, human and material resources 2012-2020 to develop prevention actions, and to administrative organisation at intra- municipal level as well as at higher levels. Figure 5: Local waste prevention measures Technical Technical measures aim to, for example, bring about a reduction in the consumption of natural resources, minimise the content of hazardous substances and reduce the quantity of end waste. • Environmentally friendly shopping • Best practices in municipal buildings • Organisation of public events • Home composting, food banks 18 • Best available technologies (BATs) • Eco-design Hàbitat Urbà • Waste prevention plans for businesses Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Economic Educational and communication Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 The objective of economic measures is to bring Educational and communication measures aim about a change in the behaviour of the agents to change the behaviour of the agents involved involved by means of financial compensation or by providing information about the environmen- penalties. tal impact associated with waste generation, the • Environmental taxes: taxes associated with benefits of prevention and what action can be the generation of waste (payment per bag, taken. per adhesive label or per container, etc.) • Communications campaigns • Exemptions and rebates for implementing • Courses, conferences, workshops and seminars prevention actions • Guides and manuals • Deposit systems • Reports and press articles • Subsidies • Exhibitions Regulatory Organisational Regulatory measures aim to bring about a change This set of objectives aims to establish an orga- in the behaviour of the agent involved by means nisational system in order to coordinate the va- of the introduction of local regulations covering rious agents, institutions and processes involved waste prevention. in waste prevention. • Byelaws for the prevention of municipal waste • Cooperation partnerships • Specific byelaws to regulate the use of reus- • Voluntary agreements able crockery at festive events, home compost- • Monitoring committees ing, the banning of the distribution of commer- • Working groups cial advertising to households, etc. Source: Guide to the Development of Local Plans for the Prevention of Municipal Waste. Waste Agency of Catalonia. 2. DIAGNOSIS The generation of municipal waste in Barcelona 2.1. Collection types and services Having a detailed knowledge of the type Cleaning public spaces and the man- and characteristics of municipal waste agement of different types of municipal makes it possible not only to produce waste produced in the city is the respon- accurate action plans aimed at reducing sibility of Barcelona City Council. How- waste generation and promoting the re- ever, the collection and transportation covery and reuse of resources, but also to treatment facilities of the different to apply the most suitable prevention waste fractions can be carried out by ei- mechanisms in each case to minimise ther the local authority or be delegated to the production of source waste. The vol- a private company or social organisation ume of waste produced annually, and by means of contracts or agreements for consumption guidelines for the public, a specific period of time, depending on facilitate the adoption of prevention each fraction and/or waste producer. measures, although more needs to be known about municipal waste flows. Taking into consideration the range of uses and functions of the city’s build- 19 A description follows of the city’s waste ings, facilities and spaces - each with its collection system. The key annual waste own characteristics regarding the vol- Hàbitat Urbà generation figures are given as a total ume and nature of the waste generated and by fraction, and approximate envi- – there are a number of different types of Environment and ronmental and financial costs of manag- collection aimed at collecting municipal Urban Services ing this waste are given. waste effectively and efficiently, promot- ing selective collection, and supporting Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona the reintroduction into the productive 2012-2020 and consumption cycle of all resources that have not come to the end of their productive life. These collection types are: • Household collections. These apply to waste produced by a group of house- holds in the city and also to busi- nesses and services that do not have a specific commercial waste service. Collection is mainly by means of bins, although some parts of the city also have manual collection and pneu- matic rubbish collection systems. The services are carried out by companies that have been awarded tender con- tracts that are periodically reviewed by the Council. Each company is re- sponsible for collecting the waste in particular zones in the city, in accord- ance with technical and management efficiency criteria. The household rubbish collection sys- tem allows residents to separate their rubbish into different fractions so as to promote the selective collection of recoverable waste while, at the same time, reducing the volume and diver- • Other collections. This section looks at sity of waste that reaches treatment waste collection in the Parks and Gar- facilities. The fractions are as follows: dens of Barcelona City Council (mostly organic matter (OFMSW), glass, pack- organic waste and other waste), Mer- aging, paper/cardboard, and other cabarna (other, organic waste and waste. paper/cardboard), and private collec- tions carried out mainly by social enti- • Commercial. Commercial waste com- ties (clothing, paper/cardboard, dead prises waste produced by businesses animals, etc.). for which the council has devised a specific type of collection service, by In addition to the four collection types shopping centres, and by business described above, the Council also pro- and industrial centres that gener- vides two services that make it possible ate waste as part of their commercial to separate waste that, on account of its 20 activity. It also includes separate col- particular characteristics, should not be lection of specific fractions: organic included in the ‘other waste’ fraction. Hàbitat Urbà waste, packaging, glass, paper/card- board, and other. • Green points. Green points allow for Environment and the disposal of waste that should Urban Services Any business that generates waste not be disposed of in street bins. The can use the municipal waste collec- city has seven zonal green points, 22 Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona tion service assigned to it based on neighbourhood green points, and 96 2012-2020 the quantity of waste it produces and stopping points for mobile units. There on the business’ location. Alternative- are also two mobile green points that ly, businesses can manage their own can be requested by schools, civic or- waste collection by using a company ganisations or associations. authorised by the Waste Agency of Catalonia and accrediting the man- • Collection of bulky items (furniture agement system used by means of and junk). the appropriate documentation. Some There is a free service which assigns a commercial waste producers that use specific day for each street and also a municipal waste collection services payment-on-delivery system. choose to use the services provided in their particular zone. Others choose to use specific services that take specific routes for different fractions, depend- ing on their location or on the scale of their business. • Markets. This covers the waste gener- ated by the city’s 40 municipal mar- kets and street markets and fairs, with the exception of Mercabarna, which has its own collection system. Market collections also distinguish between organic, paper/cardboard and other waste. What is actually meant by municipal waste? Municipal waste* is taken to mean Given its strategic importance and the waste that is produced by households, degree to which it is present in society, businesses, offices and services, as well municipal waste is subject to a specific as waste that is not regarded as special management programme, infrastruc- waste and, by its nature or composition, ture plan, and management model. The may be similar to the waste produced current management model and the by households, businesses, offices and foundations for planning are based on, services. Waste collected from cleaning amongst other factors, principles of streets, green spaces, recreational areas proximity, sufficiency and responsibility and beaches is also considered munici- of waste producers, as well as on the hi- pal waste, as are dead pets; abandoned erarchy established for different forms furniture, junk, or vehicles; waste and of management that give priority to pre- 21 rubble from minor domestic building and vention actions and to selective collec- repair work. tion. Hàbitat Urbà A subgroup of this kind of waste com- Environment and prises commercial waste, defined as Urban Services waste generated by retail and wholesale activities, and by hotels, bars, markets, Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona offices and services. From a manage- 2012-2020 ment perspective, industrial waste that * In accordance with Article 3 of Legislative Decree is regarded as being similar to municipal 1/2009, of 21 July, approving the recast text of the waste is comparable with this subgroup. law regulating waste. Text taken from the website of the Waste Agency of Catalonia (www.arc-cat.net). Figure 6: Types of waste producers and the associated fractions Fractions Type / service (OFMSW) Paper/ Glass Packaging Volume Gardening Clothing Others* Rubbish cardboard waste Door to door Commercial and economic activity Markets Mercabarna Parks and Gardens Private collections * Collected fractions at Green Points 2.2 Trends and the composition of waste Trends in waste generation In absolute terms, 804,920 tonnes of waste were generated in 2011, an in- Socioeconomic changes over recent crease of 4% compared with 2001 years have had a significant influence (774,023 tonnes), with the peak record- on trends in municipal waste genera- ed in 2007 (898,452.9 tonnes). In other tion in large cities such as Barcelona. words, between 2007 and 2011, the vol- The favourable socioeconomic context ume of municipal waste fell by 93,500 (up until, approximately, 2007) contrib- tonnes. If the trend in waste generation uted to high consumption of all kinds of is compared with population numbers products by consumers. This led to a sig- (between 2001 and 2011 the population nificant increase in the tonnage of waste increased by 110,600, from 1,505,325 to collected by municipal services. With the 1,615,985), it can be seen that, over re- start of the economic crisis, however, cent years, the trend has been almost consumption – and the resulting gen- inversely proportional, which is also re- 22 eration of waste – began to fall, reach- flected in waste generation per capita. ing levels seen at the start of the decade, Hàbitat Urbà despite the number of inhabitants in the In this respect, the amount of waste per city remaining roughly the same. person was 498.3 kg (1.36 kg/day), the Environment and lowest figure since 2001, and the first Urban Services In broad terms, therefore, the generation time the figure was less than 510 kg. The of waste in Barcelona between 2001 and peak was in 2007, when the figure was Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2011 can be divided into three, clearly 563.2 kg/year (1.54 kg/day). Compared 2012-2020 differentiated stages. The first, between with 2001, waste per capita fell by 15.9 2001 (and before) and 2003, when there kg/year (from 514.2 kg to 498.3 kg). was appreciable growth in the produc- tion of waste of more than 100,000 tonnes. The second, between 2003 and 2007, during which time the increase was lower, with the trend stabilising at the end of the period. And the third, from 2007, when waste generation fell signifi- cantly to the same level as that seen in 2002-2003. Figure 7: Types of waste producers and the associated fractions (2001-2011) Population Total waste (tonnes) 1,650,000 920,000 1,625,000 900,000 880,000 1,600,000 860,000 1,575,000 840,000 1,550,000 820,000 1,525,000 800,000 780,000 1,500,000 23 760,000 1,475,000 740,000 Hàbitat Urbà 1,450,000 720,000 1,425,000 700,000 Environment and Urban Services year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 population 1,505,325 1,527,190 1,582,738 1,582,546 1,593,075 1,605,602 1,595,110 1,615,908 1,621,537 1,619,337 1,615,985 waste (t) 774,023 783,677 860,337 874,447 882,460 879,092 898,453 894,738 864,758 844,055 804,921 Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Source: Barcelona City Council. Figure 8: Total waste generation per capita in Barcelona (2001-2011) Total waste (tonnes) Waste per person (kg/person/day) 900,000 1,60 875,000 1,55 850,000 1,50 825,000 1,45 800,000 1,40 775,000 1,35 750,000 1,30 725,000 1,25 700,000 1,20 year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 total waste (t) 774,023 786,675 860,338 874,447 882,460 879,092 898,453 894,738 864,758 844,054 804,921 kg/person/day 1.41 1.40 1.49 1.52 1.52 1.50 1.54 1.52 1.46 1.43 1.36 Source: Barcelona City Council. Changes in collection models and municipal management Besides the changes in municipal waste for businesses (inspections, awareness, production trends in Barcelona over re- etc.), the introduction of selective col- cent years, note should be taken of the lections in markets (paper/cardboard improvements introduced in the pro- and organic matter), and the expansion cesses and services involved in munici- and consolidation of the network of pal waste collection and management green points throughout the city (fixed in changing the habits and behavioural points and mobile points). patterns of the public and economic and social actors with regard to the selective In general, the active involvement of the collection and recovery of resources that public in selective collection, largely as 24 have not come to the end of the lifecycle. the result of communication campaigns that have helped create a favourable so- Hàbitat Urbà The main contributing factors have been cial context, and cooperation with hun- the gradual roll-out of collections of dreds of organisations, entities, compa- Environment and organic matter since 2001 to the point nies and institutions involved in waste Urban Services where (as of 2010) they extend across generation in the city, have consolidated the whole city, improvements in the new values and concepts that the eco- Waste Prevention management of commercial waste col- nomic crisis has helped to bring about. Plan for Barcelona lection, progress in selective collections 2012-2020 Waste generation by collection type Turning to other types of collection, waste from markets accounted for 2.3% Household waste collections accounted of the total (17,278 tonnes) with the peak for 75.3% (561,322.2 tonnes) of municipal (of 23,506.5 tonnes) recorded in 2002. waste in 2011, with the peak of 671,615 Waste collected at green points was tonnes recorded in 2001. The generation 2.4% (18,179 tonnes), with the peak of of household waste per capita in 2011 20,945 tonnes seen in 2008. Bulky items was 347.4 kg/year, the lowest since 2001, accounted for 3.6% (27,063 tonnes), with and the first time the figure was below 1 the peak of 31,803 tonnes recorded in kg a day (950 g/person/day). 2006. The category of ‘other waste’ (pri- vate collections, Parks and Gardens and Commercial waste comprised 7.8% Mercabarna) accounted for the remain- (57,915 tonnes) and peaked in 2008 at ing 8.6% (63,895 tonnes). 60,849.4 tonnes thanks to improvements in collection processes and systems. 25 The reduction in waste volume over re- cent years is probably associated with * The Municipal Waste Management Programme Hàbitat Urbà the economic crisis. Overall commercial of Catalonia 2007-2012 (PROGREMIC) refers to a number of studies carried out in the Europe- and economic activity was responsible an Union that note that the weight of domestic Environment and for 16.3% of the total waste collected in waste accounts for 15% to 30% of total municipal Urban Services Barcelona. However, taking into account waste. Given its urban, demographic and socio- economic characteristics, Barcelona is probably that not all the sector’s waste is separat- Waste Prevention at the upper end of this range. The PROGREMIC Plan for Barcelona ed before collection, with part of it being programme uses an average value of 21%, based 2012-2020 considered household waste, the actual on a study of commercial waste production in Catalonia conducted in 2006 by the Waste Agency volume is certainly considerably higher*. of Catalonia. Figure 9: Total municipal waste by collection type (2001/2006/2011) Type / service 2001 2006 2011 Household 671,615.8 652,416.3 561,322.2 Commercial 20,831.6 52,888.6 57,915.2 Markets 22,106.2 21,979.1 17,278.6 Green points 12,626.1 17,392.1 18,179.2 Bulky items 22,767.8 31,803.2 27,063.7 Other collections* – 72,885.1 63,895.2 Total tonnage 749,947.5 849,364.4 745,654.1 * Mercabarna, private collections, other collections from the city’s parks and gardens. Includes the collection of dead animals. Source: Barcelona City Council. Figure 10: Collection types as a percentage of total waste (2001/2011) % 100 90 80 70 60 50 26 40 30 Hàbitat Urbà 20 Environment and 10 Urban Services 0 Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Household Commercial Markets Green points Large items Other 2012-2020 2001 89.6 2.8 2.9 1.7 3.0 2004 78.5 5.2 2.6 1.8 3.6 8.3 2008 76.0 7.1 2.4 2.4 3.5 8.6 2011 75.3 7.8 2.3 2.4 3.6 8.6 Source: Barcelona City Council. Selective collection One of the most positive facts over re- cent years with regard to the genera- tion of municipal waste in Barcelona is the gradual increase in the tonnage of selective waste collections. While 100,713 tonnes were collected in 2001, the percentage rose to 304,749 tonnes in 2011, an increase of 202%. Selective waste collections have, thus, gone from representing 13% of municipal waste to almost 38%. Meanwhile, the ‘other waste’ fraction reduced by 35% between 2001 and 2011, from 673,308 tonnes to 27 500,171.3 tonnes. In terms of selective collection per capita in absolute terms, Hàbitat Urbà the figure went from 67 kg of waste per person in 2001 (180 grams per person/ Environment and day) to more than 188 kg/person in 2011 Urban Services (520 grams per person/day), with peak recovery of 206 kg/person seen in 2010 Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona (0.56 g/person/day). 2012-2020 Figure 11: Total municipal waste produced by fraction (2001/2006/2011) Fractions 2001 2006 2011 Organic waste (OFMSW) 14,098.7 86,207.7 133,343.8 Paper/cardboard 27,253.0 85,944.5 67,219.3 Glass 16,774.1 25,901.1 32,854.2 Packaging 8,080.3 14,086.0 20,559.8 Large items 22,767.8 31,803.2 27,063.7 Clothing and textiles 23.8 1,466.5 1,704.7 Other selective 11,716.1 21,863.9 22,003.8 Total waste (tonnes) 100,713.3 267,272.9 304,749.3 Population 1,505,325 1,605,602 1,615,448 kg/person/year 66.88 167.1 188.6 kg/person/day 0.18 0.46 0.52 Source: Barcelona City Council. Figure 12: Trend in total selective collection per capita (2001-2011) kg/person/year 225 200 175 150 125 100 28 75 50 Hàbitat Urbà 25 Environment and 0 Urban Services 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 kg/person/year 66.9 79.1 130.2 146.8 159.3 167.1 180.0 179.3 172.8 206.2 188.6 Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Source: Barcelona City Council. Figure 13: Trends in the amount of other waste and selective collections as a percentage of the total (2001-2011) % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Other waste 87.0 84.6 76.0 73.5 71.2 69.6 68.0 67.6 67.6 60.5 62.1 Selective 13.0 15.4 24.0 26.5 28.8 30.4 32.0 32.4 32.4 39.5 37.9 Source: Barcelona City Council. In 2011, organic matter accounted for These percentage variations are essen- 43.8% of the total (14% in 2001), with tially related to the increase in absolute the peak recorded in 2010 following the and relative figures for organic matter, launch of collections throughout the which was the fraction that underwent city. The figures for other fractions were: the highest percentage increase be- paper/cardboard 22.1% (27.2% in 2001); tween 2001 and 2011 (845%), with two glass 10.8% (16.5% in 2001); packaging significant quantitative increases: in 6.7% (8.0% in 2001); large items 8.9% 2003 and 2010. The figures for paper/ (22.6% in 2001); clothing and textiles cardboard and packaging were 146% 0.6%; and other waste fractions 7.2%. and 154% higher, respectively. 29 Figure 14: Percentage of different fractions over total waste collected by selective collection (2011) Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Organic waste (OFMSW) 43.8% Paper and cardboard 22.1% Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Glass 10.8% 2012-2020 Packaging 6.7% Bulky items 8.9% Clothing and textiles 0.6% Other fractions 7.2% Source: Barcelona City Council. Comparison between the Barcelona Metropolitan Area and Catalonia If we put the generation of municipal that comprise the Barcelona Metropoli- waste per capita in Barcelona into a wid- tan Area (1.36 kg/person/day compared er context, it can be seen that the trend with 1.29 kg/person/day). However, the over recent years puts the city below the downward trend in total municipal waste average for Catalonia (1.36 kg/person/ over recent years has been similar for all day compared with 1.47 kg/person/day) three areas. but above the group of municipalities 30 Figure 15: Comparison of waste generation between Barcelona, Barcelona Metropolitan Area and Catalonia Hàbitat Urbà kg/person/day 1.8 Environment and 1.66 1.64 1.64 1.64 Urban Services 1.6 1.59 1.52 1.48 1.52 1.54 1.5 1.54 1.52 1.53 1.44 1.47 1.43 1.46 1.46 1.42 1.43 1.38 Waste Prevention 1.4 1.35 1.36 1.29 Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Barcelona Barcelona Metropolitan Area Catalonia Sources: Barcelona City Council / EMSHTR / ARC. Figure 16: Degree of compliance with PMGRM and PROGREMIC objectives PMGRM and PROGREMIC Percentages achieved objectives Barcelona 2011 AMB 2011 CAT 2011 Organic waste 55% 46.0% 31.5% 28.2% Paper and cardboard 75% 46.4% 37.2% 56.1% Glass 75% 58.3% 51.3% 63.8% Packaging 25% 21.3% 28.1% 28.2% Sources: Barcelona City Council / EMSHTR / ARC. Municipal waste in a typical rubbish bag The composition of waste in Catalo- In the framework of this Plan, a typical nia has undergone significant change, bag for Barcelona has been determined mainly due to changes in the consump- based on the collections of various spe- tion habits of consumers, as reflected in cific and non-specific fractions. This the contents of a typical rubbish bag in data is essential to calculate the Plan’s Catalonia used for the various municipal prevention potential targets and to eval- waste management programmes con- uate action effectiveness. ducted in Catalonia over recent years. 31 Hàbitat Urbà Figure 17: Typical municipal waste bag for Barcelona and for Catalonia (2011) (PROGREMIC 2007-2012) Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Typical bag - Barcelona 2012-2020 Paper and cardboard 20.7 % Glass 6.8 % Packaging (plastic and metal) 10.0 % Organic waste (OFMSW) 33.0 % Other 29.5 % Typical bag - Catalonia Paper and cardboard 18 % Glass 7 % Light packaging 12% Organic waste (OFMSW) 36 % Other 27 % Sources: Barcelona City Council/Waste Agency of Catalonia. Examples of activity centres that produce waste in Barcelona Waste from offices and hotels Barcelona is engaged in a process of Hotel activity as a whole also produces tertiarisation of economic activity and a significant amount of waste. According maintenance of central offices and busi- to average core data, waste can be cal- ness decision-making centres, which culated at 2 kg per overnight stay for ho- have moved their production centres tels of two, three or four stars. However, to other municipalities, meaning office the data for Barcelona hotels with mana- waste has taken on greater importance. gement systems that are EMAS-certified shows that waste can be reduced to 1 kg 32 An office is capable of generating 50- per overnight stay. 100 kg of waste per employee in a year. Hàbitat Urbà Although waste is mixed, paper/card- Taking into account the number of over- board (70-80%) predominates, along night stays in hotels in Barcelona recor- Environment and with packaging waste, especially in ded in 2011, the volume of waste gene- Urban Services terms of volume. Furthermore, a certain rated ranges from between 18,000 and proportion of the waste includes office 28,000 tonnes a year - approximately Waste Prevention and IT consumables, small electronic between 2.2% and 3.5% of all waste ge- Plan for Barcelona items and components, etc., some of nerated in the city. 2012-2020 which are hazardous or dangerous and require specific handling. Figure 18: Composition of waste from offices Figure 19: Composition of waste from hotels Paper 33.0 % Cartons 33.0 % OFMSW 50 % Light packaging 7 % Cardboard 2 0.7 % OFMSW 20.7 % Paper/cardboard 30 % Other 7 % Glass 6.8 % Office waste 6.8 % Glass 7 % Metal 10.0 % Other materials 10.0 % Plastic 29.5 % Source: Environmental Education Guides, no. 25. The Source: Environmental Education Guides, no. 36. More Green Service for Companies in the Office Sector. Sustainable Hotels. Two municipal office buildings According to an analysis of waste from four municipal office buildings, the pa- per/cardboard fraction is clearly the largest, accounting for over 80% of the total. Waste produced per worker ranges from between 50 and 90 kg/year. 33 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Figure 20: An analysis of waste production at Figure 21: An analysis of waste production three town hall buildings: Palau Vell, Edifici at a Department of the Environment Building in Nou and Edifici Novíssim C/ Torrent de l’Olla Paper 74.8 % Glass 4.2 % Paper 75.7 % Glass 1.5 % Cardboard 4.4 % Metal 1.0 % Cardboard 8.1 % Metal 0.2 % OFMSW 5.0 % Office 1.2 % OFMSW 3.8 % Office 0.4 % Plastic 5.7 % Other 3.5 % Plastic 7.5 % Other 2.6 % Cartons 0.3 % Cartons 0.1 % Source: Environmental Education Guides, no. 36. More Source: Environmental Education Guides, no. 25. The Sustainable Hotels. Green Office for Companies in the Office Sector. Examples of activity centres that produce waste in Barcelona Schools Although there are no specific studies Mention should be made of the experi- into the composition of waste produced ence since 2005 of some 50 educational by schools, there is data on the quanti- centres in Sarrià-Sant Gervasi, Grà- ties of selective waste collected from cia and Horta-Guinardó in Barcelona. those centres that have specific door- Schools in these areas of the city are to-door services. This data provides a part of the Barcelona School Agenda rough idea of how much of each fraction 21 Programme and have door-to-door is produced. The main fraction is organic services comprising conveniently sched- 34 matter, coming principally from school uled collections of organic matter, pa- lunches, followed by paper used for per/cardboard, packaging and, in some Hàbitat Urbà educational purposes. Packaging waste cases, other waste. Since 2007, all of the is less significant in terms of weight. city’s schools have been offered a mobile green point where special waste can be Environment and Urban Services taken. Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Figure 22: Average composition of school waste OFMSW 68 % Paper/cardboard 21 % Light packaging 8 % Other 3 % Figure 23: Characteristics of the main waste flows and the prevention potential Fraction/producer Waste flows Waste flows Waste flows Waste flows Waste flows that are signi- that have a that have an that are Waste flow with a high ficant in terms significant impact on the difficult to re- targets set by prevention of volume or economic environment or introduce into regulations (and/or reuse) toxicity impact on people the production potential cycle Household OFMSW OFMSW from businesses/ markets OFMSW from Mercabarna Household paper waste 35 Commercial paper waste Hàbitat Urbà Paper waste from Mercabarna Environment and Urban Services Paper from offices (private collections) Waste Prevention Household packaging waste Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Figure 22: Average composition of school waste Packaging waste from busi- nesses/hotels Household large-item waste Household textile waste Special household waste Special commercial (hotels, offices) waste Waste from green spaces Plastic bags Earth and rubble Sewage waste The potential for waste prevention: bulky items The bulky waste fraction, besides be- lected in a number of street collection ing one of the waste categories that has routes on a specific day in the city, the increased the most over recent years in following results were obtained: 67% of terms of weight collected, is also one of bulky items were capable of reuse, with the fractions that offer the greatest po- 48% being classified as reusable with- tential for prevention by means of reuse out the need for complex repair work. (and preparation for reuse). With regard to the selection and treat- A study of a number of civic amenity ment of bulky items for subsequent sites was conducted in 2008 to deter- reuse, the results were analysed of a 36 mine the most suitable management study carried out by Fundació Formació strategies. The evaluation process con- i Treball (the Training and Work Founda- Hàbitat Urbà sisted of classifying waste according to tion) based mainly on specially request- its potential for reuse, whether it could ed collections and items deposited at Environment and be valorised, or whether it needed to green points throughout the city. The Urban Services be treated as part of the ‘other waste’ results distinguish between material fraction. The study concluded that the recovered for reuse, valorised material Waste Prevention majority of bulky waste taken to green sent to treatment plants, and waste that Plan for Barcelona points was valorised (84%) and that only could not be used, classified as plant 2012-2020 6% was potentially reusable. It is impor- rubbish. With regard to specially re- tant to take into account, however, that quested collections, 24% was reusable, the civic amenity site study did not aim while the figure for waste taken to civic to identify all waste with the potential amenity sites was 94% (based on the as- for reuse. The study only classified as sumption that use could be made of the such those items that could be used by items at the time when they are deposit- specific organisations and entities (the ed at green points). Overall, use is made practice of individuals making use of of 58% of bulky waste considered reus- second-hand goods was limited at the able and 25% is valorised in the appropri- time of the study). ate treatment plants. Between 96% and 98% of waste capable of being reused is In 2011, 27,063.7 tonnes of bulky items comprised of furniture with the remain- were collected, 18.9% more than in 2001 der being waste electrical and electronic (22,767 tonnes), with the peak of 31,803 equipment (WEEE). tonnes seen in 2006. From a visualisation study of the condition of bulky items col- 2.3 Possible scenarios and predictions In order to define the actions and pre- Taking into account the current econom- vention potential relating to each muni- ic situation, a waste production fore- cipal waste fraction, and to fit them into cast per capita has been produced for the context of the 2012-2020 Prevention 2012-2020. A number of different waste Plan, a series of future scenarios has production scenarios were considered been prepared based on the population when preparing the forecast. forecasts from the Statistics Institute of Catalonia. In this section, moderate • High-level scenario: this scenario population projections for the years to foresees an increase in per capita come are used as a baseline: 1,595,749 waste over the years to come until the in 2018 and 1,593,295 in 2020. level of the per-capita peak year is reached. * Population forecasts for 2021-2041, baseline 2008, IDESCAT. 37 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Figure 24: Population forecast for Barcelona (2009-2021) Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Population 1,700,000 1,650,000 1,600,000 1,550,000 1,500,000 1,450,000 1,400,000 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Low-level scenario Medium-level scenario High-level scenario Source: IDESCAT. • Low-level scenario: this scenario fore- of maximum waste production over re- casts waste production for the next cent years. In any event, the possible in- few years that tends towards a return crease in municipal waste over the com- to production levels seen in 2009 (the ing years following economic recovery first year affected by the crisis) by will depend on the extent to which new 2020. consumption habits and resource use by consumers have been consolidated as a • Medium-level scenario: the forecasts result of the current crisis. in the medium-level scenario involve an intermediate increase in per capita With regard to the future composition of waste between the two scenarios out- municipal waste, it is assumed that the lined above. typical bag composition will remain un- changed, given the complexity of defin- The low-level scenario was assumed ing trends and given the many influenc- 38 when preparing waste prevention calcu- ing factors (market trends, innovations in lations, incorporating moderate growth production and packaging material, fam- Hàbitat Urbà forecasts that do not exceed the period ily income levels, etc.). Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Figure 25: Trend in per capita waste production (2001-2021) kg/person/year 1.80 1.70 1.60 1.560 1.560 1.50 1.510 1.460 1.460 1.410 1.40 1.33 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Actual trend Low-level scenario Medium-level scenario High-level scenario 2.4 The cost of waste management Producing a balance sheet of the costs lowed by household paper. The costs of and income for waste management collecting packaging materials need to makes it possible to determine those be considered in a different light, given waste flows that incur more significant the fact that their low density increases costs, in terms of collection, treatment collection unit costs. and end management. These parameters provide a basis to calculate the savings If fractions are analysed separately and derived from implementing prevention the values of each collection are weight- actions and the consequent reduction in ed according to the relative weight of the the tonnage of certain kinds of waste that household and commercial quantities of no longer need to be managed. each, the flow that has the greatest eco- nomic impact is organic waste, closely followed by packaging and paper. The Economic costs cost of collecting other waste and glass is much lower. 39 In general, commercial collection serv- ices, given the fact that they are car- It is important to note, however, that a Hàbitat Urbà ried out on a door-to-door basis, have reduction in the volume of waste does relatively high costs (in particular, pa- not imply an equivalent reduction in col- Environment and per and glass), except for organic waste lection services (provision of bins, routes Urban Services (OFMSW), for which the costs are very or collection times) or in costs, although similar to those incurred for household it does directly reduce the amount of Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona waste. The least expensive fractions are waste entering treatment plants. 2012-2020 ‘other waste’ and household glass, fol- Figure 26: Average weighted costs of waste collection per tonne of waste managed Paper/cardboard 251.01 € Household paper/cardboard 69.79 € Household packaging waste 160.41 € Commercial glass waste 223.85 € Household glass waste 53.59 € Commercial organic waste 145.17 € Household organic waste 142.48 € Other commercial waste 134.61 € Other household waste 42.23 € 0 50 100 150 200 250 Source: Barcelona City Council. Average data for 2012. Environmental costs • The collection of light packaging, on account of the specific characteris- Managing waste has an environmental tics of the material (large in volume impact at different levels (local, regional but lightweight) is relatively ineffi- and global) arising from waste collec- cient with a high level of consumption tion, transport and treatment, such as per tonne. the consumption of energy, atmospheric emissions and water and soil pollution. • Specially requested collections, such Other factors, such as noise, smell, the as those for bulky items or other frac- use of public spaces, the impact on the tions, such as batteries, usually in- landscape, or the visual impact of the volve a high energy cost on account of waste management process can also af- the nature of the service itself. fect the quality of life and environmental conditions in the city. • In general, commercial collections 40 (from economic activities), as they With regard to the impact of waste col- are door-to-door collections, have an Hàbitat Urbà lection, an analysis was carried out of equally high associated energy con- the services for the main fractions in sumption per tonne. Environment and four zones in the city to determine the Urban Services consumption of fuel and the associated Emissions are proportional to the level emissions. The analysis found: of consumption of fuel. They, therefore, Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona follow the same trends as those of the 2012-2020 • The fraction with the highest environ- energy sector. The use of vehicles that mental costs, on account of the large run on natural gas (with lower emis- quantities managed, was other waste. sions of NOx, particulates and SOx) and Nevertheless, the service is usually biodiesel (with lower non-biogenic (i.e. energy efficient based on the average non-renewable) CO2 emissions, consid- costs of waste managed. Paper, pack- ered to be emissions that affect climate aging, bulky items and glass, however, change), contribute to lowering levels have lower energy costs. of certain pollutants in the city. In any event, the highest emissions are for CO2, • The collection of organic waste from followed by NOx, CH4 and CO. separate bins is also costly, more so than for other selective fractions. The energy cost per tonne of organic waste that is managed is also high. Figure 27: Example of monthly fuel consumption of waste collection vehicles (MJ) 4,500,000 1,080,512 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 3,088,800 2,500,000 2,000,000 317,800 1,500,000 41 1,306,800 1,000,000 9,067 9,067 544,789 Hàbitat Urbà 500,000 583,200 9,067 583,200 0 208,800 0 Environment and Urban Services Other waste Organic waste Paper/cardboard Glass Bulky items Light packaging (OFMSW) Waste Prevention Natural Gas (MJ) Biodiesel (MJ) Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Figure 28: Example of monthly emissions from the consumption of fuel by waste collection vehicles kg/month kg/month 3,500 600,000 3,000 500,000 2,500 400,000 2,000 300,000 1,500 200,000 1,000 500 100,000 0 0 Particulates CO CH4 NOx SOx Total CO2 non-renewable CO2 Other waste Organic waste (OFMSW) Paper/cardboard Glass Light packaging Bulky items Example showing one of the city’s four collection zones. With regard to the impact of waste treat- Turning to the impact of the production ment and final disposal, it should be and substitution of materials that com- born in mind that organic waste and oth- prise the various urban waste fractions, er waste are sent to eco-parks, facilities plastics (particularly rigid plastics) and that consume significant amounts of en- metals (essentially non-ferrous metals) ergy. Organic waste does, however, pro- have the highest manufacturing cost in duce electricity from the gas obtained terms of energy and the highest emis- from the methanisation process. This sions. For this reason, if prevention ac- goes some way to offsetting the environ- tions can avoid using these materials, mental impact of the treatment process. the impact of extraction and manufac- Equally, part of waste classified as ‘oth- ture of the raw materials would be avoid- er waste’ is sent to Eco-park 3, where it ed. This principle can also be applied to undergoes a process of energy valorisa- products that are used as soil fertilizers. tion that also produces electricity. With Replacing them with good quality com- 42 respect to packaging, the process of post produced from organic waste and sorting at the processing plant and the other organic residues would not only Hàbitat Urbà recovery of materials also involves an minimise the associated environmental energy cost that needs to be taken into impact, it would improve soil structure, Environment and account. Rubbish from treatment plants reduce erosion, and improve carbon re- Urban Services is sent to a controlled site. The environ- tention, etc. mental and scenic impact associated Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona with the management and maintenance 2012-2020 of the site also needs to be considered. 3. PLANNING Challenges and actions proposed 3.1 The extent and scope of application The framework for the application of • Period 2: 2018-2020 the Waste Prevention Plan for Barce- (medium term – last 3 years) lona 2012-2020 includes all the flows of This considers the roll-put of the sec- municipal waste and similar generated ond set of prevention measures which within the administrative boundaries of do not form part of the priority ac- the city, in accordance with the defini- tions either because certain prior im- tion set forth in Law 6/1993, dated 15 plementation or development studies July, on the regulation of waste. are necessary or because they require a specific context in the field of plan- The Plan is divided into two periods in ning or organisation or a greater level keeping with the plans of the Metropoli- of awareness in prevention matters. tan Area of Barcelona (AMB), of Catalo- During this period, the first group of nia and Spain and includes three stages actions planned for the initial period of follow-up and review (2014, 2017 and will continue and the prevention re- final review 2020). sults will be adapted to the objectives 43 of the new PROGREMIC. 2020 is the year the state law sets as the limit for Hàbitat Urbà • Period 1: 2012-2017 achieving the established objectives. (short term – first 6 years) Environment and This considers the roll-out of most Urban Services of the planned prevention measures which are deemed a priority, either to Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona lend continuity and expand the cours- 2012-2020 es of action currently being imple- mented, the need to introduce them in the short term and the relative sim- plicity of execution, etc. This stage coincides with the roll- out of the Metropolitan Waste Man- agement Programme (PMGRM) and therefore it matches the time horizon of this planning in order to achieve the metropolitan aims. The review planned for 2014 will include the pre- vention objectives of the new PRO- GREMIC, while the 2017 review upon completion of this initial period will consider those of the new PMGRM. Figure 29: Timeline of the Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Period Stage (reviews) Actions implemented Data for consideration 2012 Finalisation 1st stage PROGREMIC 2012-2014 2013 Period New objectives 44 of PROGREMIC Hàbitat Urbà 2012 36 actions Review 2014 - period 1 2017 2016 Finalisation Environment and of PMGRM Urban Services 2nd stage Waste Prevention 2015-2017 2017 Plan for Barcelona New objectives 2012-2020 of PMGRM Review 2017 Period 3rd stage continuity 2018-2020 36 actions period 1 2020 2018 Achievement of objectives - +9 actions of Waste Law 2020 period 2 Final review 2020 3.2 Prevention: challenges and objectives The Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona • Increase the involvement, active par- 2012-2020 is based on strategic chal- ticipation and commitment of the lenges which form the framework for various social and economic players in the execution of the various actions pro- decisions and actions relating to pre- posed. These are as follows: vention. • Foster preparation for reutilisation. 1. Reduce per capita waste generation. • Reduce the negative impacts of waste 2. Introduce new habits and attitudes generation and management: environ- in the municipal waste management mental (energy consumption, emis- strategies, emphasising prevention in sions, urban quality, etc.), economic line with a hierarchy set out in the cur- (collection, treatment, final disposal rent law. costs, etc.) and management (collec- 3. Increase the level of leadership and tion needs, control of the services and agreement of the City Council with re- generators, etc.). gard to preventive action. • Separate waste production from eco- 45 4. Enhance the effectiveness of the re- nomic growth. sources applied to waste manage- Hàbitat Urbà ment and prevention. By waste flows 5. Increase the level of awareness and • Further the prevention of products Environment and participation by the general popula- whose waste has detrimental effects Urban Services tion and each of the players involved on the environment or persons or in particular. which are difficult to re-introduce into Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 6. Optimise the results of the prevention production cycles. 2012-2020 and effectiveness of the actions and • Reduce those fractions generated in reduce and/or optimise the metabolic large quantities or which cause prob- flows associated with the consump- lems for municipal management. tion of goods and products and the • Reduce those fractions with the high- generation of waste. est economic impact. • Prevent the generation of fractions for In relation to these challenges, the Plan which there exist specific targets in also sets out qualitative objectives (gen- the law or planning instruments, such eral and by waste flows) and quantitative, as light packaging and plastic bags. which are included in the action policies • In particular, prevent the generation and strategies defined in the supra-mu- of organic waste, packaging, paper nicipal planning documents. and the “other” or “minority” including special waste. • Reduce generation and encourage the Qualitative objectives reutilisation of specific flows such as plastic bags, rubble, sewage, munici- General pal pruning, newspaper, advertising • Convey to society a message of pre- and water containers. vention and responsible consumption and consolidate the prevention ac- tions as part of the management of Quantitative objectives municipal waste. • Integrate in daily habits actions and The Plan defines several objectives good practices which encourage re- adapted to the expectations and poten- sponsible and intangible consump- tial of the municipality but always within tion. the framework of the PROGREMIC 2007- 2012 objectives which are applicable The prevention objectives of the PRO- within the municipal scope. All the refer- GREMIC which are assumed are those ence documents –PROGREMIC, PMGRM which coincide with those of the PM- and Law on Waste–, set the same objec- GRM, but the timeframe for comple- tive of 10%, although they differ as to the tion extends to the year the Plan ends, years of reference and achievement. The 2020. In future reviews and in keeping year of reference for the Catalan regula- with the aims of the new PROGREMIC tions is 2006, while the Law on Waste is and PMGRM, these reference values from 2010. As regards the year to achieve may differ. the objectives, the PROGREMIC sets 2012, the PMGRM, 2016 and the Law on The Plan establishes a 10% reduc- Waste, 2020. In this scenario, the general tion by 2018, and for this to remain quantitative objectives undertaken are stable until 2020. It should be borne the prevention aims of the PROGREMIC, in mind that 2018 will be the first full 46 which also match those of the PMGRM. year following the introduction of all the measures planned for the period Hàbitat Urbà 1. Reduce per capita generation by 10%, 2012-2017. calculated vs. the value of the year of Environment and reference*: The per capita generation data for the Urban Services • Per capita generation for the year of years 2011 (1.33 kg/inhab./day), and reference: 1.540 kg/inhab /day 2012 (1.27 kg/inhab./day), already Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona • Per capita generation according to fall within the objectives of the Plan. 2012-2020 the Plan (2018 and 2020): 1.386 kg/ These figures are conditioned by the inhab./day effects of the economic crisis and the decrease in consumption, and are not due to the implementation of a comprehensive prevention plan in the daily dynamics of production and consumption cycles. * For the base generation figure for the year of refe- rence (2006), the average value between 2005 and 2007 has been used, adjusted to the production trend over recent years, both for Barcelona Me- tropolitan Area and for Catalonia. The calculated value of per capita waste in 2006 forms a peak un- der the levels of 2005 and 2007, with a figure of 1.5 kg/inhab./day, and being a very low starting point, would entail a major effort in the application of prevention activities to achieve the 10% target re- duction. Figure 30: Waste generation scenarios in Barcelona applying the Prevention Plan (2011-2020) 1.70 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 47 Hàbitat Urbà 1.20 Environment and 1.10 Urban Services 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Waste Prevention Real evolution High Scenario Medium Scenario Low Scenario Objective of the Plan Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 2. Enhancing the prevention potential for each fraction. The PROGREMIC defines certain basic objectives; how- ever, the degree to which they are achieved will depend on the specific potential of each waste flow result- ing from the action implemented. I.e., while certain flows may be reinforced with a potential above the reference parameters, other fractions less af- fected by the municipal capacity to act may lag behind. Specifically, as regards plastic bags, a per capita reduction of 50% is pro- posed, at least, by the year 2016. The degree of reduction assumed is based on the 2012 objective of the PRO- GREMIC, although this figure is ex- tended to 2016, indicating that it is a minimum aim. 3.3 Strategic fields and actions The Waste Prevention Plan for Barce- lona is divided into 8 thematic areas, 6 of which classify the actions in line with the waste fraction the prevention tar- gets (organic matter, light containers, paper-cardboard, glass, bulky waste and WEEE and other fractions), and 2 refer to transversal actions (specific agents and sites and/or training, participation and research). These eight areas include 19 strategic courses of action which carry out a total of 45 actions, each of which is subsequently developed in a specific file. 48 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Organic matter Light packaging Training, participation Paper and and research cardboard Specific agents Glass and sites Other fractions Bulky waste Figure 31: Structure of the Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 8 thematic areas 19 Strategic courses of action 45 actions Organic matter Light packaging Paper and cardboard Glass Bulky waste Other fractions Specific agents and sites 49 Training, participation and research Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Example: Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Project 1 OFMSW1.1 2012-2020 Project 2 Project 3 OFMSW1.2 Project 4 OFMSW1 Project 5 OFMSW1.3 Project 6 OFMSW1.4 Project 7 OFMSW (organic matter) Project 8 OFMSW2.1 Project 9 OFMSW2 OFMSW2.2 Project 10 Project 11 OFMSW2.3 Project 12 Project 13 OFMSW3 OFMSW3.1 Project 14 Transversal Waste fractions Thematic area of organic matter (OFMSW) OFMSW1 – Foster home composting (LE1) Composting is a simple process which can supplement the regular collection of OFMSW, as it can handle organic mat- ter and plant waste at source (green plant waste from patios and gardens). By subsequently applying the compost obtained in the same place it was gen- erated, this also completes the organic matter cycle. Although in principle it is not a prevention practice which can be extended to the entire city, home com- 50 posting can be applied to allotments, schools and universities, private dwell- Hàbitat Urbà ings and residents’ associations. Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Actions 2012-2020 OFMSW.1 Foster communal home composting OFMSW.2 Foster home composting in allotments OFMSW.3 Foster home composting in schools and universities OFMSW.4 Foster individual home composting Methodology employed In the case of communal home compost- With regard to home composting in ing (OFMSW1.1), the prevention potential schools and universities (OFMSW1.3), was calculated using the following infor- the potential was calculated based on: mation: forecast of the rate of participa- tonnes of organic matter generated by tion (families) in communal home com- the facility; number of facilities with a positing in public or communal areas; composter; tonnes of organic matter ear- average number of persons per dwelling; marked for home composting. The calcu- and generation of organic matter per in- lation includes only schools as specific habitant and year. As the reference value, figures for universities were not available the data supplied by EMSHTR on the gen- and it is assumed half the schools will eration of organic matter per inhabitant have composters. It was assumed that 51 was used: 250 g OFMSW/inhab./day). As half the organic matter generated would regards the rate of participation, it was have potential for composting, based on Hàbitat Urbà assumed that 1% of the population will a reference value of the figures of the fi- use the home composting areas of the nal evaluation report of selective collec- Environment and city, taking into account the experiences tion in education centres in Barcelona, Urban Services associated with the “Let’s make compost conducted by the City Council of Barce- in the park” project. lona, Agenda 21 Escolar and SIRESA. Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 In the case of home composting in allot- In the case of individual home compost- ments (OFMSW.2), the base information ing (OFMSW1.4), the data were: estimate was as follows: planned number of al- of rate of participation by homes; number lotments; percentage of allotments with of persons per dwelling (Barcelona aver- composters; and generation of organic age, statistical data); and generation of matter obtained from the crops. An in- organic matter per inhabitant and year. crease of 50 allotments was assumed in The figure provided by EMSHTR on the accordance with the figures from the net- generation of organic matter per inhabi- work of urban vegetable gardens of Bar- tant were used, to which were added the celona (compared to the current 326), and organic waste from pruning (values taken it was assumed all the allotments would from the Schürmer and Schemmer Study, have composters. A reference value was 1990), as composters were generally lo- used of some 20 allotments, generating cated in dwellings equipped with spaces one cubic metre of plant waste, approxi- such as gardens, large balconies, etc. As mately. This waste comprises a mixture regards the participation rates, it was es- of dry and humid matter and therefore an timated that 1% of the population would intermediate density value of 0.4 l/kg was have composters in their dwellings. used. OFMSW2 – Reduce food waste (LE2) The generation of food waste is consid- erable, as around 5% of food in homes (some 152,000 tonnes a year) is thrown away and becomes organic waste. A sig- nificant part of this food waste could be avoided by simply using good practices when shopping, preparing and storing food, making homes a major source of prevention of organic matter in the city. Furthermore, the significant generation of surplus foodstuffs by the economic activities of the food sector also entails 52 strong potential for utilisation, given the concentration of establishments in Bar- Hàbitat Urbà celona. Environment and Urban Services * Guide More responsible food consumption. Pro- posals for preventing and avoid food waste. Waste Waste Prevention Agency of Catalonia based on a study by the Uni- Plan for Barcelona versitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. 2012-2020 Actions OFMSW2.1 Foster responsible food purchasing and consumption OFMSW2.2 Foster the prevention of food waste in education centre dining rooms OFMSW2.3 Improve the circuits to take advantage of surplus foodstuffs Methodology employed To calculate the potential for preven- In the case of improving the circuits to tion in responsible food purchasing take advantage of surplus foodstuffs and consumption (OFMSW2.1), the fol- (OFMSW2.3), the estimate of usable food lowing information was used: estimate from Mercabarna, major distributors of the number of families aware of the and retailers was used together with the campaign; estimated number of fami- estimation of usable surplus foodstuffs lies eventually applying the measures; from municipal markets. The potentially number of persons per dwelling (average usable tonnes from different food sale for Barcelona); and reduction of waste sectors have been considered which are arising from implementation of the currently handled as waste in accor- measures (tonnes of reduced OFMSW). dance with enquiries at the Barcelona 53 food bank, which knows the potential The potential reduction of food waste increase in donations for each sector. It Hàbitat Urbà in the home achieved by applying the was calculated that 10% (figure consult- measures described in the action, ed with the Institute of Municipal Mar- Environment and stands at approximately 80%, according kets of Barcelona) of the organic waste Urban Services to the reference value published in the disposed of at municipal markets could document Quantitative Benchmarks for be reused. Waste Prevention Waste Prevention of the ACR+ (Associa- Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 tion of Cities and Regions for Recycling and Sustainable). It was estimated that 35% of the citizens would be informed and that 15% of these would effectively implement the measures to reduce food waste. OFMSW3 – Reduce municipal plant waste (LE3) The maintenance of urban vegetation generates a significant amount of plant fraction which must be suitably man- aged. In this strategy we consider the measures which supplement the current composting at treatment plants, such as home composting and the expansion of smartgardening and mulching tech- niques, which make it possible to con- tinue reducing green waste and returning the end product to green spaces in the 54 form of compost and mulch. Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Actions Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona OFMSW3.1 Implement prevention measures in green spaces 2012-2020 Methodology employed The potential for prevention in this ac- subsequent application of the compost tion was calculated using the tonnes of to gardened areas so as to complete municipal pruning collected (munici- the organic matter cycle. The volume of pal data), and the volume of plant cover plant cover generated by the Christmas generated by collecting Christmas trees. tree collection campaign during 2010 This action comprises the management was used, according to City Council data. of pruning by means of composting and Thematic area of light packaging ELL1 – Reduce the use of containers and minimise this impact is its reduction and packaging (LE4) reutilisation by increasing the supply and demand for products with less pack- Over recent years the generation of sin- aging, reusable and returnable contain- gle-use containers and packaging has ers, reusable bags, etc., while involving seen a significant increase. Selective both consumers and retailers. School collection and recycling of this fraction centres also offer possibilities for redu- reduces part of the associated environ- cing the packaging of lunches and the mental impact although other measures dining room service, while also raising are necessary. One of the alternatives to pupils’ awareness of this issue. 55 Actions Hàbitat Urbà ELL1.1 Reduce single-use plastic bags ELL1.2 Foster the reduction in the use of containers and packaging Environment and Urban Services ELL1.3 Foster the reduction of packaging and introduction of reusable packaging in school centres Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Methodology employed To calculate the potential for prevention Waste Prevention of the ACR+ (Associa- of the reduction of single-use plastic tion of Cities and Regions for Recycling bags, the reference value used was the and Sustainable). potential for the reduction of 1 kg bags per inhabitant and year as published in When measuring the reduction in pack- the document Quantitative Benchmarks aging and introducing reusable pack- for Waste Prevention of the ACR+ (As- aging in schools, the number of pupils sociation of Cities and Regions for Recy- participating was used, together with cling and Sustainable). the potential reduction of aluminium in lunches with other reusable wrappings. As regards the reduction in the use of The reference value is the quantity (in containers and packaging, the poten- weight) of the aluminium used in school tial for the reduction of containers and lunches: 0.4 grams aluminium/pupil packaging by percentage with respect and day, figure taken from the AluMínim to generation was used and the genera- project of the Entitat Metropo-litana del tion of packaging by standard bag and Medi Ambient. We have considered a pu- forecasted generation of waste. The pil participation of 50% and it is expect- reference value is 2% of packaging per ed to reach half the education centres inhabitant and year as published in the by means of this project. document Quantitative Benchmarks for ELL2 – Reduce drinks packaging (LE5) The use of returnable, reusable packag- ing has seen a reduction in recent years in favour of single-use which have a greater environmental impact. This strat- egy aims to reduce the number of single- use packages used by introducing and correctly using deposit, refund and re- turn scheme (DRRS), the introduction of vending machines in a preventive man- ner especially at facilities and increased consumption of tap water by the public. 56 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Actions ELL2.1 Foster the introduction of DRRS systems and their use ELL2.2 Foster vending machines in order to prevent containers and packaging ELL2.3 Reduce water containers (encourage the use of tap water) Methodology employed To calculate the prevention potential of (some 1,000, of which 230 are munici- encouraging the introduction of DRR pal). The reference figures used were the schemes, the reference value used was consumption data of plastic cups per the potential for reduction of 12 kg/in- machines at the offices of the Àrea de hab/day and year, as published in the Medi Ambient (12,000 cups of coffee a document Quantitative Benchmarks for year from 3 machines approximately, by Waste Prevention of the ACR+ (Associa- 200 employees. Data for the City Council tion of Cities and Regions for Recycling + Sustainable programme). It is calcu- and Sustainable). The volume of tonnes lated that 75% reusable cups were used reduced by means of the DRRS includes by the users. different materials (plastic, aluminium, 57 etc.) in accordance with the products in- When measuring the reduction of wa- cluded in the system. It should be noted ter containers (encouraging the use of Hàbitat Urbà that the reduction potential will depend tap water), the prevention potential was on the characteristics of the systems calculated using the percentage of the developed. population which does not consume tap Environment and Urban Services water and the potential for reducing wa- As regards the promotion of vending ter containers per inhabitant. Data has Waste Prevention machines for the prevention of contain- also been gathered from the studies Plan for Barcelona ers and packaging, the potential was by Aigües de Barcelona on the popula- 2012-2020 calculated using the number of coffee tion regularly consuming bottled water machines (cupless) to be introduced, the and are therefore subject to changing percentage participation (use of reus- this habit. The reference value is 2 kg of able cups), and the number of cups used light packaging (plastic) per inhabitant per machine. The installation of some and year as published in the document 1,000 vending machines was considered Quantitative Benchmarks for Waste Pre- in the different areas, municipal facili- vention of the ACR+ (Association of Cit- ties, etc., a figure based on the replace- ies and Regions for Recycling and Sus- ment of the currently installed units tainable). Thematic area of paper and cardboard P1 – Reduce paper and cardboard (LE6) The generation of waste paper has in- creased over recent years, partly as a result of lower prices and indiscrimi- nate use, and the increase in paper ad- vertising and free press. Despite the ef- forts made in selective collection and the positive results obtained, paper and cardboard are a resource with significant potential for reduction by implementing several simple practices. This strategy proposes to reduce the amount of pa- per fraction generated by reducing con- 58 sumption, in particular in offices and, in the City Council and various facilities. At Hàbitat Urbà the same time, the reuse of textbooks and other books will be promoted to- Environment and gether with the prevention of waste from Urban Services the free press and general advertising as these also cause a visible impact with Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona regard to the amounts generated and its 2012-2020 municipal management and cleaning. Actions P1.1 Reduce consumption of paper P1.2 Reuse textbooks and other books P1.3 Prevent waste caused by free newspapers P1.4 Prevent general advertising Methodology employed The potential for reducing the consump- book and the frequency with which books tion of paper was calculated for offices are renewed. It was estimated that 50% and the Administration. The indicator of primary school pupils, ESO and Bacca- used in the first case was the reduction laureate apply this socialisation system per inhabitant by means of the demate- and the study has taken the following rialisation of the information using ICT considerations into account: each pupil (Information and Communication Tech- uses an average of ten books a year, with nologies), and the reference value used an approximate weight of 0.8 kg/book, was 9 kg/inhab./year per use of the ICT which are renewed every three years. published in the document Quantitative The reduction potential was calculated Benchmarks for Waste Prevention of the without considering the possible use of 59 ACR+ (Association of Cities and Regions digital books to replace the current edu- for Recycling and Sustainable). For the cational materials. For the calculations Hàbitat Urbà calculations relating to the Administra- relating to book exchange, the number tion, the generation of paper and card- of exchange points, the number of books Environment and board, the weight of a sheet of paper and exchanged per point and the weight of a Urban Services the saving from dematerialisation of the book were used. It was estimated that information have been used. The refer- exchange points would be set up at all Waste Prevention ence value was the 7% reduction of paper the local and district fixed waste land- Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 and cardboard with respect to the gen- fills and in certain civic centres reaching eration of same, obtained from the expe- a minimum of fifty points. As regards the rience of the Town Council of Manresa, number of books exchanged per point, published in the document Quantitative those exchanged during a one year peri- Benchmarks for Waste Prevention of the od at the Aula Ambiental point of the Sa- ACR+ (Association of Cities and Regions grada Família were used as a reference. for Recycling and Sustainable). The ap- proximate data on the annual purchase With regard to the measure of preventing of paper by Barcelona City Council, taken general advertising, the potential was from the City Council +Sustainable 2009 calculated using the estimated number Programme were also available. of families receiving the campaign and the potential to reduce paper per fam- With regard to the measure of reusing ily, as a result of introducing the sticker textbooks and other books, the calcula- rejecting advertising. For this, the ref- tion was performed for the prevention of erence value used were the data on an paper by means of the socialisation of experiment carried out on post boxes in books in education centres, and the pre- Barcelona (with and without the sticker vention of paper usage arising from book saying “advertising, no thanks”), from exchange points. The base information which the average weight of the advertis- in the first case was the number of stu- ing avoided by use of the sticker system dents participating, the number of books was taken (data provided by Ecoinstitut per student (throughout the entire school Barcelona). It was estimated that 25% of year), the approximate weight of a school homes in the city would participate. Thematic area of glass V1 – Reduce glass containers (LE7) The use of returnable, reusable contain- ers has seen a major decrease over re- cent years. Despite selective collection and the recycling of single-use glass containers obtaining positive results, their use is preferable in environmental terms provided the transport distance of the containers is a maximum of 200- 300 km. This strategy aims to reduce the glass fraction by means of promoting re- usable glass containers in the HORECA sector (Hospitality, Restaurants and Ca- 60 tering), as it has a large number of es- tablishments in Barcelona and is one of Hàbitat Urbà the chief consumers. In addition, specific measures are proposed to encourage the Environment and reutilisation of cava bottles as a highly Urban Services visible preventive measure for the public. Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Actions V1.1 Promote reusable glass containers in the HORECA channel and other establishments V1.2 Encourage the reutilisation of cava bottles Methodology employed The prevention potential of the promo- on landfills. Current collection is very tion of reusable glass containers in the low and it is estimated that with the HORECA channel and other establish- planned actions, the increase will be a ments has used the percentage of glass minimum of 25%. As regards the poten- capable of reutilisation and the tonnes tial for reducing the tonnes of glass used of commercial glass collected by the in the Christmas campaign, this was es- municipal services (2010). The percent- timated using the consumption of cava age of reusable glass indicated is that of bottles per inhabitant during Christmas, the objectives of the Integrated Spanish the weight of the standard cava bottle Waste Plan (2008-2015), as it depends on and the estimated participation in the the DRRS carried out chiefly on a Span- specific collection of cava bottles. This 61 ish scale. Specifically the average of the was based on the litres of sparkling bev- objectives of bottled water and beer, soft erages and cavas with a Controlled Des- Hàbitat Urbà drinks, etc. was calculated. ignation of Origin consumed in Spain in December 2009 (Spanish Observatory of Environment and In order to determine the prevention the Wine Market), and the volume and Urban Services potential of fostering the reuse of cava weight of a standard cava bottle (750 cl bottles, the average reutilization was and 900 grams). It was determined that Waste Prevention used by means of the regular collection the participation in the delivery of bot- Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 at green points (annual tonnes and per- tles to the regular collection systems centage increase of tonnes collected) would be 30%, approximately half the and bottles reused during the Christmas value of the current selective collection campaign. The number of tonnes col- of this fraction. lected was taken from municipal data Thematic area of bulky waste - WEEE VR1 – Foster the preparation for the reu- tilisation-repair of bulky waste (LE8) Current consumption habits, based largely on a culture of use and dispos- al, signify that there are an increasing number of bulky items, WEEE and tex- tiles in municipal waste. The aim of this strategy is to reduce the quantity and foster the reutilisation and prolongation of their useful life by means of prepar- ing them for reutilisation, the creation of municipal repair facilities for citizens and the promotion of economic activi- 62 ties related with the restoration of such items. Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Actions Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona VR1.1 Foster the preparation of bulky items collected for reutilisation 2012-2020 VR1.2 Foster the creation and use of repair facilities and activities Methodology employed The prevention potential of the measure action would be more consolidated and to foster preparation for reutilisation of therefore the efficiency of the collection, bulky items collected was calculated repair and reutilisation would increase. using the data on the collection of bulky items by the various services available As regards encouraging the creation and and the percentage of same with a po- use of repair facilities and activities, the tential for reutilisation. It was consid- prevention potential was calculated us- ered that the current levels of selective ing the number of repair centres planned collection will continue. The percent- and the levels of use: quantity of waste ages of bulky items with a possibility of repaired. It is estimated that the setting reutilisation were determined using the up of repair centres will result in one re- studies conducted within the diagnostic pair point per district (plus the addition- framework of this Plan: 48% of the to- al existing point managed by EMA). For tal bulky items collected are potentially the utilisation levels the study used the reusable directly or after a more or less tonnes repair which are currently pro- intense preparation process for reutili- cessed at the premises of the programme sation. As regards the second period, the “Better than new, repair it” of the EMA. percentage was grown to 55%, as the VR2 – Foster the reutilisation of bulky items (LE9) Many of the bulky items and WEEE se- lectively collected are fit to be reused directly or following preparation. It is for this reason that it is necessary to cre- ate the proper systems to facilitate and make effective the reutilisation of these items as they have a very high prevention potential. These systems are implement- ed via the creation of a virtual storefront for the exchange and donation of items, the management of applications to sim- plify donations via the municipal social 63 services and the creation of exchange points on the premises of entities and Hàbitat Urbà associations. Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Actions 2012-2020 VR2.1 Virtual storefront of reusable items VR2.2 Manage the requests for donations via the social services/foundations Methodology employed As regards the virtual storefront of reus- exchanged products is determined, it able items, the prevention potential was was correlated in accordance with the calculated using the number of objects population attended to in Barcelona. exchanged, the composition of the ob- With regard to the composition of these jects offered and the table with standard items, an analysis was conducted of the weights for each group of objects. The experience at the landfills of the Con- base data used was the annual number sell Comarcal de Girona and the service of offers on the landfill exchange portal “I donate, Exchange, Need” of the Town of Girona, and it was estimated that the Council of Reus, and classified into dif- initial factor could reach 100% of the ferent types of products. A table was then products offered, in accordance with the prepared with standard weights for each characteristics and demand expected group of items so as to obtain an approxi- if the project is extrapolated to Barce- mate number of tonnes handled which lona. Once the number of potentially could be avoided with reutilisation. Thematic area of the “Other” fractions A1 – Reduce “Other fractions” (LE10) The waste flows which form part of the “Other” fractions group, such as the case of bulky items and WEEE have seen a significant increase in generation over recent years. This strategy proposes re- duction measures focusing on specific actions for each flow, such as selective collection and promotion of clothes re- use and selective collection of earth and rubble in municipal maintenance and works. 64 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Actions Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona A1.1 Foster selective collection of clothes and footwear and reuse of same 2012-2020 A1.2 Foster the prevention of rubble Methodology employed In the case of the measure to promote published in the document Quantitative the selective collection of clothes and Benchmarks for Waste Prevention of the footwear and reuse of same, the poten- ACR+ (Association of Cities and Regions tial was calculated using the data on for Recycling and Sustainable). the generation of textile waste, the per- centage of selective collection of textile As regards promotion of prevention of waste and the potential for reutilisation earth and rubble, the data on the genera- of clothes and other textile waste. The tion of earth and rubble at municipal lev- basis for this is the future generation of el was used together with the percent- textile waste according to the database age of rubble reused in construction or used. It is estimated that there will be an maintenance of municipal facilities. The increase in the current collection levels reference values used were the amounts of up to 15%, according to the forecasted of earth and rubble collection at the mu- expansion of collection services for this nicipal landfills and as the percentage of fraction. The reference value used was rubble reused, the value published in the the potential for reutilisation of textile 12th seminar for the exchange of experi- waste selectively collected of 40%, tak- ences at landfills of Barcelona provincial en from the Catalan case of Roba Amiga council on construction waste. A2 – Reduce secondary and tertiary packaging (LE11) The sharp increase in the use of single- use containers and packaging, second- ary packaging for transporting primary packaging or products inside the con- tainers and tertiary packaging to trans- port secondary packaging has led to an increase in the volume of waste, a mo- mentum which has grown due to the high concentration of economic activities which generate this type of packaging. For this reason, the Plan includes a strat- egy to boost reusable and returnable 65 secondary and tertiary packaging and to introduce the utilisation of reverse logis- Hàbitat Urbà tic systems. Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Actions A2.1 Boost reusable, returnable secondary and tertiary packaging and the use of reverse logistic systems in economic activities Thematic area of actions in specific agents and sites ALE1 – Actions to reduce waste in spe- cific areas (LE12) Certain economic activities, facilities and spaces act as major generators of certain municipal waste and similar and may therefore warrant the implementa- tion of prevention measures. According to the analysis conducted, it was deemed feasible and necessary to promote the application of measures in the following specific fields: Hotel /restaurant sector, offices and facilities and areas of the city. 66 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Actions Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona ALE1.1 Implement prevention measures in the hotel and restaurant sector 2012-2020 ALE1.2 Implement prevention measures in offices of non-municipal official bodies and non-profit organisations ALE1.3 Implement prevention measures in singular facilities/areas (Zoo, Parc del Tibidabo, museums, fairs, etc.) ALE2 – Promote the prevention of waste on the municipal waste management at festivals and events (LE13) systems to restore the area to its origi- nal condition. They are therefore a sound The waste generation at specific events opportunity to apply prevention strate- depends on the characteristics of the gies (and recycling) for waste, as in ad- event and number of persons attending. dition to the environmental benefit they The impact of these activities is general- publicise good practices in management ly considerable and requires extra effort and reduction. Actions ALE2.1 – Promote the prevention of waste at municipal events 67 ALE2.2 – Promote the prevention of waste at non-municipal events Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 ALE3 – Promote waste prevention in mentalisation of Barcelona City Coun- the environmentalisation of municipal cil is carried out as part of the City premises and services (LE14) Council+Sustainable Programme, and takes the form of prevention in procure- The environmentalisation of the Admin- ment, contracting and concessions with istration seeks to drive actions to man- the criterion of reducing waste and pro- age activities based on environmental moting good prevention practices on the and sustainable criteria and also to part of its personnel. lend it an exemplary role. The environ- Actions ALE3.1 Extend the environmentalisation of procurement, contracting and concessions with the criterion of preventing waste ALE3.2 Promote good preventive practices on the part of City Council personnel Thematic area of training, participation and research FPR1 – Promote responsible consump- sally with a direct relationship with the tion in general (LE15) other actions proposed. This strategy also considers the dematerialisation of The generation of waste is closely linked consumption while promoting other to the public’s consumption patterns. operations such as the acquisition of Over recent years the trend has been to services or intangible goods. As part of increase the diversification of materi- the responsible acquisition of goods, ex- als and market goods and the use of change and second-hand markets, long- single-use materials or the acquisition standing activities in the city become a of products which are not strictly es- powerful tool to achieve the reutilisation sential. Therefore, the aim is to influ- of goods, while encouraging contact be- ence this trend and promote responsible, tween the supply and demand for sec- sustainable procurement, consumption ond-hand products. and use of goods and products transver- 68 Hàbitat Urbà Actions Environment and Urban Services FPR1.1 Foster responsible consumption and use of goods, products and services Waste Prevention FPRT1.2 Foster exchange markets Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 FPR2 – Communication, training and ad- sociations). It is also necessary to dis- vice on prevention (LE16) seminate the measures implemented so as to demonstrate the success of this Waste prevention is an emerging field collaboration and the active involve- for action, and therefore the actions and ment of the different players. Communi- strategies being driven entail an element cation and training in prevention are key of learning. Success in applying preven- and must be carried out continuously tion policies signifies the involvement during the execution of the Plan so as to and knowledge of all sectors of society, achieve the maximum levels of partici- from producers to users, in addition to pation. regulating bodies (local entities and as- Actions FPR2.1 Advisory and queries service in prevention matters FPR2.2 Communication and training in prevention FPR2.3 Dissemination systems for prevention plan actions and their results FRP3 – Participation and collaboration mon in a large number of regions, cit- in prevention (LE17) ies and towns of developed or emerging countries. Therefore, this strategy seeks Preventing waste is a collective chal- to stimulate participation and collection lenge in which all the social and econom- in national and international networks ic players are involved. The considerable on waste prevention and specifically the generation of municipal waste is com- European Week of waste prevention. Actions FPR3.1 Participate in waste prevention networks FPR3.2 Participate in the European Week of waste prevention 69 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services FRP4 – Innovation and research into ing and developing new tools, instru- prevention (LE18) ments and mechanisms aimed both at Waste Prevention consolidating it as knowledge and at dis- Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 As waste prevention is an emerging field seminating the concept and challenges of action, it has great potential for evolv- involved to the public. Actions FPR4.1 Annual ideas competition for prevention FPR4.2 Research and development studies in specific aspects of waste reduction in the city FRP5 – Regulatory and fiscal prevention ern waste prevention practices, together instruments (LE19) with different instruments of an eco- nomic and fiscal nature to boost certain Barcelona City Council has various in- conducts in different social areas aimed struments of a regulatory nature to gov- at reducing and reutilising waste. Actions FPR5.1 Study on the planning of general and sectoral prevention FPR4.2 Research and development studies in specific aspects of waste reduction in the city Figure 32: Relationship between the strategic challenges and qualitative objectives of the Prevention Plan General qualitative objectives Qualitative objectives for waste flows 70 71 Hàbitat Urbà Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Urban Services Strategic challenges Environment and Urban Services Waste Prevention Reduce the generation of per capita waste by 10% in 2016 and 2018 (compared to the reference year). Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Introduce new habits and attitudes in the municipal waste management strategies, emphasising prevention in 2012-2020 keeping with a hierarchy set out in the current law. Increase the level of leadership and agreement of the City Council with regard to preventive action. Enhance the effectiveness of the resources applied to waste management and prevention. Increase the level of awareness and participation by the general population and each of the players involved in particular. Optimise the results of the prevention and effectiveness of the actions and reduce and/or optimise the metabolic flows associated with the consumption of goods and products and the generation of waste. Convey to society a clear message of prevention and responsible consumption and consolidate the prevention actions as part of the management of municipal waste. Integrate into daily habits actions which encourage responsible, intangible consumption. Increase the involvement and active, committed participation of the various social sectors in prevention-related decisions and actions and secure the commitment of the economic agents to further prevention. Promote and reactivate the possibilities for reutilisation and preparation for same. Promote the prevention of products, whose waste has detrimental effects for the environment or people. Promote the prevention of products whose waste is difficult to reintroduce into production cycles. Reduce those fractions generated in large quantities or which cause problems for municipal management. Reduce waste fractions which have the greatest economic impact. Prevent the generation of fractions for which there are specific objectives set out in the regulations or planning such as light packaging and plastic bags. In particular, prevent the generation of organic waste, packaging, paper and the “other” or “minority” including special waste. Reduce the generation and encourage the reutilisation of specific flows such as plastic bags, rubble, sewage, municipal pruning waste, newspaper, advertising and water containers. Figure 33: Relationship between the strategic challenges and qualitative objectives of the Prevention Plan General qualitative objectives Qualitative objectives for waste flows 72 73 Hàbitat Urbà Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Environment and Urban Services Code Actions Urban Services OFMSW1.1 Foster communal home composting Waste Prevention Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona OFMSW1.2 Foster home composting in allotments Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 2012-2020 OFMSW1.3 Foster home composting in schools and universities FORM1 Foster home composting OFMSW2.1 Foster responsible food purchasing and consumption OFMSW2.2 Foster the prevention of food waste in education centre dining rooms. OFMSW2.3 Improve the circuits to take advantage of surplus foodstuffs OFMSW3.1 Implement prevention measures in green spaces ELL1.1 Reduce single-use plastic bags ELL1.2 Foster the reduction in the use of containers and packaging ELL1.3 Foster the reduction of packaging and introduction of reusable packaging in school centres ELL2.1 Foster the introduction of DRRS systems and their use ELL2.2 Foster vending machines in order to prevent containers and packaging ELL2.3 Reduce water containers (encourage the use of tap water) P1.1 Foster the reduction of paper consumption P1.2 Reuse textbooks and other books P1.3 Prevent waste caused by free newspapers P1.4 Prevent general advertising V1.1 Promote reusable glass containers in the HORECA channel and other establishments V1.2 Encourage the reutilisation of cava bottles VR1.1 Foster the preparation of bulky items collected for reutilisation VR1.2 Foster the creation and use of repair facilities and activities continues on next page Convey to society a clear message of prevention and responsible consumption and consolidate the prevention actions as part of the management of municipal waste. Integrate into daily habits actions which encourage responsible, intangible consumption. Increase the involvement and active, committed participation of the various social sectors in prevention-related decisions and actions and secure the commitment of the economic agents to further prevention. Promote and reactivate the possibilities for reutilisation and preparation for same. Promote the prevention of products, whose waste has detrimental effects for the environment or people. Promote the prevention of products whose waste is difficult to reintroduce into production cycles. Reduce those fractions generated in large quantities or which cause problems for municipal management. Reduce waste fractions which have the greatest economic impact. Prevent the generation of fractions for which there are specific objectives set out in the regulations or planning such as light packaging and plastic bags. In particular, prevent the generation of organic waste, packaging, paper and the “other” or “minority” including special waste. Reduce the generation and encourage the reutilisation of specific flows such as plastic bags, rubble, sewage, municipal pruning waste, newspaper, advertising and water containers. General qualitative objectives Qualitative objectives for waste flows 74 75 Code Actions Hàbitat Urbà Hàbitat Urbà VR2.1 Virtual storefront of reusable items Environment and Urban Services VR2.2 Management of requests for donations via social services/foundation Environment and Urban Services A1.1 Foster selective collection of clothes and footwear and reuse of same Waste Prevention Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona A1.2 Foster the prevention of rubble Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 2012-2020 A2.1 Boost reusable, returnable secondary and tertiary packaging and the use of reverse logistic systems in economic activities ALE1.1 Implement prevention measures in the hotel and restaurant sector ALE1.2 Implement prevention measures in offices of non-municipal official bodies and non-profit entities ALE1.3 Implement prevention measures in singular facilities/areas (Zoo, Parc del Tibidabo, museums, fairs, etc.) ALE2.1 Promote the prevention of waste at municipal events ALE2.2 Promote the prevention of waste at non-municipal events ALE3.1 Extend the environmentalisation of procurement, contracting and concessions with the criterion of preventing waste ALE3.2 Promote good preventive practices on the part of City Council personnel FPR1.1 Foster responsible consumption and use of goods, products and services FPRT1.2 Foster exchange markets FPR2.1 Advisory and queries service in prevention matters FPR2.2 Communication and training in prevention FPR2.3 Dissemination systems for prevention plan actions and their results FPR3.1 Participate in waste prevention networks FPR3.2 Participate in the European Week of waste prevention FPR4.1 Annual ideas competition for prevention FPR4.2 Research and development studies in specific aspects of waste reduction in the city FPR5.1 Study on the planning of general and sectoral prevention FPR5.2 Study on the development of economic and fiscal instruments to promote prevention Convey to society a clear message of prevention and responsible consumption and consolidate the prevention actions as part of the management of municipal waste. Integrate into daily habits actions which encourage responsible, intangible consumption. Increase the involvement and active, committed participation of the various social sectors in prevention-related decisions and actions and secure the commitment of the economic agents to further prevention. Promote and reactivate the possibilities for reutilisation and preparation for same. Promote the prevention of products, whose waste has detrimental effects for the environment or people. Promote the prevention of products whose waste is difficult to reintroduce into production cycles. Reduce those fractions generated in large quantities or which cause problems for municipal management. Reduce waste fractions which have the greatest economic impact. Prevent the generation of fractions for which there are specific objectives set out in the regulations or planning such as light packaging and plastic bags. In particular, prevent the generation of organic waste, packaging, paper and the “other” or “minority” including special waste. Reduce the generation and encourage the reutilisation of specific flows such as plastic bags, rubble, sewage, municipal pruning waste, newspaper, advertising and water containers. 3.4 The global potential of prevention In order to approximately determine the Once the actions contained in the Plan effects of each action or group of actions have been executed, specific data will be on the waste flows examined in the plan available for waste not generated, com- and to verify the degree of compliance posted, replaced or reused as the result with the objectives established, the pre- of the various measures included in the vention potential of these measures has Plan. These details will be used to adjust been evaluated. To do so, the details of the values of quantitative potential as- the diagnostic and other known or exist- signed and should produce a new value ing quantitative references in the bibliog- for those actions for which this calcula- raphy have been used, although they are tion cannot be made at present. not numerous and are often taken from other countries with different waste gen- eration levels and consumption habits. In accordance with the existing references 76 and possibilities of establishing a valid calculation method for each type of ac- Hàbitat Urbà tion, two different prevention potentials have been defined: Environment and Urban Services • Qualitative potential: possible level of reduction with regard to the total gen- Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona eration in a specific area, as the result 2012-2020 of applying a given measure (aimed at one or more specific generators). The expected reduction level is assessed as Low/Medium/High (or intermediate levels), from less to more reduction, for all the actions proposed. • Quantitative potential: tonnes of waste not generated (or saved) for those actions for which a detailed cal- culation is possible. The reductions are obtained using the references from other experiments or actions promoted in the municipality, togeth- er with specific studies conducted in the preparatory work for the Plan and other possible technical estimates. It is only possible to determine the per- centage reduced in relation to genera- tion in a specific field if the estimate of initial production is available, as it is a complex issue to establish one a priori in many cases. Figure 34: Quantitative and qualitative potential of the measures of the Waste Prevention Plan of Barcelona 2012-2020 Quantitative potential: Qualitative tonnes 2018 / Thematic areas – Strategic courses of action - Actions potential tonnes 2020 ORGANIC MATTER (OFMSW) OFMSW1. Foster home composting OFMSW1.1 Foster communal home composting Average -/ 1,454 OFMSW1.2 Foster home composting in allotments High 47 / 47 77 OFMSW1.3 Foster home composting in schools and universities High 2,017 / 2,017 OFMSW1.4 Foster individual home composting High 2,174 / 2,171 Hàbitat Urbà OFMSW2 Reduce food waste Environment and OFMSW2.1 Foster responsible food purchasing and consumption Average 6,116 / 6,106 Urban Services OFMSW2.2 Foster the prevention of food waste in education centre dining rooms. Average NC Waste Prevention OFMSW2.3 Improve the circuits to take advantage of surplus foodstuffs Average 2,700 / 3,638 Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 OFMSW3 Reduce municipal plant waste OFMSW3.1 Implement prevention measures in green spaces High 10,183 / 10,183 LIGHT PACKAGING ELL1 Reduce the use of containers and packaging ELL1.1 Reduce single-use plastic bags High 1,596 / 1,593 ELL1.2 Foster a reduction in the use of containers and packaging Average -/ 1,457 ELL1.3 Foster the reduction of packaging and introduction of reusable packaging in school centres High 3 / 3 ELL2 Reduce drinks packaging ELL2.1 Foster the introduction of DRRS systems and their use Average 19,149 / 19,120 ELL2.2 Foster vending machines in order to prevent containers and packaging High 8 / 8 ELL2.3 Reduce water containers (encourage the use of tap water) High -/ 1,877 PAPER P1 Reduce paper and cardboard P1.1 Foster the reduction of paper consumption Average 14,379 / 14,357 P1.2 Reuse textbooks and other books High 495 / 495 P1.3 Prevent waste caused by free newspapers Low NC P1.4 Prevent general advertising High -/1,374 continues on next page Quantitative potential: Qualitative tonnes 2018 / Thematic areas – Strategic courses of action - Actions potential tonnes 2020 GLASS V1 Reduce glass containers V1.1 Promote reusable glass containers in the HORECA channel and other establishments Average -/ 2,963 V1.2 Encourage the reutilisation of cava bottles Average 142 / 142 BULKY ITEMS - WEEE VR1 Foster the preparation for the reutilisation-repair of bulky waste VR1.1 Foster the preparation of bulky items collected for reutilisation High 16,015 / 18,666 78 VR1.2 Foster the creation and use of repair facilities and activities Low 132 / 132 Hàbitat Urbà VR2 Foster the reutilisation of bulky waste Environment and VR2.1 Virtual storefront of reusable items High 85 / 85 Urban Services VR2.2 Management of requests for donations via social services/foundation Average NC Waste Prevention OTHER FRACTIONS Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 A1 Reduce other fractions A1.1 Foster selective collection of clothes and footwear and reuse of same Average 3,258 / 3,258 A1.2 Foster the prevention of rubble High 3,273 / 3,273 A2 Reduce secondary and tertiary packaging A2.1 Boost reusable, returnable secondary and tertiary packaging and the use of reverse logistic systems in economic activities High NC ACTIONS BY PLAYERS /IN SPECIFIC LOCATIONS ALE1 Actions to reduce waste in specific areas ALE1.1 Implementation prevention measures in the hotel and restaurant sector Average NC ALE1.2 Implement prevention measures in offices of non-municipal official bodies and non-profit entities Average NC ALE1.3 Implement prevention measures in singular facilities/areas Average NC (Zoo, Parc del Tibidabo, museums, fairs, etc.) ALE2 Promote the prevention of waste at festivals and events ALE2.1 Promote the prevention of waste at municipal events Average NC ALE2.2 Promote the prevention of waste at non-municipal events Average NC ALE3 Promote waste prevention in the environmentalisation of municipal premises and services ALE3.1 Extend the environmentalisation of procurement, contracting and concessions with the criterion of preventing waste High NC ALE3.2 Promote good preventive practices on the part of City Council personnel High NC Quantitative potential: Qualitative tonnes 2018 / Thematic areas – Strategic courses of action - Actions potential tonnes 2020 TRAINING, PARTICIPATION AND RESEARCH FPR1 Foster responsible consumption in general FPR1.1 Foster responsible consumption and use of goods, products and services Low NC FPRT1.2 Foster exchange markets Average NC FPR2 Communication, training and advice on prevention FPR2.1 Advisory and queries service in prevention matters GA GA FPR2.2 Communication and training in prevention GA GA 79 FPR2.3 Dissemination systems for prevention plan actions and their results GA GA Hàbitat Urbà FRP3 Participation-collaboration in prevention FPR3.1 Participate in waste prevention networks GA GA Environment and Urban Services FPR3.2 Participate in the European Week of waste prevention GA GA FRP4 Innovation and research into prevention Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona FPR4.1 Annual ideas competition for prevention GA GA 2012-2020 FPR4.2 Research and development studies in specific aspects of waste reduction in the city GA GA FRP5 Regulatory and supervisory prevention instruments FPR5.1 Study on the planning of general and sectoral prevention GA GA FPR5.2 Study on the development of economic and fiscal instruments to promote prevention GA GA * Certain actions are closely related as to the reduction objectives, and therefore no differentiated potential is assigned to them. In these cases, the potential value is included for the chief action or that with the highest reduction and for the rest it specifies that they are supplementary actions (SA), also indicating the action they supplement with the relevant “action code”. * There are certain actions, in particular those included in the last Training, partici- pation and research thematic area, which are considered to be general because they affect the rest globally or different actions. In this case it is not feasible to calculate a specific effective reduction and they are therefore classified as general actions (GA). * With certain actions, calculating the potential is highly complex as it depends on multiple variables or insufficient information is available. These actions are clas- sified as not calculable (NC). Below are the per capita generation val- culated, over 92% achievement of the ues expected in accordance with the objectives should be increased by the re- reference scenario, the target value and duction potential of other actions which the expected per capita generation val- a priori cannot be calculated. These are ues in accordance with the reductions supplementary measures which would established for the prevention potential improve the results although it is a com- in the two periods of the Plan. It should plex matter to determine the real effects be remembered that total potential cal- they would have at this time. Figure 35: Per capita generation in accordance with the planned values, the target value of the plan and expected values 80 Reduction of per capita generation 2018 2020 Hàbitat Urbà Expected waste generation in a high scenario (kg/inhab./day) 1,480 1,560 Environment and Expected waste generation in an average scenario (kg/inhab./day) 1,450 1,510 Urban Services Expected waste generation in a low scenario (kg/inhab./day) 1,420 1,460 Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona Target waste generation (kg/inhab./day) 1,386 2012-2020 Expected waste generation according to prevention potential calculation 1,395 1,399 Figure 36: Results of per capita generated planned and expected with the implementation of the Plan 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 81 1,1 Hàbitat Urbà 2001 Year of Start of Period 1 Period 2 reference the Plan Environment and Waste generation Low generation scenario Urban Services With implementation of the Plan High generation scenario Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Figure 37: Quantitative prevention potential for 2018 and 2020 Results in 2018 Organic Paper Glass Light Others Total matter (OFMSW) packaging Waste generation (t) 2018 294.609 184.948 60.680 97.956 255.883 894.076 Total reduced in accordance with calculation of potential (t) 23.237 14.874 142 20.756 22.763 81.772 Actions Period 1 Results in 2020 Organic Paper Glass Light Others Total matter (OFMSW) packaging Waste generation (t) 2020 298.940 187.667 61.572 99.396 259.646 907.222 Total reduced in accordance with calculation of potential (t) 25.616 16.327 2.205 24.057 25.462 93.667 Actions Period 1+ Period 2 3.5 Execution and follow-up The calendar for the execution of the Follow-up must therefore provide infor- Plan is divided into two periods and three mation on the degree of achievement of stages, each of which examines the roll- the objectives; the situation of the ex- out of a given set of measures. The Plan ecution of the various actions planned; also includes guidelines for follow-up the changes and trends over time in the to conduct a thorough evaluation of the field of prevention and management; the implementation of the actions and gain degree of knowledge of the various fac- the necessary flexibility to incorporate tors which intervene in the situation and the most suitable changes in accordance evolution of the population’s habits and with the results obtained or the evolu- the waste prevention and management tion of other elements or variables which practices; and the necessary modifica- condition the process. tions in planning and management to follow an ongoing improvement process. 82 Hàbitat Urbà Environment and Figure 38: Calendar of the Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 and follow-up Urban Services Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 Period Stage Actions to be rolled out 1.1: Roll-out of the majority group of prevention 2012-2014 actions considered a priority and which are to (3 years) commence in stage 1 2014 Review 2014 1: 2012-2017 (6 years) 1.2: Follow-up of the roll-out of the majority group of 2015-2017 prevention actions considered a priority and which (3 years) are to commence in stage 2 2017 Review 2017 2018-2020 Roll-out of the remaining second group of prevention (2 years) actions planned for the second period 2: 2018-2020 (3 years) 2018 End of 2018, objective of 10% 2020 2020, Final review, objective of 10% The planned follow-up actions are as the development calendar and an- follows: other when the implementation has finalised (except in the case of per- • Annual reports on the evolution and manent actions). The following in- situation of the planning, with the fol- formation will be obtained for each lowing content: analysis of the overall measure: summary of the projects results of the prevention Plan; analy- and tasks performed, resources and sis of actions implemented; identi- means used, real execution calendar, fication of the needs for change or investments related to their applica- adaptations of the planning for the tion, results obtained from their ap- following year. plication, calculation of the selected follow-up indicators, calculations of • Reviews in each period-stage: 2014 the result indicators (real prevention (Periods 1 - stage 1), 2017 (Period 1 - potential obtained by implementing stage 2) and 2020 (finalisation of the the action, whenever possible: tonnes 83 Plan). 3 reviews will be carried out: of each fraction not generated, com- 2014, 2017 and 2020, in each of which posted, replaced or reutilised, etc.). Hàbitat Urbà a report will be drawn up on the evolu- tion and situation of the planning. • Preparation and calculation of a pan- Environment and el of prevention indicators. This panel Urban Services • Action follow-up reports. An an- will offer reference data and dissemi- nual report will be prepared for each nation of the results, benefits and Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona measure, adapting its formulation to evolution in waste prevention. 2012-2020 Determining the results: the indicators When determining the quantitative ben- • Indicators of the benefits of preven- efits of the Plan, it is proposed to apply tion: the following follow-up indicators: – Indicators of the environmental im- pact: energy and emissions avoided • Waste flows generated: quantities (energy saving or credit and emis- generated of each fraction –kg/in- sions by prevention, enhancement hab./day and total kg and calculation of urban quality, etc.). of standard bag– based on the com- – Indicators of the economic impact: positions and quantities collected. saving on treatment costs, possible saving in collection costs, revenue 84 • General indicators related to the from prevention activities, creation quantitative objectives of the plan. of direct and indirect jobs, etc. Hàbitat Urbà – Indicators of the total waste vol- – Indicators of waste management: ume reduction: % reduction per reduction of collection needs, re- Environment and capita of total waste or % of total duction of treatment and final dis- Urban Services reduction compared to the baseline posal needs, etc. year. Waste Prevention – Indicators for certain flows/frac- To determine the social and citizens’ Plan for Barcelona tions subject to prevention actions: evolution in prevention matters as a re- 2012-2020 % per capita reduction of the spe- sult of the execution of the measures of cific fraction or % reduction of the the Plan, we also propose a qualitative total generated compared to the follow-up so as to evaluate the degree baseline year. of awareness of the various players and – Indicators related to the general agents of the city. Conducting surveys qualitative objectives: participa- and/or periodic polls with different popu- tion of the public in the various ac- lation or sectoral groups or continuous tions; number of agreements with sociological studies on specific subjects the activities and entities which can help to broaden this knowledge and participate with or collaborate in act accordingly. the implementation of the different actions; actions related to reutili- sation and repair; actions related to responsible consumption and the purchase of products generating less waste. Figure 39: Calendar for the implementation of the Waste Prevention Plan actions for Barcelona Period 1 Period 2 2012- 2015- 2018- Thematic areas – Strategic courses of action - Actions 2014 2017 2020 ORGANIC MATTER OFMSW1 Foster home composting OFMSW.1 Foster communal home composting OFMSW.2 Foster home composting in allotments 85 OFMSW.3 Foster home composting in schools and universities OFMSW.4 Foster individual self-composting Hàbitat Urbà OFMSW2 Reduce food waste Environment and OFMSW2.1 Foster responsible food purchasing and consumption Urban Services OFMSW2.2 Foster the prevention of food waste in education centre dining rooms. Waste Prevention OFMSW2.3 Improve the circuits to take advantage of surplus foodstuffs Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 OFMSW 3. Reduce municipal plant waste OFMSW3.1 Implement prevention measures in green spaces LIGHT PACKAGING ELL1 Reduce the use of containers and packaging ELL1.1 Reduce single-use plastic bags ELL1.2 Foster the reduction in the use of containers and packaging ELL1.3 Foster the reduction of packaging and introduction of reusable packaging in school centres ELL2 Reduce drinks packaging ELL2.1 Foster the introduction of DRRS systems and their use ELL2.2 Foster vending machines in order to prevent containers and packaging ELL2.3 Reduce water containers (encourage the use of tap water) PAPER P1 Reduce paper and cardboard P1.1 Foster the reduction of paper consumption P1.2 Reuse textbooks and other books P1.3 Prevent waste caused by free newspapers P1.4 Prevent general advertising continues on next page Period 1 Period 2 2012- 2015- 2018- Thematic areas – Strategic courses of action - Actions 2014 2017 2020 GLASS V1 Reduce glass containers V1.1 Promote reusable glass containers in the HORECA channel and other establishments V1.2 Encourage the reutilisation of cava bottles BULKY ITEMS - WEEE VR1 Foster the preparation for the reutilisation-repair of bulky waste 86 VR1.1 Foster the preparation of bulky items collected for reutilisation VR1.2 Foster the creation and use of repair facilities and activities Hàbitat Urbà VR2 Foster the reutilisation of bulky waste Environment and VR2.1 Virtual storefront of reusable items Urban Services VR2.2 Management of requests for donations via social services/foundation Waste Prevention OTHER FRACTIONS Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 A1 Reduce other fractions A1.1 Foster selective collection of clothes and footwear and reuse of same A1.2 Foster the prevention of rubble A2. Reduce secondary and tertiary packaging A2.1 Boost reusable, returnable secondary and tertiary packaging and the use of reverse logistic systems in economic activities ACTIONS BY PLAYERS /IN SPECIFIC LOCATIONS ALE1 Actions to reduce waste in specific areas ALE1.1 Implement prevention measures in the hotel and restaurant sector ALE1.2 Implement prevention measures in offices of non-municipal official bodies and non-profit entities ALE1.3 Implement prevention measures in singular facilities/areas (Zoo, Parc del Tibidabo, museums, fairs, etc.) ALE2 Promote the prevention of waste at festivals and events ALE2.1 Promote the prevention of waste at municipal events ALE2.2 Promote the prevention of waste at non-municipal events ALE3 Promote waste prevention in the environmentalisation of municipal premises and services ALE3.1 Extend the environmentalisation of procurement, contracting and concessions with the criterion of preventing waste ALE3.2 Promote good preventive practices on the part of City Council personnel Period 1 Period 2 2012- 2015- 2018- Thematic areas – Strategic courses of action - Actions 2014 2017 2020 TRAINING, PARTICIPATION AND RESEARCH FPR1 Foster responsible consumption in general FPR1.1 Foster responsible consumption and use of goods, products and services FPR1.2 Foster exchange markets FPR2 Communication, training and advice on prevention FPR2.1 Advisory and queries service in prevention matters FPR2.2 Communication and training in prevention 87 FPR2.3 Dissemination systems for prevention plan actions and their results Hàbitat Urbà FRP3 Participation-collaboration in prevention FPR3.1 Participate in waste prevention networks Environment and Urban Services FPR3.2 Participate in the European Week of waste prevention FRP4 Innovation and research into prevention Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 FPR4.1 Annual ideas competition for prevention FPR4.2 Research and development studies in specific aspects of waste reduction in the city FRP5 Regulatory and supervisory prevention instruments FPR5.1 Study on the planning of general and sectoral prevention FPR5.2 Study of the development of economic and fiscal instruments to promote prevention WASTE PREVENTION PLAN FOR BARCELONA, 2012-2020 Chairman of Barcelona’s Department of Environment and Urban Services - Urban Habitat Joan Puigdollers Deputy Director of Barcelona’s Department of Environment and Urban Services Roman Llagostera Director of Street Cleaning and Waste Management Jordi Ametlló Technical Manager Carles Vázquez Coordination and Preparation of the Plan Helena Barracó, Núria Fradera Coworker Antoni Paris Photography Barcelona City Council – Urban Habitat Barcelona City Council – Image and Publishing Services Management – Vicente Zambrano Waste Prevention and Management Services Management - AMB IMMB/Jordi Casañas Barcelona Zoo Current edition’s Coordination Lis Francès Designer Emma Camacho (endoradisseny) Publisher Department of the Environment and Urban Services - Urban Habitat Barcelona City Council. April 2013 Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 BCN Waste Prevention Plan for Barcelona 2012-2020 BC N bcn.cat/ habitaturba facebook.com/Bcn.cat twitter.com/Bcn_mediambient