CLIMATE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION ACTION PLAN FOR 2030 November 2021 In 2015, a historic global commitment was reached at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, following extremely tough negotiations: to take every measure necessary for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C. Since then, member states — with the exception of the USA — have been working to set their own individual emission-reducing targets and associated action plans. As cities, however, we cannot afford to wait and see whether their proposals are ambitious enough. The future of the fight against climate change is being played out in our streets and squares. We are where most of the population lives, the people most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, and we are the main focus of innovation. If we want things to change, we have to start by changing ourselves. And that will only be possible if we all take joint responsibility: citizens, companies, associations and authorities. It was in this framework that the Climate Plan was approved at the Full Municipal Council Meeting of 26 October 2018, thereby complying with one of the commitments undertaken in the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy signed in 2017. Co-produced, as you would expect, by hundreds of the city’s organisations, the plan has been strengthening many of the measures we had already been implementing and committing us to launch many others. A year after the Climate Plan was launched, 15 January 2020, Barcelona declared the climate emergency on 15 January 2020 and accelerated a series of changes involving commitment from all the city’s players. Irrefutable scientific evidence and the effects of the global climate crisis that we have already been seeing are compelling us to take urgent and forceful action. The climate emergency declaration is therefore strengthening and speeding up the implementation of some of the initiatives already noted in the Climate Plan, as well as adding new ones, besides taking a further step and extending the city’s goals relating to the fight against climate change. This climate emergency situation presents us with the challenge of bringing about a large city transformation, with seven changes of model and two necessary adaptations which, merged into the eighteen lines of action of Climate Plan and its five areas of action, are being incorporated into the next Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions down to the necessary levels will not be possible, given our way of living: we will have to change our economic model, our energy model, the way we relate to one another, move around, consume and make our city... and do it as sustainably and fairly as possible. We need to shift towards another system that minimises the environmental impact and increases our resilience as a society. These changes have been made all the more evident with the COVID-19 crisis, Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 3 which has shaken the entire world and put the system’s resilience to the test. This health crisis has been a genuine emergency test. We have had to take on the health, social and economic emergency within record time, and learn that if we want to be effective in the fight against the world’s challenges, we will need collaboration and solidarity between all geographic areas, authorities and citizens. We have an opportunity to tackle the climate emergency by planning. But we’ve only got eight years. Unless we do that, failure to act will come at a very heavy price and, as with COVID-19, with health, social, economic and environmental implications. Taking on this climate emergency must also be an opportunity for building more resilient, more just, fairer and more environmentally friendly societies. We need to exploit it and generate a local economy and green jobs, incentivise local commerce, transform industry, generate more local energy, prioritise initiatives that have to do with the most vulnerable and the elderly, properly assess care-related work, make more social networks... We need to be capable of creating a new normal that is better for everyone. This plan, then, is the result of the experience of two years of the Climate Plan’s implementation, of a climate emergency declaration and of the points arising from the global COVID-19 health crisis. This is an emergency-action plan which makes the Climate Plan more ambitious, accelerates it and enables other authorities to be called on. We will never be able to tackle this emergency without everyone’s involvement. The climate crisis and its clear effects are no longer just a problem of the future but also a problem of the present. The solutions and adaptations required must be adopted and immediately applied through coordination. This is a challenge that is worth fighting for, not just because it is an act of global justice but also because it will enable us to achieve a healthier, more pleasant and more sustainable city. We can do everything if we do it together. It is high time we acted against climate change. It’s now or never. Ada Colau Ballano Mayor of Barcelona 4 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 April 2018 CONTACT contact@c40.org SEE C40.org @c40cities #Cities4Climate Dear Mayor Colau, Re: Confirmation of Paris Agreement Compatible Climate Action Plan In 2016 nations of the world ratified a historic global agreement on climate change, the Paris Agreement, committing to keep global average temperatures within 2C of pre- industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5C. The Agreement also commits to strengthening the ability of countries to deal with the unavoidable impacts of climate change through adaptation. All of this is set within the context of sustainable development and on the basis of inclusivity for all communities. C40’s aim is that every C40 city will have developed and begun implementing a climate action plan before the end of 2020, which will deliver action consistent with the ambitions of the Paris Agreement, addressing both the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. With support from our cities, we have developed a Climate Action Planning Framework, which outlines the essential components of a climate action plan that is deemed to be compatible with the goals of the Paris Agreement. It is with great pleasure that I can confirm we have reviewed Barcelona’s Pla CLIMA against our Climate Action Planning Framework and found it to meet the requirements of the framework. Congratulations to you and your team on this achievement and for producing such a robust, integrated and ambitious climate action plan. Cities around the world will be inspired by your leadership. We look forward to continuing to support Barcelona as you move towards implementing Pla CLIMA. Your sincerely, Mark Watts Executive Director C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group C40 CITIES CLIMATE LEADERSHIP GROUP 1 Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 5 6 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 BLOCK 1: CLIMATE EMERGENCY page page 11 AREAS AND LINES OF ACTION 72 1 AN INTEGRATED ACTION PLAN 10 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 2 WHY A BARCELONA CLIMATE EMERGENCY Line of action 1. Taking care of everyone 76 ACTION PLAN? 12 Line of action 2. No cuts 80 3 WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM SCRATCH 14 Line of action 3. To guarantee thermal comfort 84 4 BARCELONA NOW 18 ENERGY SAVING AND GENERATION 4.1. Barcelona in figures 18 Line of action 4. Better than new buildings 92 4.2. Mitigation, a key area we need to keep Line of action 5. Recovering terrace roofs 97 working 21 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL 4.3. Climate crisis and vulnerabilities 24 Line of action 6. Climate-based urban 5 BARCELONA IN THE FUTURE 33 transformation 104 Line of action 7. Many more green areas 109 5.1. What will Barcelona’s climate be like in the future? 33 Line of action 8. Not a single drop wasted 114 5.2. The main effects of climate change on Line of action 9. Renewables in public areas 119 Barcelona 35 Line of action 10. Good mobility 123 5.3. Other impacts that climate change has 44 Line of action 11. Protecting the coastline and our rivers 128 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION BLOCK 1: THE ACTION PLAN Line of action 12. Green and circular economy 136 6 THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE ACTION PLAN 48 Line of action 13. Responsible consumption 140 7 HOW I T HAS MOVED ON TO ACTION 54 Line of action 14. Zero Waste 144 7.1. The Barcelona Climate Commitment Line of action 15. Food sovereignty 147 as a precedent 55 CLIMATE CULTURE 7.2. The Climate Plan 56 Line of action 16. Cultural action 7.3. The Emergency Climate Declaration, t for the climate 154 he result of a co-responsibility process 58 Line of action 17. Climate cooperation 158 7.4. Climate Emergency Action Plan’s Line of action 18. Let’s get organised 161 governance tools 60 12 TIMEFRAME 166 8 CHANGES OF MODEL AND NECESSARY ADAPTATIONS 61 13 MONITORING 179 9 TRANSITION TO A CARBON-NEUTRAL CITY 65 14 WOULD YOU LIKE MORE INFORMATION? 180 10 STRATEGIC GOALS AND TARGETS 70 15 INITIALS AND SYMBOLS 181 Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 7 BLOCK 1: CLIMATE EMERGENCY 1. AN INTEGRATED 4. BARCELONA NOW ACTION PLAN Page 18 Page 10 2. WHY A 5. BARCELONA IN BARCELONA THE FUTURE CLIMATE Page 33 EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN? Page12 3. WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM SCRATCH Page 14 8 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 CLIMATE EMERGENCY SUSTAINABILITY / INTERNATIONAL / COMMITMENT / MITIGATION / ADAPTATION / ACTION / JUSTICE / CLIMATE / FUTURE / VULNERABILITY / + HEAT - WATER - BEACHES + FLOODS + URBAN HEAT ISLAND + FIRES - BIODIVERSITY - AIR QUALITY / HEALTH / QUALITY OF LIFE / EMISSIONS / CONSUMPTION / POVERTY Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 9 1. AN INTEGRATED ACTION PLAN Cities face a big challenge when it A year after the approval and launch comes to tackling climate change of the Climate Plan for 2018, alerted because they generate 70% of by new scientific evidence, Barcelona greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. identified a climate emergency Many of them are therefore adapting situation that called for tougher action their agenda and adopting measures to minimise greenhouse gas emissions to reduce GHG emissions, minimise and adapt to the effects of climate dependence on fossil fuels, improve change already observed. Barcelona efficiency, reduce metabolic flows therefore declared a climate emergency and increase resilience. All of those on 15 January. The Declaration makes measures are geared towards improving initiatives already provided for in the the quality of life and sustainability of Climate Plan even more ambitious, cities. while specifying and strengthening them, adding new ones and calling on At COP21 in Paris, Barcelona presented other authorities to take on the climate the Barcelona’s Commitment to emergency. the Climate (CBC), promoted by over a thousand businesses, citizen This climate-emergency situation organisations and schools linked to the illustrates the need to change the way More Sustainable Barcelona network, we live, proposing seven changes of signatories of the 2012-2022 Citizen model and two adaptations that will Commitment to Sustainability and enable a true transition towards a fairer, Barcelona City Council. This declaration greener and more resilient economy. reaffirms previous municipal commitments (Covenant of Mayors Barcelona wishes to rise to the on Energy and Covenant of Mayors on challenge of the emergency and provide Adaptation) and defines Barcelona’s a forceful response, hence its proposal roadmap for 2015-2017, where city to reduce greenhouse gas emissions citizens and the City Council set out by 50% by 2030 (representing around the priorities and the challenges to be 1,950,000 tonnes) compared to 1992. overcome by their joint efforts. The challenge is huge but doing The Barcelona Climate Plan, approved nothing is not an option. This is also in 2018, includes existing actions an opportunity for deep reflection and and strategies along with new ones to moving towards the model of society we achieve these goals, while fulfilling the want. commitment it made when signing the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (2017). 10 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 The strategic lines the Climate Plan is based on are: PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE ACTION BY AND JUSTICE THE GENERAL RESILIENCE PUBLIC Mitigation, because we Adaptation and Climate justice, Promoting action by cannot allow a context resilience, because because we need to put the general public, of economic recovery to we can already see the most vulnerable promoting co-creation lull us into consuming the effects of climate people at the centre of projects. in an unsustainable change and we have to climate policies. way again. prepare ourselves. Mitigation: all those actions geared towards reducing Resilience: the capacity of cities to prevent or, where they greenhouse gas emissions. are inevitable, minimise the impact of the natural and human-induced hazards they are exposed to, whether Adaptation: all those actions geared towards reducing they are occasional episodes or tensions over a lengthy vulnerability to climate change. period, and to recover as soon as possible in order to continue their essential functions. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 11 2. WHY A BARCELONA CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN? Key messages WE ARE NOT ON THE RIGHT TRACK The mitigation and adaptation FOR ACHIEVING OUR TARGETS challenges are huge. We need to rethink We are facing one of the most our production and consumption model, important and complex challenges culture and lifestyle. In fact, the current that humanity has ever had to face. commitments undertaken by States are According to the latest studies from the not enough to meet the Paris Agreement Intergovernmental Panel on Climate (2015). We need to be more ambitious Change (IPCC), unless drastic changes and establish the mechanisms and are made and greenhouse gas (GHG) instruments needed for decarbonising emissions reduced, it is “extremely the economy and becoming carbon unlikely” the target set in Paris of neutral by 2050. limiting the Earth’s average global It is in this context that the Climate temperature to 1.5% will be achieved. In Emergency Action Plan represents fact, it has already increased by 1ºC and an opportunity for joining forces and the increase has speeded up in recent making Barcelona a pioneering city years. that not only takes responsibility for If the current rate of emissions its contribution to climate change (by continues, it is probable that the reducing emissions) but which is also average temperature of the planet preparing itself to be less vulnerable could rise by over 3ºC by the end of the to those effects (by adapting) as well century. as fairer and more participatory (by promoting climate justice and citizen action). 12 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY Human activity is the cause of this climate change. Just 5 countries produce almost 60% of the world’s global CITIES HAVE A LOT TO greenhouse gas emissions. IT AFFECTS PEOPLE’S SAY AND DO A mere 20 multinational HEALTH AND EVERYDAY The revolution is companies produce 35% LIVES clearly an urban one. of these emissions. There Climate change causes In fact, cities have needs to be a balanced dis- serious harm to our health enormous potential tribution of responsibilities and affects our quality of and a strong will to and negative impact. life. change things. CLIMATE CHANGE IS THERE’S STILL TIME WE NEED TO JOIN FORCES UNFAIR We have little time left Tackling the change Pollution does not affect to act. Ten years, to be requires all of us to be us all in the same way. precise. So we need involved. We need to join We need to reduce urgent, drastic and forces with all the players inequalities and take care effective measures. involved. of the most vulnerable. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 13 3. WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM SCRATCH Barcelona City Council is firmly committed to implementing locally the climate and energy policies agreed on a European and international level. The Council has signed the following agreements: Covenant of Mayors Citizen Commitment “Making Cities on Energy to Sustainability Resilient” campaign 2008) (2012-2022) and its “10 essentials” (2013) Covenant of Mayors Paris Declaration Barcelona’s on Adaptation committing cities Commitment to the (2014) to the fight against Climate climate change (2015) (2015) Compact of Mayors Covenant of Mayors Global Covenant of (2015) for Climate and Energy Mayors for Climate (2017) & Energy (2017) 14 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Barcelona has been working on climate So, as part of the policies for changing issues for some years. the model, to make the city a greener, fairer, more efficient and healthier Primarily on measures directly place, various government measures related to mitigation, such as energy and strategic plans have been drawn up efficiency and energy saving, with over the last few years to achieve the the Thermal Solar Byelaw (1999), the climate goals. The Climate Emergency Energy Improvement Plan (2002), the Action Plan recognises that these Photovoltaic Solar Byelaw (2011) and measures are already planned and the 2011-2020 Barcelona Energy, therefore focuses on those that need to Climate Change and Air Quality Plan be developed further or on innovative and subsequently with the approval measures that have not yet passed the of other plans and strategies linked planning stage. to adaptation. Adapting means implementing measures that reduce The following image shows which the city’s vulnerability and increase its strategic line (mitigation, adaptation, resilience to the undesirable effects of climate justice or promoting citizen climate change. action) that each plan, programme or government measure contributes to with specific measures. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 15 GOVERNMENT MEASURES AND STRATEGIC YEARS PLANS RELATING TO CLIMATE CHANGE 2006 2007 ... 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 ... 2037 Comprehensive Coastline Management Plan (PGIL) (2007) Energy, Climate Change and Air Quality Plan (2011-2020) Promoting living terraces and green roofs in Barcelona (2014) Eliminating the use of glyphosate in Barcelona's green spaces and the public highway (2015) Barcelona Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015-2018) Programme of anti-air pollution measures (2016) “Filling the streets with life” by creating Superblocks in Barcelona (2016) Urban resilience (2016) Creation of energy advice and basic supply guarantee centres (2016) Transition towards energy sovereignty (2016) Responsible Consumption Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Social and Solidarity Economy Promotion Plan (2016-2019) Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020) Gender Justice Plan (2016-2020) Barcelona Strategy against the Feminisation of Poverty and Job Insecurity (2016-2024) Right to Housing Plan (2016-2025) Drought Protocol (2017) Programme to Promote the City's Urban Green Infrastructure (2017) Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in Barcelona (2017-2019) Democratising Care (2017-2020) Developing the electric vehicle in Barcelona (2018) Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in Municipal Buildings (2017-2020) Tree Master Plan (2017-2037) ... Bicycle Strategy (2018) Olympic Port Master Plan (2018) Cooperation for Social Justice Master Plan (2018-2021) Strategic Plan for the City’s Coastal Areas (2018-2025) Action Plan for Preventing the Effects of Heat Waves on Human Health (annual) Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2019-2024) Urban Mobility Plan (2019-2024) Barcelona Alternative Water Resources Plan (PLARHAB) (2020) Comprehensive Master Plan for the Barcelona Sewerage and Drainage System (PDISBA) (2020) Barcelona Science Plan (2020-2030) Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2021-2024) Barcelona Nature Plan (2021-2030) 16 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Mitigation Adaptation and resilience Climate justice Promoting citizen action YEARS 2006 2007 ... 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 ... 2037 Comprehensive Coastline Management Plan (PGIL) (2007) Energy, Climate Change and Air Quality Plan (2011-2020) Promoting living terraces and green roofs in Barcelona (2014) Eliminating the use of glyphosate in Barcelona's green spaces and the public highway (2015) Barcelona Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015-2018) Programme of anti-air pollution measures (2016) “Filling the streets with life” by creating Superblocks in Barcelona (2016) Urban resilience (2016) Creation of energy advice and basic supply guarantee centres (2016) Transition towards energy sovereignty (2016) Responsible Consumption Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Social and Solidarity Economy Promotion Plan (2016-2019) Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020) Gender Justice Plan (2016-2020) Barcelona Strategy against the Feminisation of Poverty and Job Insecurity (2016-2024) Right to Housing Plan (2016-2025) Drought Protocol (2017) Programme to Promote the City's Urban Green Infrastructure (2017) Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in Barcelona (2017-2019) Democratising Care (2017-2020) Developing the electric vehicle in Barcelona (2018) Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in Municipal Buildings (2017-2020) Tree Master Plan (2017-2037) ... Bicycle Strategy (2018) Olympic Port Master Plan (2018) Cooperation for Social Justice Master Plan (2018-2021) Strategic Plan for the City’s Coastal Areas (2018-2025) Action Plan for Preventing the Effects of Heat Waves on Human Health (annual) Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2019-2024) Urban Mobility Plan (2019-2024) Barcelona Alternative Water Resources Plan (PLARHAB) (2020) Comprehensive Master Plan for the Barcelona Sewerage and Drainage System (PDISBA) (2020) Barcelona Science Plan (2020-2030) Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2021-2024) Barcelona Nature Plan (2021-2030) Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 17 Mitigation Adaptation and resilience Climate justice Promoting citizen action 4. BARCELONA NOW 4.1 BARCELONA IN Service city, which in the course of a FIGURES century has gone from an industrial to a tertiary base highly specialised in City between water and mountain, tourism, doubling its number of visitors standing between the Coastal Mountain in the last decade. Range, the Mediterranean Sea, the River Besòs and Montjuïc mountain. Economic city and centre, with an area of influence that spreads beyond the Compact city, one of the densest in city itself and its metropolitan area to Europe, with 1.6 million inhabitants in the rest of Catalonia. 101.3 km2 and a metropolitan area of more than 3.2 million inhabitants. Mediterranean city, for its mild climate and its location on the Mediterranean coast, with one of the biggest passenger ports in Europe and the world. CLIMATE TERRI- 21.7 ºC Max. average TORY annual temp (2020) 18.3 ºC Average annual temp 71% (2020) Relative humidity (2020) 15.5 ºC 10,135.8 ha 164.2 Min. average resid./ha 2,799 hrs (2020) annual temp Hours of sunshine/ (2020) (2020) year (2020) Barcelona regional, climate and environmental data. 777 mm 2020. The temperature data come from the Raval 28.7 km2 4,780 m Annual meteorological station, Greenery Length of bea- precipitation from 2019 (source: (2020) ches (2020) (2020) Barcelona City Council, Catalan Meteorological Service and ASPB). 18 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 POPU- SOCIAL LATION ECONO- MIC 1,664,182 21,896 € resid. Disposable family (2020) income per capita (2017) 83.85 years Life expectancy 81,291 (2018) Total GNP million euros (2018) +8 20.20% Foreign-resident population 70.9% (2019) Employment rate (2018) 9,117,474 Tourists Level of education *Data in which (2018)* (2018) 10.3% only hotel Unemployment stays are rate (2018) considered. 21.5 % 19,293,683 65 Overnight stays (2018)* 65.9 % 11.9% Poverty-risk rate (2018) 14 12.6 % Population pyramid (2018) 75.2% People assisted by 6.2% primary healthcare 3% Industry services Cons- (2018) truction 90.8% Services Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 19 31.9 % University education 2 5.1 % Vocational secondary education 21.7 % General secondary education 17.2 % Compulsory education 2.5 % Unfinished compulsory education AMBIEN- TALS 9.36 MWh of energy con- sumed per inhab (2019) 8.43 Total number of journeys per day 2.17 (2018) tCO2-e emissions per inhab. (2019) 74.9 % Ecomobility (2018) 17.50 m2/ha greenery per resi- dent (2019) 161.50 l NO2: total potable 35.8 μg/m3 water/resid./day (2019) (2019) PM2.5: 17.7 μg/m3 (2019) 107.3 l PM10: domestic pota- 26.7 μg/m3 ble water/resid./day (2019) (2019) Average annual concentrations 1.34 kg of waste/ resid./day (2019) 20 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 4.2. MITIGATION, A KEY Barcelona’s energy intensity (which AREA WE NEED TO KEEP enables GDP increases to be measured WORKING ON against energy consumption), fell from 261.64 Wh/€ in 1999 to 175.29 Wh/€ in Energy consumption is being 2019 (and there are not enough data to maintained and tending to drop, make such a calculation for 1992). This emissions are being contained and meant the city was able to consume energy self-sufficiency is increasing less energy per euro generated. The trend seems set to continue. Energy consumption rose by 6.11% between 1992 and 2019, having peaked in 2005. By contrast, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions dropped by 25.01% since 1992, having peaked in 2005. ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GHG EMISSION TRENDS IN BARCELONA Source: Barcelona Energy Report 2014. Barcelona Energy Agency (Barcelona City Council). Emissions per inhabitant 6,000,000 3.50 Consumption 60,000 per inhabitant 5,500,000 55,000 3.00 5,000,000 26 50,000 24 4,500,000 45,000 2.50 22 4,000,000 40,000 20 3,500,000 2.00 18 35,000 16 3,000,000 30,000 14 2,500,000 1.50 25,000 12 2,000,000 10 20,000 1.00 1,500,000 8 15,000 6 1,000,000 10,000 0.50 4 500,000 2 5,000 0 0.00 0 0 Total emissions (tC02-e ) Emissions per inhabitant (tCO2-e/inhab./year) Total consumption (GWh/any) Consumption per inhabitant (MWh/inhab./year) Energy consumption C02 equivalent emissions Barcelonpae rc ionhnasbiutamnted 15,321 GWh o f per inChaobnitsanidt eri ng Catalonia’s electric mix final energ y in 2019, the eq uivalent of 2019, greenhouse gas emissions in 9,36 MWh on average per resident. Barcelona came to 3,557,000 tonnes of 5.76% CO2-e-2 (52..4137% t CO2-e/resid.) 1992 2019 1992 2019 8.85 9.36 2.91 2.17 MWh/inhab./year MWh/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 21 tC02-e tC02-e/inhab./year 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 2 0 1 9 MWh/inhab./year GWh/year Emissions per inhabitant 6,000,000 3.50 Consumption 60,000 per inhabitant 5,500,000 55,000 3.00 5,000,000 26 50,000 24 4,500,000 45,000 2.50 22 4,000,000 40,000 20 3,500,000 2.00 18 35,000 16 3,000,000 30,000 14 2,500,000 1.50 25,000 12 2,000,000 10 20,000 1.00 1,500,000 8 15,000 6 1,000,000 10,000 0.50 4 500,000 2 5,000 0 0.00 0 0 Total emissions (tC02-e ) Emissions per inhabitant (tCO2-e/inhab./year) Total consumption (GWh/any) Consumption per inhabitant (MWh/inhab./year) Energy consumption C02 equivalent emissions ENERGY CONSUMPTION per inhabitant per inhabitant AND GHG EMISSION TRENDS IN BARCELONA Source: Barcelona Energy Report 2019. Barcelona 5.76% -25.43% Energy Agency (Barcelona City Council). 1992 2019 1992 2019 8.85 9.36 2.91 2.17 MWh/inhab./year MWh/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year tCO2-e/inhab./year HOW DOES BARCELONA CONSUME ENERGY AND EMIT GHGS? According to the figures for 2019, the counted on a city level, but the activity biggest consumers of energy are the of some infrastructures such as the commercial and service sectors, closely port and airport also have a big impact. followed by the domestic and transport An approximate calculation has been sectors, with industry and other sectors made of the emissions produced by the further behind. The order is different port and airport — the big transport for GHG emissions, where transport is infrastructures — and the figures are the big emitter, contributing 27% of the higher than those currently allocated total. to a city with such infrastructures. It is estimated that they could be four times Reducing emissions has to be tackled those counted at a city level, which is from every sector, but above all from why taking joint responsibility for these the transport sector (responsible for infrastructures with climate action is nearly 26.7% of all emissions), the key. domestic sector (20.70%) and services sector (21.36%). These are emissions CO2-e EMISSIONS Port and airport Domestic BY SECTOR 12.64% 20.7% Source: Original, based on data from the Barcelona Energy Municipal Assessment 2019. Barcelona waste Energy Agency (Barcelona City Council). treatment 10.13% Other 0.35% Services 21.36% Transport 26.69% Industry 8.13% 22 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 tC02-e tC02-e/inhab./year 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 2 0 1 9 MWh/inhab./year GWh/year A MIX WITH FEW RENEWABLES Of the total final energy consumed only account for 17.1% of the electricity in the city in 2019, 50.3% came from Barcelona consumes. fossil fuels, 44.9% from nuclear energy, and a mere 4.8% from renewable In 2019, 357.65 GWh were generated energies (according to the Catalan mix). using renewable sources and harnessing As for forms of energy consumed in local residual energy. The main source of Barcelona in 2019, 45.5% came from renewable and residual energies comes electricity, 31.7% from natural gas, from the recovery of urban solid waste at 21.8% automotive fuel and 1% liquefied the Sant Adrià de Besòs plant (54%) and petroleum gas (LGP). thermal solar power (15%). Barcelona’s contribution, then, can still grow and As for source of electricity, 55.1% of what therefore features in the goals of the we consume comes from nuclear power Climate Plan and Climate Emergency (which is why the Barcelona mix shows a Declaration. low emission rate). Renewable sources FINAL ENERGY SOURCES FOSSIL FUELS RENEWABLES ACCORDING TO THE (TOTAL) (TOTAL) CATALAN MIX 69.2 % 7.5 % Source: Original, based on data from the Barcelona Energy Natural gas (combined Hydropower and other Assessment 2019. Barcelona Energy Agency (Barcelona City gas cycle + direct renewables: 3.8 % Council). distribution): 41.7 % ----- ----- Wind power: 3.0 % - ----- Liquid fuels: 21.2 % Solar power: 0.4 % ----- - ----- Fuel/gas with Municipal and industrial co-generation: 5.1 % waste: 0.3 % ----- - Fuel/gas with co- generation: 1.0 % ----- NUCLEAR ENERGY Fuel/gas: 0.2 % 23.4 % Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 23 EFFICIENCY OF THE GENERATION SYSTEM AND TRANSPORT A total of 15,321 GWh of primary energy only 55% of the primary energy was were required to provide the 27,164.23 transformed into useful final energy, in GWh of final energy that Barcelona other words, 45% of the primary energy consumed in 2019. That means was lost in generation and transport. EFFICIENCY OF THE GENERATION SYSTEM AND TRANSPORT -45 % Source: 2019 Barcelona Energy Assessment. Barcelona Energy Agency. Primary Energy: Final Energy: 27,164.23 GWh 15,321 GWh 4.3. CLIMATE CRISIS cardiovascular diseases, as well AND VULNERABILITIES as overall number of injuries and deaths. Climate change affects the population’s health in various ways and is considered • Indirect effects: these are caused the greatest threat to health this by ecological and environmental century. The effects of climate change changes as well as social changes, on health are classed under two which have an impact on health. categories1: They include, then, not just effects of changes in air quality, the • Direct effects: They include availability and quality of water effects that result from exposure for consumption and food and the to extreme climatic events such rising number of vector-transmitted as droughts, floods, heat waves, diseases but also effects arising storms and fires. The effect on from population migration, changes health is expressed as a rise in in living and working conditions and the number of respiratory and increases in social inequalities. 1 World Health Organization, COP24 Special report: Health and Climate Change, WHO 2018. 51 24 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEAT AND HEALTH EFFECTS ON MORTALITY AND HEAT-VULNERABILITY FACTORS MORBIDITY Individual factors Sustained, excessive heat leads to an increase in mortality and morbidity, The effects of temperatures on above all among the most vulnerable mortality are generally unequal and groups*. The main vulnerable groups vary according to inequality axes, such are elderly and fragile people, as well as as gender, age and socio-economic newborn babies, people with physical position. or learning disabilities and limited mobility or who are unable to care for themselves, people with chronic • Gender illnesses, people taking medication that acts on their central nervous system The risks of heat-associated and people living in socially precarious mortality in Barcelona are much situations. It is not just daytime heat higher among women than men. that affects our health; increased night- For example, if we compare the time temperatures make it harder for us risk of dying when temperatures to rest and recover. What is more, it has are high (95th percentile), been observed that night-time heat in compared to temperatures Barcelona is associated with a higher where a minimum mortality is mortality from natural, cardiovascular recorded, the risk for women and and respiratory causes. More men increases by 14% and 4% specifically, when night-temperatures respectively. rise above 23 °C, the risk of mortality These results may be due, on increases significantly2. the one hand, to the social The Barcelona Public Health Agency conditions of elderly women (ASPB) has estimated the number of and, on the other, to differences 2 D. ROYÉ, “The effects of natural deaths attributed to extreme in thermoregulatory and hot nights on mortality in physiological mechanisms. Barcelona, Spain”, Int J heat of people over the age of 25 during Biometeorol (2017),61(12), the 1992-2015 period to have been 980 pp. 2127-2140. men and 2,729 women, with an average 3 M. MARÍ-DELL’OLMO, of 150 deaths a year. As for heat waves, A. TOBÍAS, A. GÓMEZ- • Age GUTIÉRREZ et al., the one with the greatest impact on “Social inequalities in mortality in Barcelona was during the Elderly people are the most the association between temperature and mortality summer of 2003, which lasted for 13 susceptible to temperature, and in a South European days. The studies conducted found that newborns could be too. A study context”, International the number of deaths attributable to it conducted in Barcelona which Journal of Public Health [internet] (26 March 2018) ranged between 411 and 6654,5,6. compared how the mortality risk [cited on 4 April 2018]. increased when temperatures Available from: http://link. springer.com/10.1007/ were extremely hot (99th s00038-018-1094-6 percentile), compared to when 4 A. TOBÍAS, P. G. de OLALLA, temperatures were high (95th C. LINARES, M. J. BLEDA, J. * People vulnerable to climate percentile), showed that this A. CAYLÀ, J. Díaz, “Short- term effects of extreme change: people directly affected increased risk was significant hot summer temperatures by the effects of climate change, in men over the age of 75 and in on total daily mortality in owing to their socio-economic Barcelona, Spain”, Int J women over the age of 65. More Biometeorol (2010) 54(2), situation, health or age. specifically, the rise in women pp. 115-117. was 29% when aged 65 to 74 and 5 C. BORRELL, M. rose to 40% when over the age of MARÍ-DELL’OLMO, M. RODRÍGUEZ-SANZ et al., 85. “Socioeconomic position and excess mortality during the heat wave of 2003 in Barcelona”, Eur J Epidemiol., (2006), 21(9). 6 J. F. MARTÍNEZ NAVARRO, F. SIMÓN-SORIA i G. LÓPEZ-ABENTE, “Valoración del impacto de la ola de calor del verano de 2003”, Gaceta Sanitaria (2004). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 25 • Socio-economic status explained by people’s physiological acclimatisation and change of habits as It has been observed from some well as structural changes such as more studies that socio-economic households with air-conditioning, better status has a modifying effect housing conditions and improvements on the relationship between in the population’s state of health8,9. temperature and mortality. It was in Barcelona during the summer of 2003, that Borrell et al. (2006) found that the excessive Territorial factors mortality was occurring in women Finally, temperatures, individual irrespective of level of education, conditions and the socio-economic although the increase for some and physical contexts differ within age groups was greater for the same city and may determine the women with a lower educational existence of neighbourhoods (or areas) level. The fact that mortality especially vulnerable to heat (territorial was greater in disadvantaged vulnerability). social groups could have been 7 O. PRIETO (dir.), Condicions because less air-conditioning de vida i hàbits de la gent gran de Barcelona, was available. It should be borne • Territorial distribution of heat Barcelona, Barcelona City in mind that air-conditioning in Council, 2009. a city such as Barcelona was It was observed from an analysis 8 A. GASPARRINI, Y. GUO, limited (27% of the people aged M. HASHIZUME et al., of heat waves in 2012 and 2015 7 “Temporal variation 65 or over), although it had risen that daytime temperatures were in heat–mortality drastically over the last few years. associations: A highest in the districts of Les multicountry study”, Corts, Esquerra de l’Eixample, Environmental Health Perspectives, (2015) Nou Barris and Ciutat Vella. In 123(11), p. 1200-1207. Temporary factors contrast, the areas with the 9 H. ACHEBAK, D. lowest temperatures were in the DEVOLDER, J. Ballester, As for temporary vulnerability, recent coastal area, specifically in the “Heat-related mortality trends under recent studies have shown that the risk neighbourhoods of Barceloneta climate warming in Spain: of heat-related deaths during the and Poblenou, owing to the A 36-year observational study”, PLoS Med, (2018) summer months has dropped over thermoregulatory effect of the 15(7), p. 1-17. the last few decades. This can be sea. The situation was reversed TEMPERATURE IN THE 2015 HEAT WAVE BY CENSUS SECTION Source: Barcelona Regional, Low High 2017. 26 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 at night, however, with the that could affect heat-related highest temperatures recorded risks to health; these indicators along the coastal belt. The city are as follows: members of the centre was the area showing the population over the age of 75, least variation in high and low energy behaviour of buildings temperatures during the day and according to their demand for at night. cooling, lack of vegetation and the socio-economic indicator of low educational levels. The • Territorial distribution of most vulnerable areas, if we vulnerability to heat take these parameters into account, are concentrated in the A study has been conducted on neighbourhoods near the Besós the city’s vulnerability to high sector, part of Horta and most of temperatures, compiling an the Sants-Montjuïc district. index based on four indicators HEAT WAVE Low VULNERABILITY MAP OF BARCELONA Barcelona average High Source: Barcelona Regional, 2017. If we combine the territorial district of Nou Barris and several distribution of temperatures areas in the districts of Sants- according to the heat wave of 2015, Montjuïc, Les Corts and Eixample. and differential effects on the city’s neighbourhoods, with vulnerabilities Another study conducted in the associated with risk parameters, we Barcelona Metropolitan Area 10 Y. XU, P. DADVAND, J. can create a map of areas with greater determined that the risk of mortality BARRERA-GÓMEZ et al., “Differences on the effect priority for action, where the effects due to heat increased in the areas with of heat waves on mortality on the population are greater. Such a the largest percentage of old buildings, by sociodemographic combination would provide a “Heat- a higher rate of manual workers and and urban landscape characteristics”, Journal wave risk map for 2015”, according to lower perception of green areas among of Epidemiology and residents.10 which the city’s areas worst affected Community Health, (2013), 67(6). by the heat waves would be in the Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 27 RISK MAP OF THE 2015 HEAT WAVE, CROSS-CHECKING INFORMATION ON THE HEAT SUFFERED IN THE AREA IN 2015 WITH THE VARIOUS FACTORS ANALYSED Source: Barcelona Regional, 2017. * Energy poverty: The ENERGY POVERTY inability of a household to meet its members’ Energy poverty and climate change Energy poverty in Barcelona basic energy and water needs, such as: Energy poverty is a complex At present, energy poverty affects - Keeping their home in phenomenon that can be defined as 10.6% of Barcelona’s population, heating and cooling the inability of a household to secure which corresponds to some 69,500 conditions suitable for a socially and materially required households13. 9.4% and 11.4% of the their health (from 18ºC level* of energy services in the home. population say they are unable to keep to 20ºC in winter and 25ºC in summer). In the European context, the most their home at a suitable temperature direct cause of energy poverty is the during the cold months and hottest - Not having the minimum amount of interaction between high energy prices, months respectively, while 13.9% say potable water available low energy efficiency in households they are behind on their utility and (100 litres per person and electrical appliances and low service payments (gas, water, electricity, per day). incomes11,12. community) and 9.7% say they have leaks and damp in their home. These The main effects of climate change percentages are higher among the most (more heat, less water) will also lead disadvantaged, at 16.4%, 18.6%, 20.3% to changes in energy-consumption and 12.4% respectively. patterns: it is anticipated that there will be a fall in demand for heating, Due to structural gender inequalities, 11 Bouzarovski S, Petrova and, by contrast, a rise in demand for women have greater difficulty finding S. A global perspective water and cooling in homes. Climate decent housing and meeting the costs on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming change could cause price variations of basic utilities. 70% of the financial the energy poverty-fuel for water, energy and food, no doubt aid granted in Barcelona for energy poverty binary. Energy Res upwards, and impede access to these poverty in 2015 had been requested Soc Sci. 2015;10:31–40. basic resources. On the other hand, by women and it has been shown that 12 Boardman B. Fuel poverty: from cold homes given the city’s demographic and socio- single-mother families have a 43% to affordable warmth. economic dynamics, climate change is risk of not being able to access basic Belhaven Press London; 13 1991. expected to cause a rise in numbers of utilities . Another collective especially vulnerable members of the population vulnerable to the effects of energy 13 Radiografies de la situació del dret a l’habitatge, la and a concomitant increase in energy poverty are children. It is estimated pobresa energètica i el poverty, which would also result in that 15% of households with children seu impacte en la salut a Barcelona, Irene Gonzalez, greater vulnerability to the effects of in Barcelona are unable to keep their 2018. high temperatures on health. home at a suitable temperature during 28 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 the coldest months, a figure which rises been launched and financial aid has to 30% in Ciutat Vella and Nou Barris.14 been approved for renovating dwellings for people in vulnerable situations. The 14 Precarietat energètica To tackle this problem in Barcelona, profiles of the people attended to at i infància a la ciutat de eleven energy-advice points (PAEs) have PAEs are as follows: Barcelona, Enginyeria been opened, coordinated vulnerable- sense Fronteres, February 2020. household detection protocols have PROFILE OF PEOPLE ASSISTED UNDER THE BARCELONA LOCAL SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION PLANS Source: Barcelona Regional, 2017. 67 % 39.5% 65% of the people of households of the people attended to were received warnings of attended to were women utility-supply cuts tenants 50 % 62 % 6 % of the households of the households were at risk of severe included minors attended to suffered energy poverty from one of the energy- poverty indicators Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 29 The results generated by the project report poor self-perceived health, a led by the ASPB entitled “Pobresa percentage that drops to 21.2% in the energètica i salut (PENSA)” [Energy case of women without energy poverty. Poverty and Health] demonstrated In men, these percentages are 30.1% that energy poverty varied between and 15.2%, respectively. As for mental Barcelona’s various neighbourhoods, health, 38% of women in a situation as shown in the neighbourhood- of energy poverty report poor self- distribution map of an energy poverty perceived mental health, a percentage index that was obtained by combining that drops to 17.5% in the case of six related indicators. The higher the women without energy poverty. In men, index value, the higher the level of these percentages are 33.9% and 14%, energy poverty in the neighbourhood. respectively. According to this index, the three neighbourhoods most affected by energy poverty were Ciutat Meridiana, Vallbona and Baró de Viver. VECTORS AND DISEASES One of the anticipated effects of climate change is alteration of the DISTRIBUTION MAP geographic and seasonal distributions ACCORDING TO NEIGHBOURHOOD OF of vectors and the diseases they THE GEOGRAPHICAL transmit, which may cause more ENERGY-POVERTY intense and longer-lasting transmission INDEX. seasons. We know that 60% of the Source: Barcelona Public organisms that are infectious to Health Agency, PENSA project. humans are responsible for zoonotic diseases and 80% of these diseases are transmitted by pest vectors, such as ticks, flees and mosquitoes. The arrival in 2004 of the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) to our shores and its subsequent spread has change the epidemiological scenario of some diseases, specifically dengue fever, infection from the Zika virus and Energy poverty infection from the Chikungunya virus, + - given that we never had a vector until now that was capable of transmitting them. The first autochthonous cases of Energy poverty and health in Barcelona dengue fever in Spain were identified in 2018, a total of six of which were Energy poverty has direct negative confirmed, five in Murcia and one in the effects on people’s physical and mental province of Barcelona. In 2019 there health and indirect effects on health was only one case of an autochthonous and well-being, as it makes it harder vectorial transmission, and that was in for people to perform their daily tasks Catalonia. such as care work, remunerated work and studies, and may have social Likewise, the presence of other urban consequences such as stigmatisation or vectors deserves special attention, 15 L. OLIVERAS, L. reduced social interaction. given the recent rise in their incidence. ARTAZCOZ, C. BORRELL, L. PALÈNCIA, M. J. LÓPEZ, Here the common mosquito, sand flies, M. GOTSENS, A. PERALTA, The results generated by the PENSA ticks and murids can cause several M. MARÍ-DELL’OLMO (2020), “The association project15 show how people in a situation diseases with an impact on public of energy poverty with of energy poverty in Barcelona have health such as the West Nile virus, health, health care worse self-perceived health, worse Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever utilisation and medication use in southern Europe”, mental health and greater morbidity and virus, leptospirosis and leishmaniasis, SSM - Population Health. make greater use of the health services and which require surveillance and https://doi.org/https:// doi.org/10.1016/j. and medicines. For example, 45.3% of control measures to reduce their risks ssmph.2020.100665 women in a situation of energy poverty to the population. 30 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 PERCENTAGE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM OR FREE OF AN ENERGY- 60 - 60 - Not energy POVERTY SITUATION. poverty Source: Barcelona Public Energy Health Agency, PENSA project. 40 - 40 - poverty 20 - 20 - 0 - 0 - Self-perceived Poor mental Self-perceived Poor mental ill health health ill health health Due to changes in temperatures, The main impact of air pollution on precipitations and humidity, these health in Barcelona, resulting from insects can expand the geographical chronic exposure to the usual pollution area their populations live in, increasing levels is a worsening of cardiovascular their distribution area, so that they can and respiratory diseases, lung cancer enhance their reproduction capacities and total mortality. and go through more life cycles in less time, thereby encouraging their proliferation and making them an infectious vector within a shorter period OTHER EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE of time. ON HEALTH To respond to these threats, the ASPB Water quality and availability has been implementing urban pest surveillance and control programmes It is estimated that climate change and epidemiological surveillance will reduce the global quantity of programmes. precipitation and increase the number and seriousness of extreme climatic events such as droughts and torrential rain. Such climate changes cause a AIR QUALITY, CLIMATE AND HEALTH reduction in existing water resources, change their quality and threaten Climate, air pollution and health are the health guarantee required for linked together in a complex way. water consumption (UNESCO, 2011). Climate change and atmospheric Barcelona suffers from recurring pollution share many of the sources episodes of drought that have been of emissions that cause them. On a turning potable water into a very global level, climate change causes a valuable resource and putting at risk worsening of air quality (WHO, 2018). In the city’s capacity to supply water. Barcelona’s case, the forecasts indicate that the effects of climate change Climate change is associated with an could lead to an increase in the annual increase in the number and diversity concentration of three atmospheric of pathogens in water, as well as an pollutants: particles, NO and, to a increase in incidents involving these 2 lesser extent, O3. These pollutants associated infectious diseases (Epstein, have a harmful effect on the health 2001). Recent investments in the of the population and air pollution in treatment systems that supply the city Barcelona is a serious public-health with water seem a good starting point problem. for taking on the challenges relating to the scarcity and quality of drinking Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 31 Percentage (%) Percentage (%) water in the city. Despite that, we need obesity rates and risks of serious to continue monitoring the quality of our illnesses in adulthood. Even so, 10% of drinking water and check that it is not children aged 3 to 4 in Barcelona are altered during periods of heavy rainfall obese. That is why it is essential for or drought. people to have access to a sustainable, sufficient and suitable diet, with healthy habits. Food Climate change and our food are Motorised mobility connected. On the one hand, climate change can have an indirect effect Motorised transport has a direct impact on food through its potential impact not just on greenhouse gas emissions on ecosystems and the environment, but also on the health of the population, causing a change to or reduction in food owing to the emission of pollutants into production, and also on food prices and the air, the noise generated by vehicles, availability, thereby affecting nutritional the injuries caused in traffic collisions states and child and adult health. On and the lack of physical activity due the other hand, food production is one to the presence of unsafe or hostile of the main factors that contribute to environments. climate change: agriculture contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions, the global production model has also been increasing emissions, due to the Mental health transport of products, and displacing traditional local consumption, and Natural disasters and the rise in the the growing presence of meat in our number of infectious diseases — diet is bringing about higher levels associated with climate change — can of greenhouse gas emissions from cause anxiety, psychological or post- livestock. traumatic stress, severe depression and somatisation. In fact, many of the The Lancet Commission has defined recent newcomers are climate refugees, the global syndemic as a combination who have suffered an intense trauma in of three pandemics — obesity, the process, with potential long-term undernutrition and climate change — effects. In addition, heat and heat waves which affects most people in all the can trigger or worsen various mental world’s countries and regions. A healthy illnesses. What is more, some medicines diet (500 g of fruit and vegetables and can interfere with thermoregulation and 500 g of legumes and other vegetables thereby increase a person’s vulnerability every day) play a vital role in reducing to heat. 32 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 5. BARCELONA IN THE FUTURE 5.1. WHAT WILL BARCELONA’S CLIMATE BE LIKE IN THE FUTURE? Reducing emissions may be a global commitment, but the effects of failing to meet it are local. Hence our analysis of how climate change may affect Barcelona, based on Catalan Meteorological Service forecasts and focusing on two possible scenarios: the committed scenario or RCP4.5 and the passive scenario or RCP8.5. These two scenarios were also studied in the RESCCUE (Resilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban Areas) European project by the Climate Research Foundation (FIC). This research centre has carried out simulations of ten global models for the Barcelona region. The results obtained reaffirm the upward trend of average temperatures by 1.7 °C towards the end of the century for the RCP4.5 scenario and an increase of up to 4.5 °C towards the end of the century for the RCP8.5 scenario. 1. COMMITTED SCENARIO PASSIVE SCENARIO (or RCP4.5) 2. (or RCP8.5) A more committed scenario (aka A more passive scenario (aka RCP8.5) RCP4.5), in which the 2015 Paris which represents a situation in which Agreement emission reduction targets the targets set in Paris are not reached, are achieved. In this scenario, the so the GHG concentrations at the end of concentration of GHGs would be higher the century would be much higher than than now at the end of the century but present levels. The increase in global the increase would be reduced from temperature would be considerably 2030 onwards, in order to restrict the higher than 2ºC. maximum rise in the overall temperature of the planet to 1.5 - 2ºC. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 33 More specifically, a rise in temperatures is forecast in Barcelona’s case, and a downward trend in rainfall: RISE IN TEMPERATURES PASSIVE Source: Catalan SCENARIO Meteorological Service. +2ºC +3ºC +1.6ºC +1.7ºC COMMITTED SCENARIO 17.6ºC* * Source: Regionalised climate scenarios in Barcelona Metropolitan Area (2016). Modelled data for 1971-2000 at Barcelona City Council (Plaça Sant Jaume). The average temperature for the whole of Barcelona is 16.77 ºC. 2015 2050 2100 Note that the increase in average is a reduction in accumulated rainfall temperatures will be very pronounced in in the city of between 14% and 26% the summer. According to the RESCCUE towards the end of the century. project’s results, average summer The studies carried out within the temperatures could rise by 3 °C in the framework of the RESCCUE project committed scenario by the end of the confirm this downward trend of century and by 5.5 °C (up to a maximum precipitation in our region. Despite of 8.5 °C) in the passive scenario by the it being a phenomenon with a high end of the century. On the other hand, associated degree of uncertainty, higher winter temperatures of 1.5 °C the modelling carried out by the FIC and 3 °C are expected by the end of the predicted a 15% drop in precipitation century for the passive and committed by the end of the century for the RCP4.5 scenarios respectively. This will lead scenario and a possible drop of as much to much milder winters than those at as 30% by the end of the century for present. the RCP8.5 scenario. This reduction in water resources could be worsened by According to climate change scenarios increased winds (up to 0.5 m/s) and analysed, the expectation in both the plant evapotranspiration (between 14% committed scenario (reduction of and 27%), situations that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions according to the availability of water in contributing the Paris Agreement) and the passive basins. scenarios (no reduction in emissions) 34 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 FALL IN RAINFALL 587 mm* Catalan Meteorological Service. -14 % ESCENARI COMPROMÈS -26 % ESCENARI PASSIU * Source: Regionalised climate scenarios in Barcelona Metropolitan Area (2016). Modelled data for 1971-2000 at Barcelona City Council (Plaça Sant Jaume). 2015 2100 The average rainfall for the whole of Barcelona is 569 mm. 5.2. THE MAIN EFFECTS PEOPLE’S QUALITY OF LIFE AND OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PUBLIC SAFETY: BARCELONA • More discomfort due to the heat. • Need to improve the comfort of Climate change is anticipated to lead homes. to a worsening of people’s living and working conditions and an increase • Need for more friendly public spaces in social inequalities, migration and (shade, fountains, cool places). conflicts. • Emergency situations caused by heat waves, flooding, drought or fires. PEOPLE’S HEALTH AND SURVIVAL: • Heat has a direct effect on mortality, GUARANTEE OF BASIC SUPPLIES: mainly on the elderly and the vulnerable with previous chronic • Scarcity of water due to droughts. illnesses, among other things. • High energy demand due to extreme • Heat has an indirect effect on health temperatures. owing to changes in food production and the worsening of the quality of air and water. COST OF LIVING: • Climate change will be accompanied • Higher food and water prices. by new disease-bearing vectors, for • More poverty. example, tiger mosquitoes, which can transmit diseases produced by arboviruses, such as dengue, yellow ENVIRONMENT: fever, West Nile, chikungunya and Zika viruses • Disappearance of species and landscapes. • Appearance of pests and infestations and invasive species. • Loss of beaches. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 35 The biggest climate change challenges that Barcelona will have to face are: ! ! ! ! Rising Reduced Increased Shrinking temperatures. availability of flooding. beaches. water. We have also analysed Air quality Infrastructure the effect climate change will have on the following aspects: Fires Biodiversity Energy flows To view the complete studies, visit the Climate Emergency Action Plan’s Urban Heat Island web page: http://lameva. barcelona.cat/barcelona- pel-clima 36 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 INCREASINGLY TODAY HOT There has been a confirmed upward trend in temperatures in Barcelona from the 18th century to the present. The evolution of the annual average temperature has been showing a clear ! upward trend since the 1990s. EVOLUTION OF ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN BARCELONA (1780-2019). Source: Catalan Meteorological Service. 17,0- 16,5- 16,0- 15,5- 15,0- 14,5- 14,0- 13,5- 13,0- 12,5- 12,0- VARIATION OF 2,5- TEMPERATURE (1780-2019). 2,0- *This variation is calculated by comparing the average 1,5- temperature of each year with regard to the 1981-2010 period 0,5- Source: Catalan 0,0- Meteorological Service. -0,5- -1,0- -1,5- -2,0- -2,5- -3,0- -3,5- Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 37 Temperature anomaly (ºC) with respect to the period 1981-2010 Temperature (ºC) 1780 1780 1800 1800 1820 1820 1840 1840 1860 1860 1880 1880 1900 1900 1920 1920 1940 1940 1960 1960 1980 1980 2000 2000 2020 2020 In all, 11 heat waves have been recorded the last 4 heat waves in the last 5 years. in the city over the last 37 years, with DIES DE DURADA DE LES DIFERENTS 14- ONADES DE CALOR* 12- 13 10- * These heat waves are 8- they calculated taking into 7 account that the threshold 6- 6 temperature is of 33.1ºC. 4- 5 4 4 5 3 4 2- 3 3 Source: Barcelona Regional a from the information on 0- different heat waves weather stations. At present, in Barcelona’s case, a temperature is calculated every year heat wave occurs when maximum from the average of the temperatures temperatures rise above 33.6ºC for above the 98th percentile of the three three consecutive days. This reference hottest months of the year. TOMORROW MEASURES IMPLEMENTED SO FAR Rising temperatures will have Barcelona has been working for years to consequences for health but not reduce the effects of heat waves in the just in terms of heat waves. A rise in city by, for example: temperatures at night can also have an • Increasing the quantity and impact, as the period of night-time rest quality of green infrastructure, is when people recover from the heat as this provides shade and cooler during the day. temperatures. • Improving the thermal comfort of public buildings and facilities by means of energy renovation. • Taking the necessary steps to ensure that people have equal access to energy, setting up the energy advice points (PAE) which offer information and support. • Approving the Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of Heat Waves on Health (POCS). • Creation of a network of climate shelters. 38 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Days 1982 1987 1990 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2017 2018 2019 Evolution of heat waves, hot and torrid end of the century. The data from the year days and tropical and torrid nights from 2019 correspond to the average of the the 1982-2015 period to 2019 (last Barcelona meteorological stations, not column) and a comparison with the including the Fabra Observatory’s average. committed and passive scenarios for the Starting data. End of century Today (2019) Result of the Projections Observed data average for the COMMITTED PASSIVE period 1982-2015 SCENARIO SCENARIO 1 2 4-5 1 +33,6 ºC heat wave every heat waves a year heat waves a year heat wave Heat wave: 4 years when maximum temperatures exceed 33.6ºC for three consecutive days. Percentile 98 of the year’s three hottest months. x8 x16 x4 22 50 80 24 hot days a year hot days a year hot days a year hot days a year > 30ºC Hot day x2 x4 1 2.5 8.5 1 torrid day every 2 torrid days a year torrid days a year torrid day years > 35ºC Torrid day x5 x17 x2 38 83 112 78 tropical nights a tropical nights a year tropical nights a year tropical nights year > 20ºC Tropical nights x2 x3 x2 1 2.5 6 3 torrid night a year torrid nights a year torrid nights a year torrid nights a year > 25ºC Torrid night x2 x6 x3 Source: Original, based on data from the Catalan Meteorological Service. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 39 INCREASINGLY Barcelona and its metropolitan area water supply currently comes from the LESS WATER: are home to most of the population surface resources of other basins. Other BARCELONA and the majority of economic activities, supply sources include underground which cannot cover their potable water resources, the desalination plant and WILL NEED needs with their own water resources. rainwater. ADDITIONAL Consequently, a large part of the city’s WATER RESOURCES Today (Current situation) T omorrow (Mid-century) COMMITTED SCENARIO ! Surface resources 60% -12% 80.000 x 40% -9% =200 Underground hm3 of water resources 18 hm3 +4 % rise in Need for additional demand potable water TODAY with Barcelona’s need estimated at 18 hm3 a year. Some 200 hm3 of water (80,000 Olympic swimming pools) enters Barcelona every In order to obtain the extra water year. 60% of that comes via the potable needed it is planned to increase the use water system (117 hm3), 30% from ra- of alternative water resources, namely, inwater and 10% from groundwater for 2.7 hm3 of groundwater for all municipal non-potable uses. However, the city cu- uses that do not require potable water rrently has a deficit in its water supply quality, 5 hm3 of regenerated water system, as the resources are less than, for industrial uses and 1.3 hm3 of grey or very close to, the level of demand one water in new housing developments and year out of every four. At the moment renovation projects, besides exploiting this is being resolved with the reservoir the Besòs aquifer (12 hm3) and using reserves of previous years, but the gua- rainwater. There is also the desalination ranteed supply is only one year. plant, which can provide water when necessary. TOMORROW MEASURES IMPLEMENTED SO FAR A slight reduction in water resources, greater variability in its availability The following measures have been and an increase in demand is forecast. implemented in recent years to reduce More specifically, a 12% reduction in potable water consumption and surface resources and a 9% reduction guarantee the water supply: in underground resources is forecast by 2050, along with a 4% increase • Campaigns and programmes to raise in demand for different uses. There public awareness. will therefore be a general need for • Reduction of consumption in additional potable water resources in municipal services (public fountains, the metropolitan area of 34 hm3 a year, 40 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 urban green infrastructure • Improved system redundancy by management, etc.) linking up the main water tanks. • Use of alternative water resources, • Definition of a drought action especially groundwater, for protocol. certain uses (sprinklers, cleaning, ornamental fountains). • Drafting a Barcelona Alternative Water Resources Plan. • Consolidation and optimisation of the water supply system to prevent leaks. INCREASED The risk of flooding due to a lack of increased by the characteristics of the RISK OF drainage in Barcelona is shaped by the Mediterranean climate where, typically, FLOODS terrain profile, the high impermeability most rainfall is concentrated in few, ratio and the artificialisation of high-intensity episodes. natural water courses. This effect is ! Today (Current situation) Tomorrow (Mid-century) COMMITTED SCENARIO PASSIVE 1959 2009 SCENARIO 45% 72% Impermeable Impermeable surface area surface area TODAY when it does rain it will be more intense and concentrated in extreme episodes. The high degree of impermeability in the This increase in rainfall intensity may city means a greater amount of rainwater cause certain areas of the city to flood, is turned into runoff. From 1956 to 2009, which would put the city’s drainage Barcelona’s impermeable surface area system to the test. During the last increased by over 2,800 ha, from 45% to quarter of a century, there have been 72% of the city’s total surface area. 8 years where the rainfall has had a The drainage system can currently cope 20-minute intensity above 100 mm/hour with rainfall that has a 10-year return and 6 years where it has had an at least period (T10), (despite the pressure on a 60-minute intensity above 60 mm/h. some sections). On average, 4 annual episodes have been recorded of rainfall with a 20-minute Despite the fact that the trends indicate intensity above 60 mm/h, causing there will be less annual average rainfall, flooding and disruptions to mobility. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 41 Measures implemented so far HISTORICAL SERIES Historical series BCASA 1995-2018. BCASA 1995-2018. 2020 Measures implemented in recent years to avoid flooding include the following: Source: BCASA. 1 2 • Construction of 15 rainwater episodes of to- episodes of retention tanks that protect the city rrential rain / torrential rain against intense rain episodes, as 5 years well as the quality of the receiving x10 environment. • Promotion of sustainable urban drainage systems, which operate 3 4 like natural processes for filtering, episodes of episodes of storing, infiltrating and evaporating heavy rainfall / heavy rainfall runoff water in a decentralised year manner that supplements the x1,3 network of collectors and large tanks. • Increasing the city’s green surfaces. 3 1 • Preparation of the Comprehensive activacions activation of the Master Plan for the Barcelona del PAM / year PAM due to drai- Sewerage and Drainage System nage insufficien- (PDISBA). cy x0,3 1 0 any sec / 4 years standby for drought TOMORROW However, in the two scenarios studied and with the current level of imper- meability, the system is expected to overflow at some points. Its fragility is evident in Poblenou, the Diagonal axis, Sant Andreu, Badal and Sant Antoni. Considering that the current network already presents problems with the existing rainfall system, these problems are expected to get worse in the future as, according to the results of the climate forecasts made in the RESCCUE project, we are going to experience more and more torrential rain events in the city. Rainfall with a 10-year return period is expected to rise by 20% around the middle of the century and by 40% towards the end of the century, whereas rainfall with a 100- year return period will rise by 30% around the middle of this century and by 45% towards the end of this century. 42 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 SHRINKING Flooding caused by the rise in seal level suffer reductions of between 30% and CITY BEACHES, is calculated by using the flood level. 46%. According to the general climate DUE TO THE This is determined by three parameters: forecasts, extreme events will become the localised increase in the average more frequent, though with little change RISE IN SEA sea level causing permanent flooding; in their magnitude. More specifically, LEVEL the tide and changes in wind pressure what had previously been associated causing potential flooding; and, finally, with 50-year return periods is now the swell effect causing extreme expected to be associated with 35-year flooding. Powerful waves are currently periods by 2050. Simulations of the responsible for the major problems on various global climate models carried the Barcelona shoreline during extreme out in the RESCCUE project confirm this ! storm episodes. sea-level trend of rainfall in the city’s coastal area. TODAY MEASURES IMPLEMENTED SO FAR Even in today’s conditions, Barcelona’s eight beaches are at high risk from In an effort to prevent the loss of sand sea storms. In fact. 80% of the their due to the effect of sea storms and to surface area, apart from Barceloneta, is protect the seafront, dykes have been affected by this risk. built and over 700,000 m3 of sand was brought in under the Barcelona Beach Stabilisation Plan in 2009 and 2010. TOMORROW As a consequence of climate change, it is expected that there will be more flooding, morphological changes in the beaches and a greater exposure of port infrastructures, although sea passage will not be affected at all under normal wave swell conditions. A rise in sea levels could lead to coastal recessions in all the city’s beaches, as it would bring about a loss of usable sand area for users there. Some beaches, such as the Sant Sebastià, could practically disappear in the worst-case scenarios, while others may Today (Current Tomorrow (End of century) situation) COMMITTED PASSIVE SCENARIO SCENARIO Average sea level Rise in sea level between Rise in sea level between (0 cm) +46 cm/+115 cm +64 cm/+133 cm Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 43 5.3. OTHER IMPACTS THAT CLIMATE CHANGE HAS AIR QUALITY URBAN HEAT ISLAND ENERGY FLOWS The projections made The most intense urban heat Taking into account consumption in so far show the effects island effect in Barcelona all the sectors (residential, tertiary, of climate change could presently occurs at night transport and industrial), and bearing lead to an increase in the and during winter. Urban in mind that climate change will not annual concentration monitoring stations register produce any variation in the latter of the three pollutants temperatures up to 3ºC two, the projections show that in the analysed. The biggest (annual average) higher than “committed” scenario the reduction increase would be in those outside the city but in energy consumption by the end PM10 particles, medium differences of as much as 7 of century will be 6.7% less than in NO2 and much less to 8ºC have been observed. current consumption, and in the more in O3. However, those Climate change will intensify “passive” scenario it could be 7.3% projections do not take the urban heat island less than the current level. Despite into account that these effect, as it will increase the overall reduction in energy increases could be offset exposure to episodes of consumption, however, a change in by the consolidation of high temperatures and heat the public’s consumption patterns new technologies, which waves, with more serious is forecast with an increase in the mean fewer emissions, consequences. demand for electricity, mainly due to nor the reduction in the need for air conditioning linked mobility by private to episodes of high temperatures transport. as well as new consumption linked to e-mobility, which would create a bigger need for power distribution infrastructure in the city. 44 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 BIODIVERSITY FOREST FIRES IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURES Rising temperatures and periods of Climate projections show there drought could impact on vegetation will be an increased fire risk in After the beaches, in natural areas. The phenology of the Mediterranean region. Around the sanitation and plants is currently affected and water Barcelona, however, there are other transport systems are the stress could mean a loss of vitality, the factors associated with human infrastuctures that could be penetration of better-adapted species activity, urbanisation processes and most affected by increased and make them more vulnerable to changes in land use that bear the main flooding risks(river, urban, suffering from pests and infestations. responsibility for fires. Given the rise in due to a rise in the sea level temperatures and reduction in rainfall or sea storms) or fires. In the case of fauna, these changes caused by climate change (leading to could affect particularly vulnerable increased water stress and more highly species: fish, amphibians and combustible vegetation), there will be a butterflies. It should be emphasised moderate increase in the fire risk. that some pest species (cockroaches, monk parakeets and murids) could The areas of Barcelona where there benefit from the change in climatic is, and will be, a bigger risk of fires conditions, as well as some species of are mainly on the Barcelona side of mosquito that transmit diseases such Collserola in the Vallvidrera, Tibidabo i as dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile les Planes, Horta, Canyelles and Torre fever, chikungunya fever and the Zika Baró neighbourhoods. virus. In general, all these changes could contribute to the simplification of ecosystems and therefore reduce biodiversity. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 45 BLOCK 2: ACTION PLAN 6. THE PRINCIPLES 9. TRANSITION TO A 13. MONITORING BEHIND THE ACTION CARBON-NEUTRAL Page 179 PLAN CITY Page 48 Page 65 7. HOW I T HAS 10. STRATEGIC 14. WOULD YOU MOVED ON TO GOALS AND TARGETS LIKE MORE ACTION Page 70 INFORMATION? Page 54 Page 180 11. AREAS AND 8. CHANGES LINES OF ACTION 15. INITIALS AND OF MODEL AND Page 72 SYMBOLS NECESSARY Page 181 ADAPTATIONS Page 61 12. TIMEFRAME Page 166 46 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ACTION PLAN COMMITMENT / RESILIENCE / SAVINGS / EFFICIENCY / RENEWABLES / REFURBISHMENT / SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY / GOVERNANCE / TRAINING / INFORMATION / COMMUNICATION / COOPERATION / RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION / CO- RESPONSIBILITY / ACCELERATION / PROACTIVITY / GREEN AND BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE / CO-PRODUCTION LONG TERM / HOLISTIC / MULTILEVEL / MULTISCALE / ECGREEN AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY / PRODUCTIVE ROOFS / HEALTH / CLIMATE SCENARIOS / PROJECTIONS Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 47 6. THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE ACTION PLAN Barcelona takes responsibility for its contribution to climate change and is preparing itself to be less vulnerable to the effects of that change. It is focusing on the It is comprehensively It is speeding up It is dealing with all this people, as it directly transforming the city efficiency, renovation through a process of affects their health and so we can tackle the and the introduction of citizen co-production. quality of life. risks and turn them renewable energies so into opportunities. we are better adapted. 48 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 MISSION VISION + RESPONSIBLE, A proactive city that adopts a comprehensive approach to tackling - VULNERABLE, the challenge of climate change and + HEALTH, assumes its responsibility in that + QUALITY OF LIFE regard; a city that can find opportunities in difficulties and adapt to new climate • To reduce Barcelona’s conditions intelligently, generating co- contribution to climate change. benefits for people and socio-economic activity. • To anticipate climate risks to ensure the city continues to function and improve its response capacity. • To reduce the vulnerability of people to climate change by guaranteeing their health and well-being. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 49 VALUES: THE PILLARS OF A MORE SUSTAINABLE BARCELONA HABITABLE, SOCIALLY FAIR SAFE BARCELONA BARCELONA HEALTHY BARCELONA A SOCIALLY FAIR A SAFE, HABITABLE A HEALTHY BARCELONA BARCELONA, that takes BARCELONA that enables that promotes active the social, economic, people to live in comfort living, where you can gender, territorial and and social cohesion, with breathe clean air and cultural diversity of its quality green areas, and enjoy quality public citizens into account generates safe, friendly spaces, and people’s when applying policies spaces that are suitable health and well-being is and measures. for everyone. guaranteed. 50 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA COMMITED BARCELONIANS EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS A LOW-CARBON, AN EFFICIENT, A BARCELONA THAT AND SOME COMMITTED DISTRIBUTIVE RENEWABLE LEARNS, tries out BARCELONIANS, MEN BARCELONA that is not BARCELONA with solutions every day and AND WOMEN who know so dependent on fossil sustainable mobility, never forgets, that moves they can change the fuels for generating that makes good use of forward and improves situation by their actions energy, nor products its resources and closes every day but is aware it and protect the future for and services, and where cycles. still has a lot to learn. the generations to come. economic benefits are distributed among its inhabitants. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 51 All the measures in this Plan have a core theme in common: people and their • They should prioritise green and well-being. Priority is therefore given to soft measures (ones that use nature actions that correspond to the following or governance) over grey measures criteria: (which imply big investments in infrastructures that are generally • They should provide a social return, more rigid). that is, one with a positive cost- benefit relationship for society. • They should be co-produced, with the maximum involvement of all • They should be replicable and interested stakeholders. generate a high positive impact with a broad scope. • They should enable us to take action, and learn from mistakes and • They should be co-beneficial, in good decisions, even without having other words, respond to more than all the information. one challenge. • They should not compromise the • They should be flexible and scalable future, either in technological or as changes are gradually produced. contractual terms. 52 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 SCOPE COMPETENCE SCOPE TIME SCOPE: LONG TERM MULTI-LEVEL AND HOLISTIC Climate change poses a challenge with Barcelona cannot fight climate change a high degree of complexity and requires on its own. Naturally, it has to use all profound changes in the way of doing the powers it can, but it also has to things. The climate projections are be consistent with the policies and therefore made with 2100 in mind, while plans of higher authorities, especially the goals and targets are long-term in the metropolitan sphere. Therefore, (2030 and 2050) and the associated the Climate Plan also has to involve actions either short-term (2020) or organisations, companies and ordinary medium to long-term (2030), depending citizens in the process and promote on their importance and feasibility. co-responsibility. Finally, it has to do that with a holistic, intradisciplinary vision, where measures are projected and put into practice with a mainstream approach, integrating all sectors. TERRITORIAL SCOPE: MULTI-SCALE Climate change does not respect borders. So, to analyse some specific issues (such as the water cycle), wider geographic scales are taken into account (metropolitan, regional, state and international). The Climate Plan envisages a range of measures, ranging from international cooperation to others on a neighbourhood scale. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 53 7. HOW IT HAS MOVED ON TO ACTION A CO-PRODUCED CLIMATE Climate and the start of a process PLAN, FROM CONCEPTION that ended up with the drafting of the Climate Plan, which was approved TO IMPLEMENTATION in 2018. Social protests have gained momentum throughout the world over In 2015 the organisations signed up the last few months, calling for urgent, to the More Sustainable Barcelona decisive action. This call was expressed Network called on Barcelona City in Barcelona in the Climate Emergency Council to come up with a roadmap Declaration 2020, which makes the for tackling the climate crisis. This Climate Plan even more ambitious and led to the Barcelona Commitment to accelerates its implementation. 2015 2017 2018 2020 Each of the three documents has been not been confined to the drafting of promoted through citizen initiatives documents (co-production of ideas), and implemented through citizen but has included the implementation of participation and co-production. collaborative projects (co-production of Citizen involvement has been both actions). face to face and online, with the online platform Decidim.Barcelona put at the Below, we offer an account of how the public’s disposal to enable inclusive participatory process developed over and diverse participation. And it has time. 54 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 7.1 THE BARCELONA projects to be rolled out over the course CLIMATE COMMITMENT of the two years. AS A PRECEDENT Specific teams were set up to define the citizen projects, receiving specialist CITIZEN INITIATIVE training and advice on how to draw up A work group was set up in 2015 within a project and present it. They had a the network of signatories to the municipal helper for guidance, someone Citizen Commitment to Sustainability to ease the administrative tasks and a for 2012-2022, with the aim of defining virtual “Wiki” platform was set up for the city roadmap for climate change contributions. The various teams met and collaborative projects for 2015- up at least five times to give shape to 2017. This process led to the Barcelona their project and 135 people from 86 Climate Commitment (CBC). organisations took part. The nine collaborative projects that resulted from this mutual learning CITIZEN PARTICIPATION process between the City Council and organisations from the More A total of 141 organisations were Sustainable Barcelona network can be actively involved in drafting the CBC. viewed on the Barcelona for Climate Four participatory sessions were website: Barcelona Commitment to organised which culminated in its Climate for 2015-2017. signing and presentation to the City Mayor on 23 November 2015. Later on, and in accordance with the Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (2017), the City Council initiated CO-PRODUCTION OF ACTIONS the drafting of the Climate Plan, which specified the goals, targets, strategic The City Council and Barcelona citizens lines and initiatives that needed to be made a commitment together and to implemented between 2018 and 2030, each other, each in their own respective with the aim of becoming a totally sphere, to pool the initiatives necessary carbon neutral city by 2050. for achieving the CBC’s goals. The Council contributed five strategic measures and seven priority projects, while the citizen network defined nine Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 55 7.2 THE CLIMATE PLAN • A participatory dynamic was then established for collecting proposals. CO-PRODUCTION OF IDEAS A resources kit for organisations was offered as a tool, giving The general goal of the participatory guidelines and support materials for process during the drafting of the carrying out processes of internal Climate Plan was to offer a space for reflection within the organisations, encouraging citizens to express their with the following: opinions and make their contributions, with the following aims: • Instructions for organising an independent session. • To inform: To inform organisations and citizens of the Climate Plan and • Independent session agenda. present it to the More Sustainable Barcelona network and public at • Video: Barcelona takes on climate large. change. • To diagnose: To compare the • VIdeo: What the Climate Plan diagnosis made by the technical experts have to say. services. • Document with seven questions • To propose: To gather proposals for and seven answers on climate inclusion in the Climate Plan. change in Barcelona. • To return: To explain to citizens how • Information on the initiatives the proposals received had been being implemented at Barcelona taken into account. City Council to tackle climate change. The process covered the entire city. The Citizen Sustainability Council had been • File with individual proposals. the driving force, aiming to involve all • File with proposals from the the city’s residents through an open independent session (group file). process and with a particular focus on members of the More Sustainable • Access to the Decidim Barcelona Barcelona network. A monitoring platform. committee for the plan was also set up within the Council to ensure the smooth • A second face-to-face session running of the participatory process and on action proposals took place compliance with the planning provided on 17 October, with a debate and for. discussion that enriched the proposed lines of action. Contributions from individuals and organisations were collected from July • A session open to the general public to December 2017. Four face-to-face was also held on 14 September sessions were held from July to October 2017, at the Urgell Civic Centre, and the Decidim Barcelona online where the Decidim platform platform was also launched. gathered 27 proposals. • The first session was held at the • The Climate Plan’s final Espai Jove Fontana on 13 July. The presentation and response session Climate Plan was presented at this was held on 24 April 2018, attended session, as was the co-production by close to 250 people. process that had just got under way, with the tools that were put at the In all, 119 organisational disposal of the organisations, and representatives (92 different answers were given to seven key individuals) took part and over 100 questions on the causes and effects proposals were collected, 85% of which of climate change in Barcelona. were then incorporated into the Climate Plan. 56 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 CO-PRODUCTION OF ACTIONS: This new line of subsidies was created NEW LINE OF SUBSIDIES within the general system and on a competitive basis, with a budget of After the experience with the 200,000 euros and an 80% subsidy collaborative projects carried out with a maximum of 20,000 euros. The within the framework of the Barcelona projects presented were meant to Commitment to Climate, a decision was involve at least three organisations, all taken to create a new line of subsidies beneficiary members and with a single with the following goals: spokesperson, a member of the More - To boost citizen involvement. Sustainable Barcelona network. - To provide support for collective The call in 2018 received 49 proposals citizen initiatives. from 142 different organisations and 11 were selected, with the participation of - To launch and promote innovative 36 different organisations. initiatives. - To use co-creation processes. - To help to achieve the Climate Plan’s goals. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 57 7.3 THE EMERGENCY CO-PRODUCTION OF IDEAS CLIMATE DECLARATION, The Climate Emergency Board was THE RESULT OF A set up in July 2019 as a Citizen CO-RESPONSIBILITY Sustainability Council work group, PROCESS under the City Council’s Citizen Participation Regulations, to define specific measures to be implemented for tackling the climate emergency in an effective way. Four work sessions were held, with fifteen thematic roundtables, between the months of October and December 2019. The first session featured a political and technical presentation of the participatory process and the Climate Plan. Afterwards, attendees were assigned to the various thematic roundtables at each day event, where a municipal expert would explain the main climate challenges and municipal proposals, an official rapporteur would take notes and draw up a report of the session, which was mentioned at the following day event and uploaded to the Decidim platform, and there were two people to facilitate and liven up the discussion. All together more than three hundred representatives from some two hundred organisation took part, 30% of whom were not part of the More Sustainable Barcelona network. In addition, the Decidim online platform was once again made available, resulting in 130 subscriptions to the proposals arising from the discussion sessions and some sixty comments. The platform received 4,539 hits, each lasting an average of over 6 minutes. Based on the challenges set out during the Climate Emergency Board’s sessions, seven major changes of model and two adaptations were defined. Finally, on 15 January 2020, an institutional presentation was made of the Barcelona Climate Emergency Declaration. 58 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 4 work sessions 7 big changes 15 climate boards 2 adaptations 1st Session, 3 October 2019 Big changes Water cycle Change of urban model Much more greenery Renewables Change of mobility Food sovereignty and infrastructure model Change of energy model 2nd Session, 17 October 2019 People first Change of economic model Mobility Change of consumption Zero waste and waste model Culture and climate justice Change of food model 3rd Session, 7 November 2019 Change of cultural Emissions and health and educational model Sustainable urban planning Renovation Circular economy Adaptations 4th Session, 28 November 2019 Taking care of health, well- being and environmental Port and airport quality Interurban mobility Climate taxation Taking care of water CO-PRODUCTION OF ACTIONS initiatives and so on, and which helped to achieve the climate emergency The second edition of subsidies declaration’s goals. The call established for climate projects was published the following: at the start of 2020, with the aim of giving support and financial • Collaboration from at least three resources to citizen projects that organisations for each project and promoted reductions in greenhouse that the project’s lead organisation gas emissions, adaptations to climate should be a signatory to the Citizen change and/or climate justice, through Commitment to Sustainability. energy-saving and energy-efficiency • Link to the goals of the Climate Plan initiatives, initiatives for increasing the so that they stand out in terms of use of renewable energies, sustainable- social innovation. mobility initiatives, initiatives for increasing agricultural and green • Funding for up to 80% of the spaces, waste-prevention initiatives project, with a limit of 20,000 euros and education and communication per project. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 59 7.4. CLIMATE EMERGENCY • To develop and launch project ACTION PLAN’S initiatives for mitigation and GOVERNANCE TOOLS adaptation to climate change (to promote existing cross-cutting Climate change is a global challenge projects in their own sphere and to that requires local initiatives. Moreover, propose new projects). it is a phenomenon that involves many • To disseminate and present the environmental vectors (water, energy, projects, both internally and biodiversity, waste, etc.) and has publicly, that are being worked on in social and economic repercussions. this area. Consequently, it cannot be tackled in isolation by a specific local authority • To increase the level of information department. It requires a cross- available to municipal workers on departmental approach that takes this issue. the complexity of climate change into account. The whole administration has Specific meetings have also been held to be involved in this global challenge. with municipal technical staff from the areas involved in the Plan, along At a municipal level, a team has been with various information sessions and set up, as has a Technical Policy Board, an internal participatory session with to deal with climate change, with all all the municipal managers to define municipal areas represented and the and reach a consensus on the plan’s following goals: measures. • To assess and monitor climate In addition, several specific cross- change policies and projects cutting work groups have also been (mitigation and adaptation) in the created for a few highly complex leading city. projects and a few specific sector. 60 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 8. CHANGES OF MODEL AND NECESSARY ADAPTATIONS With the aim of stepping up the action area relating to the city: its production and the city’s contribution to reducing system, residents, how we function, how global emissions, we have made the we move around. plan more ambitious, setting the target for a 50% reduction of greenhouse The challenge is huge but doing gas emissions by 2030 compared nothing is a risk we cannot afford. As to the values of 1990. That means a EU and international commitments reduction of around 1,950,000 tonnes are becoming more ambitious, so of greenhouse gases. These ambitious Barcelona has been committing itself targets, which require a great deal of to further intensifying its actions to effort on the part of the authorities achieve them. Accordingly, the city is as well as the city’s economic and proposing seven major model changes productive sectors and its citizens, are and two adaptations in accordance with necessary if we are to be able to tackle the challenges set out at the Climate the current climate crisis. We are talking Emergency Board’s participatory about a thorough transition in every sessions. CHANGES OF MODEL OR RESILIENT MODELS DIAGNOSIS THE CITY WE WANT CHANGE OF URBAN The metropolitan city of Barcelona is By 2050 we want to be a metropolis MODEL compact, with high residential density, with balanced neighbourhoods that an old housing stock, a shortage of foster habits of short distances and green spaces and a mobility system healthy mobility, with a much more that is over-dependent on motor efficient and sustainable building vehicles. They are all factors that have stock. We want a comfortable, traffic- a negative effect on its environmental calmed city with lots of green spaces conditions. that contribute to people’s good health and well-being, and biodiversity. CHANGE OF Mobility is responsible for 40% of We want a city with a more sustainable MOBILITY AND greenhouse gas emissions imputed to mobility model and a smaller carbon INFRASTRUCTURE the city. The current mobility model is footprint, and we want this change to MODEL still highly dependent on fossil fuels, bring about a transformation of public particularly linked to the use of private space that puts people at the centre. motor vehicles but also air and sea A radical change in the mobility model transport. is required on a local and regional scale, They also lead to high, local-level and, at the same time, a more rational emissions of pollutants that affect the use of the major infrastructures, such health of residents (NOX, and PM). as the port and airport. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 61 CHANGES OF MODEL OR RESILIENT MODELS DIAGNOSIS THE CITY WE WANT CHANGE OF ENERGY Our current energy-consumption and We want a city where self-generation MODEL generation model, which is based and self-consumption are the norm, mainly on fossil fuels, is one of the chief with a fair, democratic and renewable causes of climate change. Reversing energy model that will enable us to be this consumption model and moving renewable and carbon neutral by 2050. towards a rational use of energy, based on energy saving and efficiency and the generation of renewable and local energy, where priority is given to self- consumption and self-generation, is essential. At the same time, we need to improve the conditions of our buildings and infrastructures and the use that is made of energy, with greater awareness of the environmental impact of our consumption habits. Our citizens must play a key role in this and take the lead. CHANGE OF The current economic model is We want a city that facilitates economic ECONOMIC MODEL based on continuous growth, with and productive activity by fostering a an ever-increasing consumption of digital and circular economy model, natural resources. Not only is this with an economy that is fairer, more economic system putting our planet’s social, more environmental and leaves ecological balance in danger, it has also no one behind. significantly increased its inequalities. Without a doubt, the global ecological The climate emergency has to spur crisis and the climate crisis in us on to make changes and achieve a particular are largely due to excessive development model that respects the consumption on the part of the rich planet’s ecological limits and ensures countries. a decent life for everyone. Inaction involves much bigger risks than having the courage to make the changes that would put us on the road to achieving a more sustainable, fairer system. CHANGE OF The pace of resource consumption We want a city with a critical and CONSUMPTION AND continues to grow and exceeds the responsible attitude towards WASTE MODEL speed with which the planet provides consumption and which is shifting to those resources. a social and solidarity economy with a The current consumption model is circular model, where there is no place inefficient and generates many climatic, for waste. environmental and social externalities. A Barcelona resident generates a total of 483 kg of waste a year (1.32 kg/ resid./day), whereas selective-waste collecting has remained stagnant for years at around 38%. Plastics, especially those designed for single- use, are a clear example of a linear economy model, as only 10% ends up recycled, not to mention their impact on the environment and on the well- being of the population and the rest of the planet’s natural world. So we have to accept the EU targets for selective collection and recycling. 62 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 CHANGES OF MODEL OR RESILIENT MODELS DIAGNOSIS THE CITY WE WANT CHANGE OF FOOD Food production accounts for between We want to move towards a city that is MODEL a quarter and a third of greenhouse gas well integrated in the region and which emissions. promotes the agro-ecological value But Barcelona is not only a producer, it of its setting, that is less externally is also a consumer. We consume 650 kg dependent for its food supply and of food per inhabitant a year, yet only has a populace that is aware of the 10% to 15% is produced locally. On the importance of its food model. other hand, experts agree that a healthy diet (500 g of fruit and greens, 500 g of greens and other vegetables per day) plays a vital role in reducing obesity rates and risks of serious illnesses in adulthood. Yet 10% of children aged 3 to 4 in Barcelona are obese. CHANGE OF CULTURAL Culture is a key element for tackling the We want a city where people, AND EDUCATIONAL climate crisis, as the cultural context is organisations, institutions and MODEL the reference framework which shapes businesses each assume their own the way people live and act. responsibility and, together, the city’s Education, cultural activity, responsibility for minimising its impact communication and encouraging and reversing its ecological debt. A city citizens to take action are vital that learns, with committed Barcelona instruments for advancing down this citizens who know they can change the road. The More Sustainable Barcelona situation by their actions and protect network is a key piece in this cultural the future for the generations to come. transformation. We need to strengthen programmes, promote climate action in neighbourhoods, include awareness- raising of the climate emergency in education and the city’s cultural programmes and convey clear messages. TAKING CARE OF Climate change affects health and We need to advance towards becoming HEALTH, WELL-BEING quality of life but a healthy city that ensures the health AND ENVIRONMENTAL does not affect us all in the same way. and well-being of its citizens. A socially QUALITY Factors such as physical condition, just city that reduces inequalities. health, age, gender, socio-economic And a habitable, comfortable city with situation or the environmental quality public spaces. conditions where we live and work determine the possible degree to which climate change affects people. In fact, it is believed that the climate crisis is the biggest threat to health this century. Excessive and sustained heat leads to an increase in mortality and morbidity, especially among the most vulnerable groups of human beings, as well among the rest of the natural world. Between 1992 and 2015, it is estimated there were 980 deaths among men and 2,729 among women (natural deaths of people aged 25 and over) that were attributable to extreme heat, generally fragile older people. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 63 CHANGES OF MODEL OR RESILIENT MODELS DIAGNOSIS THE CITY WE WANT TAKING CARE OF The climate crisis will only worsen the We want a more resilient city that is WATER shortage of water resources typical of capable of adapting and being proactive Mediterranean areas. It is forecast that in the face of a lack of resources, with there will be a need for an additional 18 a more efficient consumption that hm3 a year of potable water resources promotes alternative resources and by 2050. protects the coastline and rivers in its An increase in heavy rainfall is sphere. expected. Because of the city’s high level of impermeability, there will be more cases of the sewers overflowing, as well as untreated water occasionally flowing into the sea. The rise in the sea level, what is more, may lead to a reduction in or loss of part of Barcelona’s beaches. In fact, studies show a big part of Sant Sebastià beach will be lost at the end of the century. 64 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 9. TRANSITION TO A CARBON- NEUTRAL CITY Two scenarios have been defined to TREND SCENARIO analyse the future development of This considers how energy consumption energy consumption and emissions in and related greenhouse gas Barcelona up to 2030: emissions will evolve, taking into account the predicted behaviour of different context factors (population, GDP, mobility, city vehicle fleet and its renewal, etc.) as well as the anticipated electric mix, with a calculation based on the approach of the Catalan Climate Change Act. Among other things, this foresees: • Reducing final energy consumption by 2% a year and at least 27% by 2030. • Reaching 50% renewable energies in the Catalan electricity grid by 2030, and 100% in 2050, with zero fossil- fuel consumption. • Adopting a plan to close the three nuclear power stations no later than 2027 (Ascó I and II in 2024 and Vandellòs in 2027). ACTION SCENARIO Considers the application of the Climate Emergency Action Plan measures and their effect on reducing energy consumption and emissions compared to the trend scenario. Achieving the action scenario will initiate the path to neutrality in 2050 and necessarily involve a revision of the estimated forecast for the increase in energy consumption and associated emissions. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 65 ENERGY CONSUMPTION NEEDS TO BE REDUCED MORE, ENERGY EVEN THOUGH IT HAS CONSUMPTION STABILISED TREND +4.71% SCENARIO 2030 16,041.94 MWh/year 2019 15,321.00 MWh/year ACTION -25.06% SCENARIO 2030 11,481.85 MWh/year The Climate Plan TREND SCENARIO (2019-2030) ACTION SCENARIO FOR 2019-2030 goes further than It estimates an annual increase of By applying the Climate Plan measures the Covenant of energy consumption of 0.43%. As a it is hoped that the total energy Mayors for Climate result, the expectation is an increase consumption per resident will be and Energy. It is of 4.71%, rising from 14,995.30 MWh reduced by 25.06%, which is equivalent more ambitious a year in 2019 to 15,321.00 MWh a to an annual fall in energy consumption and targets a year in 2030. That increase is due to an of 2.28%. 50% reduction in estimated increase in the population emissions by 2030. • By energy source, an overall and the following estimations: By applying the C0 reduction is expected in natural gas 2 measures envisaged • ByE eQnUerIgVyA soLuErNceT: there will be a slight consumption (10.90%) and electricity in the Climate inEcrMeaIsSeS inIO thNe Sco nsumption of natural consumption (12.8%).T TRheE eNxDpected Plan up to 2030, gas (12 .24%) and electricity (13.15%+).1 9.22% percentages2 o0f3 c0onsumSCptEioNnA, aRreI O Barcelona will be But there will be an overall fall of 60.26% f4o,r2 a4ut0o,m6o1t6ive fossil fuels closer to the carbon 9.67% in automotive fossil fuels and of and 59.55%tC Ofo-er /lyieqaur efied petroleum 2 neutrality target by 59.55% in liquefied petroleum gases. gases. 2050. • By sector • By sector, it will be the transport The intermediate • Com2m01e9rcial: : it is estimated that sector that cuts back consumption t3hi,s5 w5i7ll, 0be0 0th e sector that increases the most (57.1A9%C)T, IfoOllNow ed by the target of 2030 -30.44% will enable us to itst cCOo2n-es/uyemarption the most, mainly commercial seScCtoEr N(22A.8R0I%O),and electricity, due to higher demand for the do2m03e0stic sector (5.46%). The break the present air conditioning. in2d,u3s7tr0ia,l7 s0e1ctor has experienced consumption and a slitgCOh2t- ei/nyecarrease (2.96%) and other emission dynamic • Domestic: consumption is expected to stabilise after the sectors have seen a rise (24.34%), but and reach 2050 with neutral levels. fall of recent years, despite a rise all this represents under 1% of the in electricity consumption due city’s total final energy. If the Climate Plan is to the proliferation of electronic not implemented, the appliances and more demand for air trend scenario would, conditioning. in 2050, put us in the • Industrial: it is forecast situation we foresee consumption will rise due to higher being in by rolling it consumption of natural gas with out in 2030. In other the economic recovery, although the words, we advance application of efficiency measures 20 years. Also, not will reduce electricity consumption. implementing the Plan would mean the efforts required would be greater, We are starting to see the uncoupling of energy consumption from GDP growth. In other more costly and less words, energy intensity is improving. In general, that means economic activity has less fair. environmental impact, a dynamic that should improve in the coming decades as a result of Barcelona becoming carbon neutral in 2050. 66 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ENERGY CONSUMPTION TREND +4.71% SCENARIO 2030 16,041.94 MWh/year 2019 15,321.00 MWh/year ACTION -25.06% SCENARIO 2030 11,481.85 MWh/year IF WE ACT NOW, WE WILL BE ABLE TO REDUCE EMISSIONS MORE EASILY AND C02 MORE QUICKLY EQUIVALENT EMISSIONS TREND +19.22% 2030 SCENARIO 4,240,616 tCO2-e/year 2019 3,557,000 ACTION tCO2-e/year -30.44% SCENARIO 2030 2,370,701 tCO2-e/year TREND SCENARIO FOR 2019-2030 ACTION SCENARIO FOR 2019-2030 With the closing-down of nuclear The initiatives included in the power plants and intensive increase in Climate Plan and Climate Emergency renewables provided for in the Catalan Declaration are expected to reduce Climate Change Act, the resulting the total emissions for 2019 by emission factor from the electric mix 1,186,299 t CO2-e , which represents will increase, leading to a 19.22% a per capita reduction of 33.35% growth in greenhouse gas emissions, compared to the 2019 levels (and of reaching 4,240,616 tonnes of CO2-e in 50% compared to 1992). 2030. • By source, there will be a very • By source, lemissions from natural significant reduction in emissions -gas consumption will increase by from LPG and fossil fuels (58.04% 10.82% and those from electricity and 70.69% respectively) given the by 87.88%, while those from the expected corresponding drop in consumption of automotive fossil consumption. On the other hand, the fuels and LPG will fall by 15.57% and emissions associated with electricity 58.04% respectively. consumption will increase by 47.57%. GHG emissions from solid urban • By sector: waste treatment are expected to fall • Transport: emissions will be reduced by 48.58%. thanks to the renewal of the vehicle • By sector: only transport and fleet (with 15% e-vehicles forecast municipal waste treatment will on Barcelona’s roads). Natural gas- reduce their emissions in the same powered vehicles will come to the period, although the reduction will be fore because they are best ones for significant. reducing NOx and PM10 emissions, with less impact on air quality than diesel or petrol-powered vehicles. • Waste treatment: emissions will stay at the same level. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 67 ACTION AND TREND SCENARIO 50% Renewables Source: Barcelona Energy Closure of -27% less energy Agency. 5 4.74 nuclear stations consumption 2030 2024-2027 4.24 4 3.41 TREND 50% reduction 3 2.93 2.37 2 In the action scenario, ACTION we achieve the reduction 30% targets 20 years earlier than reduction in the trend scenario 0.95 1 1992 2017 2030 2050 PROGRESS COMPARED TO % compared % compared BASELINE AND to baseline to action ACTION SCENARIOS 2019 scenario scenario WITH DATA FROM 2019. Total energy 15,321 We are currently Required reduction consumption GWh/year 721,94 GWh/year of 3,838,15 GWh/ Source: Original. below the forecast. year (compliance in 33.41 %). Total 3,557,000 We are currently Required reduction emissions tCO2-e/year 683,616 tCO2-e/ of 1,186,299 year below the tCO2-e/year forecast. (compliance in 50.04%). 68 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 tCO2-e/inhab./year PROJECTIONS FOR CONTEXT INDICATORS The following variables were taken into account in calculating energy consumption in the scenarios posed: • BUILT SURFACE: an increase of 1,192,617m2 is forecast in the residential sector up to 2025, and 2,013,278 m2 by 2030 compared to the 2014 levels. This is equivalent to • POPULATION: the estimated annual a year-on-year rate of 0.2% between population increase between 2016 2014 and 2030, in line with the rate and 2030 is 0.3%, which means a of population growth. The estimated rise from 1,608,746 to 1,677,047 increase in the tertiary and industrial inhabitants. sectors is 2,308,482 m2, with an inter- annual rate of 0.5% between 2014 and 2030. • GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP): the GDP percentage variations considered from 2018 on reflect the • CONSUMPTION INTENSITY: with standard trends in economic growth regard to the unit energy consumption and are not particular to Barcelona. of households (per unit of surface The analysis assumes a moderate a area or per unit of GDP), it is year-on-year growth in GDP between estimated there will be a slight fall 1.5 and 2%. in the consumption of natural gas, due to greater efficiency and the effects of climate change, but an increase in electricity consumption due to the initial effects of climate change (increase in the number of air- conditioning appliances and a more intense use of existing ones) as well • MOBILITY: it is estimated there will be as housing having a greater degree of a very slight increase in mobility from electrification. 2014 to 2030, with an inter-annual rate The trends considered for the of 0.4%. With this scenario, in 2030 we commercial and service sectors are would reach 4,500 Mveh/km/year (at different to those of the residential the start of the 2000s it was around sector. The effects of climate change 5,000 Mveh/km/year). on the consumption of natural gas are As regards the energy source, it is not as significant, while electricity estimated that a smaller proportion consumption is affected by efficiency of vehicles will use diesel compared improvements as well. In spite of to petrol in 2030, with a maximum that, lower energy intensity would not increase in electric vehicles of up to be able to keep energy consumption 15% of all vehicles on the road. The stable, with this rising as a result of Catalan Climate Change Act forecasts the expected increase in commercial e-vehicle registrations will reach 30% in GDP from the further outsourcing of 2025. the economy which is forecast. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 69 10. STRATEGIC GOALS AND TARGETS NEW, MORE AMBITIOUS GOALS AND TARGETS FOR REDUCING GHG EMISSIONS IN BARCELONA, TO HONOUR THE COMMITMENTS UNDERTAKEN The new Catalan Climate Change Act envisages a transition to an emission- neutral economy with a reduction in greenhouse gases (GHGs) of 40% by 2030, 65% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 compared to the base year of 1990. The Act does not specify the contribution of cities to that target but, to achieve it, Barcelona would have to reduce its GHG emissions per capita by more than 50% compared to 2005 (the benchmark year for the Climate Plan) by 2030. With regard to the commitments acquired from the Covenant of Mayors for the Climate and Energy and the Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate, Barcelona would have to reduce GHG emissions per capita by 40% by 2030, compared to 2005. Finally, Barcelona is also committed to becoming a carbon-neutral city by 2050, together with the other cities that belong to the C40 network. For all those reasons, the Climate Plan increases the final targets for reducing GHG emissions, compared to the Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate. So it goes further than Barcelona’s commitments on a local level (>40%) and aligns itself with the regional target for 2030 set in the Catalan Act (>50%) and carbon neutrality by 2050. On the other hand, the City of Barcelona commits to update its emissions reduction trajectory, to maintain an up- to-date estimate of residual emissions, and to explore different opportunities to reduce residual emissions on a regular basis. 70 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 STRATEGIC GOALS FOR 2030 CLIMATE MITIGATION ADAPTATION PROMOTING JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION  1 m2  50% of urban 0 people in a €1M/year of GHG greenery situation of energy subsidies emissions per resident poverty for citizen compare to projects 1992 being carbon 100% neutral by 100 clean 2050 l/resid./day funding Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 71 11. AREAS AND LINES OF ACTION People first 1 2 3 Taking care No cuts To guaran- HEALTH AND of everyone tee thermal comfort WELL-BEING Improving efficiency in buildings 4 5 Better Reclaiming ENERGY than new roof terraces buildings SAVING AND GENERATION 6 7 8 Climate- Many more Not a single based urban green areas drop wasted Transforming public space into a transformation healthy, biodiverse, efficient and inclusive environment URBAN AND MOBILITY 9 10 11 Renewa- Good Protecting bles mobility the coastline MODEL in public areas and our rivers Uncoupling economic growth from the quality of people’s lives, with a circular 12 13 vision that makes the most of resour- Green Responsible and circular ces and avoids generating waste and consumption economy emissions ECONOMY AND CON- 14 15 Zero Food SUMPTION waste sovereignty and involvement from citizens who are informed, critical, proactive, organised and empowered 16 17 18 CLIMATE Cultural Climate Let’s get action for the cooperation organised climate CULTURE 72 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 The Climate Emergency Action Plan is The initiatives described here are, divided up into five areas of action and then, the result of this combination. eighteen lines of action. The areas of Some have been kept in their original action correspond to the major issues drafting, some slightly amended, some that the plan is intended to address re-written or combined and others directly and cross-cuttingly. This eliminated to avoid duplication. Priorities Action Plan is the result of combining resulting from lessons learned from the the Climate Plan, which was approved COVID-19 health crisis have also been in 2018, and the Climate Emergency incorporated. Declaration of 15 January 2020. This combination has incorporated the Each of these areas has a number of city’s transformational vision of the quantitative targets that will enable us Declaration, with seven changes of to assess the action plan’s progress. model and two adaptations, in the initiatives already set out under the Each of these lines of action presents: Climate Plan in several areas and vectors: water, energy, urban greenery, • The goals. urban planning, consumption etc. • Their justification and expected benefits. • Initiatives already provided for in existing plans. • Priority initiatives in the post- COVID-19 scenario. • Initiatives that need launching. Each initiative states the main players involved and the expected date for its implementation. - Short-term (2018-2025). - Medium-and long-term (2026-2030). • One initiative by way of example. • The strategic areas of the plan it has an impact on. • The values covered by the plan. • Monitoring indicators. • Associated lines of action. Overall, the Climate Emergency Action Plan considers 234 measures. Whether they are implemented correctly will depend on coordination between the City Council’s various areas and their capacity to get city residents and other players involved. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 73 74 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING Climate change affects health and quality Guaranteeing the supply of water and of life but it does not affect everyone in energy and the functioning of critical the same way. Which is why the Climate services and infrastructures, preventing Emergency Action Plan cannot respond utility-supply cuts to people in vulnerable to the effects of climate change on the situations, improving the thermal comfort city and its citizens in a uniform way. of dwellings and strengthening social The measures launched must prioritise cohesion are a few of the examples of the groups that are most vulnerable how the Climate Emergency Action Plan to climate change, such as the elderly, proposes to deal with climate change, by newborns, women (at risk of higher heat- putting people above everything else and related mortality than men), people with ensuring their health and well-being. certain prior illnesses, people with socio- economic difficulties etc. 1 2 3 Taking care No cuts To guarantee of everyone thermal comfort GOALS AND TARGETS FOR 2030: 0 people in a situation of energy poverty. 100% of the population at least 5 minutes on foot from a climate shelter (facilities and urban parks that provide good thermal comfort conditions and which could shelter sensitive people in the event of heat waves). 10,000 renovated dwellings per year. To improve thermal comfort at 40 state-run schools, 4 municipal care homes for the elderly and 2 early intervention centres for children with disabilities. 1 water garden per district. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 75 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING LINE OF ACTION TAKING 1 CARE OF EVERYONE Providing special assistance to those most vulnerable to the climate crisis owing to their socio- economic situation, age, gender, condition or state of health. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Climate change affects people in different ways, for us to strengthen our existing plans, such as the depending on various factors: their physical Neighbourhood Plan or Right to Gender Justice condition, health, age, gender and socio-economic Plan, and work on improving the thermal comfort situation, the roles and activities they perform, the of dwellings and facilities with specific energy characteristics of the physical environment they live renovation programmes. and work in, and so on. It is estimated, for example, Care services for the most vulnerable people, that between 1992 and 2015 there were 980 deaths particularly health and mobility services, should be among men and 2,729 deaths among women (natural strengthened and alternatives to activities that are deaths of people aged 25 and over), generally fragile harder for them in severe weather events should be older people, that were attributable to extreme heat. created. Age affects women here more than it does men, so climate policies must take account of this twofold On the other hand, care for vulnerable people and factor when it comes to implementing inclusive and the promotion of new productive and commercial effective measures. community or proximity activities can become opportunities for employment (urban green, We need to further analyse how climate change agriculture and food sovereignty, repair of products specifically affects each group in order to identify and revaluation of residus, local manufacturing, possible risks and vulnerabilities, and define specific energy rehabilitation and installation and actions for responding to them. It would be advisable maintenance renewable energy, or cures). ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Barcelona Urban Mobility Plan (2019-2024). • Right to Housing Plan (2016-2025). • Bicycle Strategy (2015). • Creation of energy advice points and • guaranteeing basic utility supplies (2016). Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2021-2024). • • Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of Heat Waves Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020). on Human Health (annual). • Barcelona Strategy against the Feminisation of • Democratising Care (2017-2020). Poverty and Job Insecurity (2016-2024). 76 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING / 1. TAKING CARE OF EVERYONE ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION live in. The new line of grants prioritises energy-saving measures and flat interior improvements. Renovation grants serve to improve the accessibility and habitability of homes. Improvements are expected to include actions aimed at improving the thermal and acoustic insulation of flats, and making sure they have suitable installations, free of polluting materials. The purpose of the programme is to ensure minimum habitability, safety, security, accessibility, hygiene and energy-efficiency conditions by carrying out basic alterations on housing where people in vulnerable situations have established their usual and permanent place of residence. The programme covers 100% of renovation expenses, which have to be approved by the Housing Consortium Home interior alterations programme for and have an upper limit of €20,000 per dwelling, including VAT. The owner undertakes to refund the full people in vulnerable situations amount if they transfer ownership of the dwelling and, if it is rented out, to maintain the same contractual Barcelona City Council is promoting housing conditions for at least two years following completion renovation to ensure everyone has a decent place to of the work. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE OFFICERS 1.1. To improve the social networks of elderly people who live 2020 Barcelona City alone and strengthen existing projects (Vincles, Radars, etc.) Council and specific actions such as promoting the Tele-assistance Services. 1.2. To set in motion the necessary mechanisms for increasing 2025 Barcelona City the impact of public subsidies with an energy, environmental Council and social-justice based approach, as part of public policy Banks and for encouraging renovations, so we can achieve a figure of property owners 10,000 dwellings a year with financial aid (subsidies or loans) for energy renovation, putting special attention on the most vulnerable households and promoting passive and traditional solutions. 1.3. To create at least ten comprehensive-care superblocks, geared 2025 Barcelona City to providing a comprehensive care service for dependent Council persons, with local domestic-care service teams. 1.4. To make progress in guaranteeing the right to food in an 2025 Barcelona City inclusive and dignified manner, taking advantage of the current Council system’s potential and resolving any shortages identified (Alimenta Project). 1.5. To promote green jobs, self-employment and eco- 2025 Barcelona City entrepreneurship in economic sectors associated with climate Council change (such as energy renovation, solar panel installation and maintenance, sustainable foods and electric mobility, among other things). To give the Labora project an environmental vision. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 77 SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 1.6. To reduce the nuisance caused by bad smells by improving waste Ongoing Barcelona City collection and sewage systems in the event of hot weather. Council 1.7. To create support figures that can enable and advise on the 2020 Barcelona City renovation initiatives that have to be carried out, depending on the Council type of initiative and features of the building where it is carried out (local renovators). 1.8. To specifically train Home Assistance Service (SAD) workers to 2020 Barcelona City identify situations of energy poverty and vulnerability to heat/cold, Council as well as to propose initiatives for improving thermal comfort in the home. MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 1.9. To generate knowledge on the distinct effects of the climate crisis 2030 Barcelona City on women and Barcelona’s most vulnerable groups, such as those Council on low incomes, migrants and refugees. MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI • Number of renovated dwellings incorporating Affairs. energy efficiency criteria. • Urban Ecology. • Number of people benefiting from grants and • Districts. subsidies. • Barcelona Public Health Agency. • Number of neighbourhood villages established. • Barcelona Health Consortium. • Number of building renovations carried out. • Barcelona Education Consortium. • Number of grant requests processed. • Number of journeys made in specific transport services for vulnerable people. STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN CLIMATE PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION 78 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING / 1. TAKING CARE OF EVERYONE VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA 5- HABITABLE, SAFE - BARCELONA -4- -3- HEALTHY BARCELONA -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Taking care of Tenir cura No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate- Many more Not a single everyone de tothom thermal new buildings roof terraces based urban green areas drop wasted comfort transformation Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 79 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING LINE OF ACTION NO 2 CUTS To guarantee access and ensure there are no cuts in basic supplies of electricity, gas and water, especially to the most vulnerable. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Climate change could have consequences for the some energy advice points (PAEs) in each district population’s access to basic utilities (water and that offer help and information and intervene to energy), given the increased possibility of critical prevent supplies being cut off, as well as ensure the parts of the supply systems being exposed to utility companies do not deny anyone access to any natural hazards and its impact on the availability of utility. They also offer the general public information water resources or the need to switch to renewable on reducing bills, improving energy efficiency in the energy resources, as well as the possible changes in home and the grants available for that, and installing consumption patterns or increased demand it might solar energy systems in buildings. give rise to. Effort needs to be put into ensuring the They also offer the general public information on continuity of these services and universal access to reducing bills, improving energy efficiency in the basic water and energy supplies, despite the negative home and the grants available for this purpose, and impact of these factors. installing solar energy systems in buildings. Women, In the case of people at risk of social exclusion, because of structural gender inequalities, have Act 24/2015 bans utility companies from cutting greater difficulty finding decent housing and meeting off supplies where the failure to pay utility bills the costs of basic utilities. Close to 70% of the people results from a lack of financial resources. They are attended to at PAEs are women. now legally obliged to maintain their gas, water and Barcelona City Council seeks to guarantee basic gas, electricity supplies to customers for as long as they water and electricity supplies for everyone. remain in a vulnerable situation or financial difficulty. And to guarantee the public’s rights in relation to utility companies, Barcelona City Council has set up ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Creation of energy advice points and • Gender Justice Plan (2016-2020). guaranteeing basic utility supplies (2016). • Barcelona Strategy against the Feminisation of • Transition towards energy sovereignty (2016). Poverty and Job Insecurity (2016-2024). 80 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING / 2. NO CUTS ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Barcelona City Council’s energy advice points Energy advice points are a Barcelona City Council service that offer people the help, information and intervention they need to exercise their energy rights and prevent companies from denying them access to basic utilities. In addition they advise the general public on processing social bonds, grants for improving energy efficiency in the home and cutting utility bills. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 2.1. To promote and prioritise self-production of energy from 2025 Barcelona City renewable sources and to make it accessible also to vulnerable Council households. Spain 2.2. To guarantee water and energy supplies and continuity of 2025 Barcelona City services from critical facilities and infrastructures (health Council centres, social services centres, schools, residences and so on) during emergency situations (extreme heat, flooding, power cuts, water shortages, etc.) SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025) ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 2.3. To deploy a municipal energy operator that will drive renewable- Ongoing Barcelona City energy production in the municipality and facilitate its Council implementation in public and private spaces. 2.4. To create a municipal energy supplier at the service of all citizens. 2018 Barcelona City Council 2.5. To revise the domestic sewage tax so it includes discounts for 2020 Barcelona City sensitive groups. Council 2.6. To make the current energy advice points climate advice points 2020 Barcelona City (on green roofs, low-carbon food, etc.) and to continue to guarantee Council basic services for people in a vulnerable situation. 2.7. To Improve our knowledge of the relationship between energy 2025 Barcelona City poverty and health, through the Health Survey and specific studies Council that provide indicators. 2.8. To promote “energy banks” that can help to cover the needs of 2025 Barcelona City energy-vulnerable households. Council Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 81 MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 2.9. To promote actions and agreements to ensure the public supply 2030 Barcelona City of potable water in the city, guaranteeing quality, quantity and Council continuity, at a fair price, for all citizens. AMB, Government of Catalonia and Spanish State MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Social Rights, Global Justice, • Number of energy advice point consultations. Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Number of cuts avoided by local sustainable • Barcelona Public Health Agency. energy action plans. • Urban Ecology. • Percentage of people suffering from energy • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. poverty (%). • Districts. STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE PROMOTING JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION 82 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING / 2. NO CUTS VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA 5- HABITABLE, SAFE - BARCELONA -4- -3- HEALTHY BARCELONA -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: No cuts Tenir cura Taking care of To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate- Many more Not a single de tothom everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces based urban green areas drop wasted comfort transformation Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 83 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING LINE OF ACTION TO GUARANTEE 3 THERMAL COMFORT Creating a network of spaces that act as a climate shelter in the event of very high temperatures, and guaranteeing comfortable temperatures in buildings and public spaces. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona has suffered eight heat waves in the last daytime temperatures are found in Les Corts, 34 years. However, according to the Meteorological Eixample Esquerra, Nou Barris and Ciutat Vella, while Service projections for Barcelona and at the end the areas with the lowest temperature are next to the of the century, they could be significantly more coast, thanks to the thermoregulatory effect of the frequent with between one and four a year, depending sea. However, at night the situation is reversed, with on the scenario considered. More tropical nights the highest temperatures recorded on the coast. (temperatures above 20ºC) and torrid nights So we need to prepare the city to cope with high (temperatures above 25ºC) are also forecast, as well temperatures by intervening in buildings and public as days with extreme temperatures above 35ºC. spaces, and also anticipate incorporating and High temperatures directly affect people’s health, improving services and facilities for the general especially those in vulnerable conditions, such as the public during extreme episodes, paying special chronically sick, elderly people and young children, attention to the most vulnerable. as well as everyday activity in the city and energy We need to set out the actions from a gender consumption patterns. It also needs to be borne in perspective, incorporating diversity and flexibility mind that they have an unequal impact on the city, criteria into public spaces, facilities and dwellings, depending on factors such as the state of buildings, to adapt to the new realities and families, and the the presence of vegetation and socio-economic ageing population (with a higher proportion of elderly parameters, among others. women). The effects of climate change depend on the district and neighbourhood too. For example, the highest ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of Heat Waves • Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2021-2024). on Human Health (annual). • Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020). • Nature Plan Barcelona (2021-2030). • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green • Urban resilience (2016). Infrastructure (2017). 84 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING / 3. TO GUARANTEE THERMAL COMFORT • Tree Master Plan (2017-2037). • Barcelona Strategy against the Feminisation of • Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in Poverty and Job Insecurity (2016-2024). Municipal Buildings (2017-2020). ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION • Staff from the Council’s primary-care social services, home-care teams and homeless people care centres receive information and training. • The general public is informed of what heat waves are and offered advice on how to avoid their effects, in leaflets provided at social services centres, at municipal facilities for the elderly and on the city’s beaches. • The list of vulnerable individuals and individuals and families at risk is updated at every social services centre and through the Catalan health ministry. • The list of care resources and air-conditioned day centres is updated. Action protocols for heat waves, in order to • Vulnerable people receiving home-care services protect the most vulnerable people are informed of the steps they need take to protect themselves from the effects of a heat wave. In the Specific Municipal Emergency Plan for Heat • A 24-hour helpline, to provide information to those Waves, Barcelona City Council includes various who call, run in coordination with the medical measures to protect people who are vulnerable to services when health problems are detected, goes the consequences of extreme temperatures into service . . In fact, the heat wave action protocols are automatically kept at the preventive stages from 15 June to 15 September. These stages launch various preventive actions that are activated before the alert stage is reached. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 3.1. To activate a hundred municipal facilities (facilities and parks) 2025 Barcelona City Council to act as climate shelters in the event of an extreme climate emergency (to extend opening hours, equip them, ensure accessibility, inform people, design the website, etc.) and have a reference facility in each district. 3.2. To prioritise the cooling actions (more greenery, redeveloping 2025 Barcelona City Council lakes and fountains to make them accessible, etc.) to be carried out in the territorial areas most vulnerable to heat. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 85 ACCIONS DATA AGENTS 3.3. To create the “Barcelona, city of shade” intervention programme 2025 Barcelona City on public spaces, to generate more shaded areas. For 2025, to Council intervene in ten sunshine-exposed spaces (e.g. Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Passeig de l’Exposició del Fòrum) to provide shade and thermal comfort through various solutions: vegetation, fabrics, photovoltaic pergolas or mixed solutions. 3.4. To improve the thermal comfort of 40 state-run schools (Education 2025 Barcelona City Consortium), four municipal residences for old people and two Council early care centres for children with a disability. Increase resilience Education to changes in the power supply in healthcare, public health and Consortium, social facilities. Government of Catalonia, BCN Health Consortium SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025) ACCIONS DATA AGENTS 3.5. To revise the emergency protocol activation criteria for heat 2025 Barcelona City waves, incorporating a variable for night-time temperatures. Council Government of Catalonia 3.6. To deepen our knowledge of how climate change affects the 2025 Barcelona City health and mortality of people in each neighbourhood, through the Council European research project funded by Climate-fit.city, in which the Centres de recerca ASPB and ISGLOBAL participate. 3.7. To deepen our knowledge of the urban climate by installing a 2025 Barcelona City network of fixed weather stations (to collect data that would Council enable us to know what its effect is on health and other sectors Centres de recerca of interest) and temporary or mobile ones (that would enable us to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures applied, such as measuring climate variables before and after pilot interventions in urban space, above all in the settings identified as the most vulnerable). ACTIONS THAT NEED MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM PROMOTION (2026-2030) : ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 3.8. To continue identifying, preparing and activating climate-shelter 2030 Barcelona City spaces to ensure the degree of desired cover and, if necessary, to Council create new ones. 3.9. To have a space for water games in a public space in each district. 2030 Barcelona City Council 3.10. To reinforce socio-healthcare facilities and staff teams to deal 2030 Government of with exceptional weather events. Catalonia 3.11. To intervene on the city’s roads and roof terraces and help to 2030 Barcelona City mitigate the heat-island effect. Council 86 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING / 3. TO GUARANTEE THERMAL COMFORT MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number of shelter spaces made available. • Districts. • Number of shelter schools created. • Safety and Prevention. • Number of spaces for elderly people with thermal • Social Rights, Global Justice, comfort. Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Members of the population living less than 5 • 2030 Agenda, Digital Transition and Sports. minutes’ walk from a climate shelter space (%). • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. • Number of sunny spaces in which action has been • Barcelona Public Health Agency. taken to provide shade and thermal comfort. • Barcelona Health Consortium. • Newly created shade area (m2). • Education Consortium. • Plant cover (hectares). • Number of annual deaths attributed to heat. • Number of accessible drinking fountains. STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE • Number of times the heat wave protocol has been activated. EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN • Number of water play areas per district. CLIMATE PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 87 VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA HABITABLE, SAFE -5- BARCELONA -4- -3- HEALTHY BARCELONA -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: To guaran- Tenir cura Taking care No cuts Better than Reclaiming Climate- Many more Not a single tee thermal de tothom of everyone new buildings roof terraces based urban green areas drop wasted comfort transformation Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate 88 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 89 90 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ENERGY SAVING AND GENERATION Buildings consume a great deal of energy. actions will enable energy to become But they can also be productive and more accessible and more affordable to independent, and generate energy from everyone. Roofs, walls and facades can be renewable sources installed on roof used to plant vegetation, retain rainwater, terraces, party walls or facades. generate energy and create meeting The Climate Emergency Action Plan places. forecasts the energy renovation of existing buildings on a massive scale and new buildings which are exemplary in that respect, with more locally produced solar energy, so we can get closer to a self-sufficient model and buildings with almost zero consumption. These 4 5 Better Reclaiming than new roof terraces buildings GOALS AND TARGETS FOR 2030: Renovate 20% of residential buildings that are over 40 years old. Reduce the 7% of GHG emissions associated with the energy consumption of municipal buildings and facilities. Reach 34,100 m2 of green roofs, walls and facades. Install 100 emblematic productive roofs or facades on municipal public buildings (10 green roofs in 4 years). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 91 ENERGY SAVING AND GENERATION LINE OF ACTION BETTER 4 THAN NEW BUILDINGS Rehabilitate buildings to save energy JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The domestic, commercial and service sectors These percentages show that new-build buildings account for nearly 60% of all energy consumed in are more efficient and that there is considerable the city, with a final energy consumption of around potential in existing buildings for improving energy 10,000 GWh a year. In terms of greenhouse gases, that efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. represents 40% of all emissions recorded in the city. The average age of residential buildings is more And a large part of that consumption corresponds to than 65 years, so they do not comply with today’s the buildings where the activity is carried out. standards and require a lot of energy. In fact, 72% The total gross-floor area of buildings in Barcelona of the surface area of residential buildings was built in 2017 came to 116.6 million m2, 11% more than before 1979, in other words before thermal standards in 1999. Over half of that corresponded to the were introduced. residential sector (63 million m2), followed by In that context, the energy renovation of buildings, industrial sector premises, warehouses and car parks dwellings and facilities takes on enormous (23 million m2). Note too the area allocated to offices importance. Renovating existing housing and and service sector of 22 million m2. buildings should enable a reduction in energy The built surface area in Barcelona in 2014 was demand and, consequently, mean less effort on the 124.5 million m2, 16% more than in 1999. Over half part of families to cover their energy costs, a key of that corresponded to the residential sector (64 issue, especially in the more vulnerable parts of the million m2), followed by industrial sector premises, city. warehouses and car parks (25 million m2). Also Although there are specific energy regulations for noteworthy is the surface area dedicated to offices new buildings, they are often based on the technology and the commercial sector (7.3 and 8.4 million m2 itself and not the features. Therefore, we need to respectively). promote the construction of efficient buildings and As regards energy, 106,400 existing buildings and facilities and make sure they produce part, if not 240 new-build buildings have been energy-certified all the energy they require and, in that way, obtain (2015). However, those figures only correspond to a buildings with almost zero consumption. percentage of all the buildings in the city. Categories We also need to work on developing regulations D and E account for 58.2% of certifications, while adapted to the city’s reality and ensure they are a 36.4% have a consumption and emissions above the applied and complied with, as well as on tools (both average for the existing stock (categories F and G), administrative and economic, including incentives 5.2% are in the efficient categories (B and C) and and discounts, among others), so the action on only 0.2% are very efficient (category A). In the case construction is effective and builders assume their of new-build buildings, 38.3% have a D or E rating, responsibility as far as reducing consumption and 45.8% are efficient buildings (B and C) and only emissions in the city is concerned. 15.8% are very efficient (A). 92 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ENERGY SAVING AND GENERATION / 4. BETTER THAN NEW BUILDINGS From a municipal perspective, buildings and facilities So, acting on construction quality and building account for more than 50% of municipal energy features, as well as on how they behave in energy consumption. So the City Council has to continue its use and management terms, at all levels and in all efforts to secure energy improvements in the existing sectors (residential, commercial, service, public and stock and thus set an example of the possibilities industrial), and ensuring proper maintenance, with that exist. It is also important to show that buildings the necessary degree of specialisation and resources, can generate part of their energy needs and, in are key factors in achieving significant reductions that regard, the City Council needs to pursue its in final energy consumption and, consequently, in policy of installing power generation systems in the associated emissions. That also requires the public buildings to demonstrate their viability, while contribution of an empowered citizenry aware of the encouraging private owners to do likewise. One need to change their habits and consume less more example of this is the Programme to Promote Solar efficiently, an area where there is a long way to go, Power Generation in Barcelona. both on a public and a private level. ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2021-2024). • Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in • Barcelona (2017-2019) and subsequent editions Plan for Energy Saving and Improvements in (2020-2030). Municipal Buildings (2017-2020). ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION for the facade and a large side window allows natural light into all the rooms practically the whole day. There is a ventilated roof with 24 cm of recycled cotton insulation that collects photovoltaic power. The battery-powered lift enables considerable energy saving on one of the building’s main energy consumers. And, in addition to all that, it has a natural light well and paved insulation in the floor. Can Portabella ended 2016 with a positive energy balance, as it produced more than it consumed. This model is an example for future projects, as the City Council’s aim is to work along these lines to ensure efficiency and minimise energy expenditure in all municipal facilities. Thanks to architectural strategies and building solutions, the energy demand for heating and cooling is under 14 kWh/m2 a year. The maximum power required for the air-conditioning system is 10 kW. Can Portabella, a renovated facility These facilities are more typical of a single-family building than an 800 m2 tertiary one. These savings enable the installation of 40 m2 of photovoltaic panels The renovation of the Can Portabella civic centre on the roof, which will provide over 12,000 kWh a year, shows how the incorporation of energy efficiency above the building’s estimated demand. criteria, prioritising the use of wood, gives the building This model is an example for future projects, as the a thermal inertia that ensures warm temperatures in City Council’s aim is to work along these lines to winter and cooler temperatures in summer. Twelve ensure efficiency and minimise energy expenditure in centimetres of wood fibre provide external insulation all municipal facilities. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 93 PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 4.1. To study and establish the technical specifications for the 2020 Barcelona City new thermal comfort standards that Barcelona wants to Council achieve locally, and work on changing the mentality of building promoters and users. 4.2. To develop a regulatory framework for using heating/air 2020 Barcelona City conditioning in the commercial and services sector, in order Council to avoid energy being wasted thanks to a social conscience, regulating, among other things, the uses of outdoor heaters and the closure or automatic actions of exterior doors. ACCIONS QUE CAL IMPULSAR A CURT TERMINI (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 4.3. To create communication and publicity initiatives and Ongoing Barcelona City encourage energy saving in buildings: Council • Energy-saving marathon involving awareness-raising tasks among council workers (and centre users or visitors) in various kinds of municipal buildings (2018). • Tactical communication actions (ongoing). • Environmental education workshops (ongoing). • Consolidation of the energy resources map (2018). • Publication of handbooks for the public and professionals on developing power generation facilities (2018). • Publication of a manual on the procedure for connecting generation systems for self-consumption (2018). • Dissemination of advice and tools to foster energy saving (energy calculator) (2018). 4.4. To monitor the energy of buildings, dwellings and public Ongoing Barcelona City facilities and thereby find out about consumption and the Council application of energy improvements (ongoing). 4.5. To analyse how long it will take for new, more environmentally 2020 Barcelona City responsible systems to be competitive with traditional systems Council and what the cost-benefit result will be in economic, social and environmental terms. 4.6. To study building systems and solutions adapted to Barcelona 2025 Barcelona City to improve their protection against heat and passive cooling, Council and supplement the current building regulations in force by establishing local technical and regulatory specifications. To incorporate criteria for protecting buildings against climate episodes (e.g. strong winds). 4.7. To implement a building-energy byelaw which ensures that 2025 Barcelona City new buildings or those undergoing comprehensive renovation Council in the city have minimal energy demands and maximum energy generation. 94 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ENERGY SAVING AND GENERATION / 4. BETTER THAN NEW BUILDINGS MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 4.8. To ensure the efficient energy management of municipal 2030 Barcelona City services associated with the water cycle, as well as waste Council management and collection, and also optimise the energy management and supplies of public lighting and municipal buildings and offices (including infant and primary schools), to cut electricity consumption in the buildings acted on by 10% by 2024. 4.9. To Develop and consolidate the existing heating and 2030 Barcelona City cooling grids in the city, and define and promote a new Council one in La Sagrera. Private managers VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA 5- HABITABLE, SAFE - BARCELONA -4- 3- HEALTHY BARCELONA - -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 95 MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number of buildings with A and B energy ratings. • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. • GHG emissions associated with energy • 2030 Agenda, Digital Transition and Sports. consumption in municipal buildings and facilities • Districts. (tonnes of CO2). • Social Rights, Global Justice, • Renovated buildings of over 40 years of age (%). Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Better than Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Reclaiming Climate- Many more Not a single new buildings de tothom of everyone thermal roof terraces based urban green areas drop wasted comfort transformation Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate 96 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ENERGY SAVING AND GENERATION LINE OF ACTION RECOVERING 5 TERRACE ROOFS To make the most of roofs, walls and party walls for generating energy, incorporating greenery and collecting water. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS A dense, compact city such as Barcelona has to make • Generating renewable energy (energy roof) the most of every square metre to correct the adverse • Adding plants and biodiversity (green roof) effects of climate change. The use of roofs, walls and party walls as productive spaces opens up new • Growing food (food roof). urban spaces for thermal activities and various uses, • Storing water (reservoir roof). with the dual aim of mitigating the effects of climate change and adapting to it by involving the general • Cooling the city (cool roof). public. Terraces, on flat and slightly inclined roofs, • Providing a social use (active roof). account for 67% of total roof surface area in the city, which is 1,764.4 ha. There have already been several initiatives promoting Those surfaces, together with those of the facades, productive roofs in Barcelona, such as a number become potential settings for providing socio- of studies on green roofs, a government measure environmental services with added value because promoting living terraces and green roofs in the city, they offer the possibility of: the publication of the Guide to Living Terraces and Green Roofs or the Programme to Promote Renewable Energy Generation and various lines of subsidies. ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Promoting living terraces and green roofs in • Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in Barcelona (2014). Barcelona (2017-2019) and subsequent editions • (2020-2030). Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green Infrastructure (2017). • Nature Plan Barcelona (2021-2030). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 97 ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Two competitions for promoting Barcelona City Council’s Municipal Institute of green roofs Urban Landscape has already convened two calls for entries to the Green Roofs Competition, an initiative promoting the establishment of new green roofs in the city. The first edition, which was held in 2017, awarded prizes to ten green roofs in housing-block buildings and to teaching, health and other facilities. All these projects have had a strong environmental, social and landscaping impact. Their implementation led to an extra 5,500 m2 of greenery, an extra 217 m2 of solar panels and two windmills, four new rainwater collection facilities, and facilities for wildlife such as ponds for amphibians, insect hotels, bird boxes and an aquaponics system. The second edition, which was launched in the second quarter of 2020, provides a subsidy of up to 1,500 euros for the first 50 pre-selected proposals as technical expenses for preparing preliminary technical work. Ten winning projects will be chosen from these proposals, which will receive a 75% subsidy for the initiatives and technical studies required, up to a limit of 100,000 euros for each green roof. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 5.1. To develop ten green roofs and façades on municipal buildings Ongoing Barcelona City to serve as an example and, under agreements with the private Council sector, promote a further fifty productive roofs on buildings, including green, energy, reservoir or reflector roofs through a call for applications for grants and discounts, competitions and other mechanisms. Information campaigns will be held to publicise them. 5.2. To fill the city’s roof terraces with solar installations, Ongoing Barcelona City offering facilities for incorporating them (reinterpretation of Council regulations and simplification of procedures) and boosting Public and private the financial incentives, such as grants, subsidies, tax breaks (IBI, ICIO, IAE) and other funding mechanisms, to incorporate 10 MWp of photovoltaic energy and 7 MW thermal solar energy in residential and private tertiary buildings by 2025. 5.3. To start a process whereby up to 25 MWp of photovoltaic 2030 Barcelona City energy is installed in big urban spaces (industrial roofs, big Council tertiaries and pergolas or structures in industrial and logistics CZF, Bon Pastor environments) by 2025. Industrial Estate, industries and operators 98 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ENERGY SAVING AND GENERATION / 5. RECOVERING TERRACE ROOFS SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 5.4. To draw up a byelaw to promote productive roofs for newly 2018 Barcelona City Council constructed buildings, major renovations and changes of use in buildings, which includes incentives and a proposal for the necessary regulatory changes to allow agriculture and construction elements on roofs, and which includes a commitment to maintenance. 5.5. To draw up technical instructions for public buildings that 2018 Barcelona City Council include the use of productive roofs/ walls/ façades. 5.6. To approve a byelaw that makes it compulsory for grey, rain 2025 Barcelona City Council or regenerated water to be used in new buildings or major renovations. VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA 5- HABITABLE, SAFE - BARCELONA -4- -3- HEALTHY BARCELONA -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 99 MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number and surface area (in hectares) of • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. constructed productive roofs by type: • 2030 Agenda, Digital Transition and Sports. - Energy roof. • Social Rights, Global Justice, - Green roof. Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. - Agriculture roof. • Districts. - Reservoir roof. - Active roof. • Surface area of green walls and façades (m2). STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE • Number of emblematic productive roofs or EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN façades on municipal public buildings. • Solar power generation (kilowatts per hour, number and type of installations, square metres of thermal solar surface area, and photovoltaic picowatts). PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Reclaiming Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Climate- Many more Not a single roof terraces de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings based urban green areas drop wasted comfort transformation Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate 100 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 101 102 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL City planning also requires a climate people’s well-being at the same time. approach where energy efficiency and Creating much more green space self-consumption are key elements, and and infrastructure in the city, making which also fosters cycling and pedestrian use of alternative water resources mobility. to cut potable water consumption, The Climate Emergency Action Plan solar power generation, healthier and encourages planners to incorporate a more sustainable mobility, and the metabolic logic in urban space planning, conservation of the coastline are all to ensure that it not only functions strategies that need pursuing. but is also functional and guarantees 6 7 8 9 10 11 Climate- Many more Not a single Renewa- Good Protecting based urban green areas drop wasted bles in public mobility the coastline transformation areas and our rivers GOALS FOR 2030 To reduce GHG emissions by 50% compared to 1992. • To increase solar power generation fivefold. • To reduce private motor vehicle travel by 20%. • To procure 100% low-carbon public transport buses, taxis and municipal fleets (2025). • To have 95% of the population living less than 300 metres away from a bike lane (2018). • To have 15 km of pacified streets (Superblocks) (2025). To achieve 1.6 km2 more green space and infrastructure. • To increase tree cover by 5% (2037). • To increase the percentage of adapted tree species from 30% to 40%. • To take action in 10 sunny spaces to provide shade and thermal comfort (2025). • To create 10 biodiversity shelters. • To unpave 3 hectares and reclaim organic soil. To reduce domestic drinking water consumption to 100 l/inhab/day. • To increase the use of underground water by 2.7 hm3. • To replace 100,000 m3/year of alternative water resources used for municipal uses. • To achieve 10 hm3 of additional drinking water in collaboration with other authorities (2050). • To have 200,000 m3 of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) (2025). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 103 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL LINE OF ACTION CLIMATE-BASED 6 URBAN TRANSFORMATION To transform public spaces to improve their environmental and health conditions, reduce spaces for private vehicles and allocate them instead to social uses. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The way we plan and design the city, both public the drafting of this new urban planning framework spaces and buildings, is a key factor in how it can provides a very important opportunity for introducing reduce greenhouse gas emissions and respond to the resilience and sustainability criteria. effects of climate change. Its cross-cutting character Because public space is also becoming a space calls for the application of structural measures for providing care, where people can rest and capable of having a powerful impact on the urban recover from illnesses or learn to walk, grow, play environment. and socialise. So, spaces for providing care are not Incorporating the climate variable (which includes relegated to the domestic sphere but instead find a the urban heat island effect) as well as resilience balance with the street as a “place for living” which and sustainability criteria in the process is a very makes it possible for there to be a balance between complex task and involves many players. What we professional and personal spheres, and makes understand by the urban development process begins community life possible, the creation of support with planning, continues with urban management networks, etc. and implementing the plan (buildings and public Similarly, the superblock project is an opportunity for areas), and ends with maintaining the urban spaces. removing cars and, therefore, reducing greenhouse So, although projects have been promoted which, gas emissions while opening up more green spaces to varying degrees, include a socio-environmental (adaptation). We need an everyday urbanism, which perspective and even though there are many sectoral plans and designs for everyone, whose actions range projects under way, there is still a need for a holistic, from designing streets to making them safe and systematised and comprehensive vision. accessible for everyone, which considers mobility In that regard, it is very significant that the infrastructures and associated modes so that Metropolitan Urban Development Master Plan the citizen activity associated with caring, raising (PDUM) is being drawn up at the same time as the chidren and domestic logistics is maintained and Climate Emergency Action Plan, Bearing in mind that strengthened. 104 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 6. CLIMATE-BASED URBAN TRANSFORMATION ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • “Filling the streets with life” by creating • Nature Plan Barcelona (2021-2030). Superblocks in Barcelona (2016). • Barcelona Neighbourhood Plan (2021-2024). • Plan for Gender justice (2016-2020). • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green Infrastructure (2017). ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Reclaiming public space in eixample’s block interiors The Eixample block interior map already shows 48 reclaimed interiors put at the disposal of the public. The project to reclaim these spaces began in 1987 and continues to make progress towards the target of people having a green area within 200 metres of their homes. These re-greened spaces are local spaces that provide opportunities, fostering social cohesion (they are often linked to facilities and provide children’s recreation areas), health (some are equipped with keep-fit areas for elderly people), leisure and even cooling down (some have incorporated small urban beaches). Achieving this required specific amendments to the General Metropolitan Plan. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 6.1. To influence higher-level planning tools, such as the Urban Ongoing Barcelona City Development Master Plan (PDU) and urban planning legislation Council (Catalan Urban Planning Act) to incorporate planning considerations that ensure the presence of quality green infrastructure, such as green corridors, reserved spaces that allow water to infiltrate the subsoil, the protection of areas at risk from climate change or agricultural use on a metropolitan scale. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 105 SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 6.2. To adapt the necessary current urban-planning regulations Ongoing Barcelona City Council so they can help to achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation goals. 6.3. To introduce the climate emergency vector in strategic Ongoing Barcelona City Council metropolitan transformations such as: Parc de les Glòries, Avinguda Meridiana, Parc de la Sagrera and the seafront. 6.4 To analyse how climate change specifically affects each 2020 Barcelona City Council district to identify possible risks and vulnerabilities (heat, presence of people vulnerable to climate change, buildings in a bad state of repair, a lack of green spaces etc.,) and define what specific action is required, in collaboration with existing plans and their updated versions, such as the Neighbourhood Plan or the Nature Plan Barcelona. 6.5. To locate and characterise the areas at risk (owing to extreme 2020 Barcelona City Council heat, flooding, power cuts, water availability etc.) 6.6. To draw up a design guide with sustainability and resilience 2020 Barcelona City Council criteria (based on the sustainable urban planning workshops) for architects, engineers and so on, as well as key players such as research centres and universities. 6.7. To protect schools with environmental and road safety 2024 Barcelona City Council measures. Action at 200 schools up to 2024. 6.8. To draft a Greenery and Biodiversity Charter, for the purposes 2025 Barcelona City Council of having a tool available that features the technical, environmental and design criteria which will have to be borne in mind when planning green spaces and urban trees, in the spirit of conserving and enhancing the city’s plant and animal diversity. This charter must include the technical aspects that plans for a green space or planting roadside trees have to comply with: soil quality, soil volume, planting distances, distances between trees and lamp-posts or other urban furniture, etc. It also has to determine which species are the most suitable to be selected (depending on the necessary resources, which produce allergens and which avoid pests and infestations) as well as recommendations for obtaining more services. 6.9. To differentiate between the various urban fabrics according 2025 Barcelona City Council to the risks that affect them so corrective measures can be incorporated in planning reviews. 6.10. To keep sufficient space in the soil and subsoil to enable the 2025 Barcelona City Council provision of the necessary climate services (greater water infiltration, better quality of soil to allow plants to grow properly, etc.) 106 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 6. CLIMATE-BASED URBAN TRANSFORMATION MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 6.11. To rethink and adapt criteria in project and works protocols 2030 Barcelona City and in the technical specifications for urban spaces, to equip Council them with a more cross-cutting vision and ensure compliance with these sustainability and resilience criteria in urban transformation projects. 6.12. To speed up the introduction of renewable energies in Catalan 2030 Generalitat de territory and ensure that 50% of electricity consumption in Catalunya Catalonia comes from a renewable source by 2030, as set out in Decree Act 16/2019, of 26 November, on emergency measures for the climate emergency and promoting renewable energy, and Act 16/2017, of 1 August, on climate change. VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA 5- HABITABLE, SAFE - BARCELONA -4- HEALTHY BARCELONA -3- -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 107 MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number of projects evaluated by means of project • Barcelona Public Health Agency. and works protocols. • Social Rights, Global Justice, • Number of schools protected with environmental Feminism and LGBTI Affairs and road safety measures. • Districts. STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Climate- Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Many more Not a single based urban de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces green areas drop wasted transformation comfort Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate 108 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL LINE OF ACTION MANY MORE 7 GREEN AREAS Achieving another 1.6 Km2 of green surface area and preserve species that are vulnerable to climate change. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life, is a key arboviruses (such as dengue fever and yellow fever element in the functioning of ecosystems that provide and the Zika, West Nile and chikungunya viruses). many services, such as water and microclimate Various cases are reported every year and supervision regulation, better air quality, food supply, etc. The and control protocols have already been established. measures so far adopted to preserve biodiversity are Another obvious concern on which there is consensus necessary but still not enough. is the sustained loss of biological diversity in recent Climate change could have serious repercussions on decades, both in terms of populations as well as the city’s ecosystems and alter part of the benefits species, habitats and landscapes. Some wildlife they bring, even encourage the presence of some species that live in Barcelona are particularly pests (cockroaches, monk parakeets, rats and mice). sensitive to climate change (amphibians, butterflies, So we need to analyse the best way of dealing with bats, local birds, etc.) and require conservation it to prevent its effects from becoming a threat to measures. health or leading to a loss of diversity and ecological For example, the Barcelona’s Commitment to the functionality and, therefore, lower quality of life for Climate sets a target of an additional 1.6 km2 of Barcelona’s residents. green space by 2030. The Programme for Promoting Greenery plays a key role in such public spaces, with Urban Green Infrastructures (PIVU) spells out part all its associated environmental and social benefits; of the Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan and it therefore has to be planned and presented with and also specifies how to achieve those additional communal life, accessibility and fairness as its key 1.6 km2. It is also worth mentioning the Tree Master factors. Plan (PDA), which sets out the tree selection criteria In addition, rising temperatures and variations and promotes a diversity of species, adapted to the in humidity may affect some insect populations urban ecosystem and climate, and anticipates a 5% and increase the risk of transmission of certain increase in tree cover by 2037. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 109 ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS • Eliminating the use of glyphosate in Barcelona’s • Tree Master Plan (2017-2037). green spaces, streets and squares (2015). • Nature Plan Barcelona (2021-2030). • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green Infrastructure (2017). ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION The Parc de Joan Miró includes an area of special interest for biodiversity This 448 m2 area encourages the presence of wildlife by means of carefully selected nectariferous plants, which provide food for certain species of butterflies and other pollinators. Small rockeries and tree trunks also offer shelter and feeding possibilities to birds, insectivores and other beneficial species of fauna. Almost 99% of the garden is made from organic material, while the remaining 1% is for sprinklers and footpaths, so people can walk through the garden without treading on planted areas. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 7.1. To increase public greenery in Barcelona by 40 hectares 2025 Barcelona City so it provides high levels of socio-environmental services, Council prioritising places with the biggest deficit (e.g. Av Meridiana, the La Sagrera linear park, La Marina) and approve an instrument that will enable effective protection of private greenery. SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 7.2. To continue with the fire-prevention and extinction services, Ongoing Barcelona City paying special attention to areas that are more vulnerable Council to the risk of fire and the hillside neighbourhoods bordering woodland. To promote and ensure sustainable forest management 7.3. To incorporate climate change criteria into the Special Plan 2020 Barcelona City for protecting the natural environment and landscape of the Council Collserola Mountain Range nature park. 7.4. To find solutions to the problem of mosquito reproduction in 2020 Barcelona City scuppers and reservoir roofs. Council 110 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 7. MANY MORE GREEN AREAS ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 7.5. To consolidate the control programmes for arboviruses and 2025 Barcelona City other diseases transmitted by vectors and the mosquito- Council control protocols. 7.6. To promote urban green corridors, paying special attention 2025 Barcelona City to the Ciutadella-Collserola corridor with the intervention on Council Carrer de Pi i Margall. 7.7. To step up comprehensive pest control (cockroaches, tiger 2025 Barcelona City mosquitoes, etc.,) with minimum use of insecticides and Council biocides. 7.8. To produce a catalogue of tree species to be prioritised 2025 Barcelona City according to their capacity for resisting certain extreme Council climate conditions (heat and scarce water) while providing ecosystem services (thermal regulation, shelter and food, pollutant capture, etc.,) after conducting the relevant studies and in accordance with the Tree Master Plan (PDA). 7.9. To determine the area (with high temperatures, a large exposed 2025 Barcelona City population, intense use of public spaces and presence of Council groundwater) where more thermoregulatory-type plants are needed or not needed and where areas perhaps with xerophilous plants (which are adapted to dry environments and require little water) are already sufficient. We need to prioritise native or well-adapted species in parks and promote evergreens, and ensure that public-space projects introduce these species, mainly near benches and rest areas. 7.10. To improve our knowledge of the effects of climate change on 2025 Barcelona City natural systems (phenology, allergies, pests, etc.) Council 7.11. To create ephemeral or seasonal gardens (ten a year, one per 2025 Barcelona City district). Council MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 7.12. To implement the programmes needed to protect the species 2030 Barcelona City most vulnerable to climate change. Council 7.13. To create ten biodiversity shelters as an essential part of urban 2030 Barcelona City green infrastructure. Council 7.14. To re-naturalise the bed of the Llobregat and Besòs rivers 2030 AMB, ACA and improve the quality of the water there (by reducing uncontrolled spills) and in the aquifers (saline barrier). 7.15. To reclaim the Rec Comtal. 2030 Barcelona City Council Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 111 VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA 5- HABITABLE, SAFE - BARCELONA -4- 3- HEALTHY BARCELONA - -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Total green surface area (differentiate from • 2 Districts. Collserola) (km ). • Barcelona Public Health Agency. • Urban green surface area (excluding Collserola) (km2). • Green surface area per inhabitant (m2/inhab.) • Tree cover (%). • Number of tree species. • Protected surface area (m2). • Tree species with priority for the Action Plan (adapted) (%). • Number of urban allotments (More Sustainable Barcelona Map). • Number of ephemeral gardens per district. • Number of mosquito control operations carried out. • Number of nature reserves. • Number of naturalized ponds that have been emptied due to drought. • Unpaved surface in order to recover the organic soil (hectares). 112 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 7. MANY MORE GREEN AREAS STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE PROMOTING JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Many more Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Not a single green areas de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- drop wasted comfort mation Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 113 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL LINE OF ACTION NOT A SINGLE 8 DROP WASTED Replacing whenever possible the use of potable water with alternative water resources such as groundwater, rainwater and regenerated water. Facilitating water infiltration into the subsoil. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona suffers from recurring episodes of drought regenerated and grey water. Applying the PLARHAB that are turning potable water into a very valuable means expanding the groundwater system and increa- resource and putting our capacity to maintain the sing the annual volume of the concession in order to city’s water supply at risk. Moreover, the city has take advantage of underground water by 2.7 hm3 a year, a very high degree of impermeability (72% of the from the current 1.8 hm3 a year to 4.4 hm3 a year. municipal total). Making the city more permeable enables us to reduce Various climate projections appear to suggest that the risk of urban flooding and the impact of overflows climate change could affect the water cycle in the on the receiving environment. Achieving that requires following ways: integrating water-runoff management into the • a slight fall in resources, especially towards the city’s urban model, by means of sustainable urban end of the century. drainage systems (SUDS), reservoir or green roofs, or increasing the city’s permeable green surface area. • greater variability in the availability of water resources, in periods of drought as well as Ensuring Barcelona has an optimal and efficient torrential rain, with the increased risk of water cycle is one of the challenges facing the saturating the urban drainage systems. city and the metropolitan area, and one which could be posed even more starkly in the future. It • a slight increase in the demand for water, which is also planned to reduce domestic potable water could worsen the water supply deficit that consumption to 100 litres per inhabitant per day. currently affects the city. Barcelona has 500 km of saturated sewerage More specifically, a 12% reduction in surface network, equivalent to 25% of Barcelona’s surface resources and 9% in underground resources is area, and which poses a risk to pedestrian mobility, forecast by 2050, along with a 4% increase in demand during ten-year return period rainfall (T10). Making for different uses. There is therefore a general the city more permeable enables us to reduce the risk need for additional potable water resources in the of urban flooding and the impact of overflows on the metropolitan area of 34 hm3 a year, with Barcelona’s receiving environment. need estimated at 18 hm3 a year. Achieving this requires integrating water-runoff Following a series of critical situations, a series of mea- management into the city’s urban model, through sures have been adopted to reduce potable water con- sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), reservoir sumption (currently 107 litres per inhabitant per day for or green roofs, or by increasing the city’s permeable domestic consumption), including awareness campaig- green surface area. Seven master plans have been ns and the construction of a desalination plant. implemented in Barcelona which have been gradually We also now have the Alternative Water Resources Plan strengthening and improving the city’s drainage and (PLARHAB), which contemplates a series of actions to sewerage system, applying innovations and meeting increase infiltration and expand the use of ground, rain, various challenges. The latest was presented in 114 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 8. NOT A SINGLE DROP WASTED 2020, the Barcelona Comprehensive Drainage Master system overflowing, while protecting people, property Plan (PDISBA). This is an urban planning tool aimed and the environment and considering the effects of at reducing the risks that arise from the drainage climate change. ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Parc de Joan Raventós, a green area that absorbs rainwater Parc de Joan Raventós is in the Sarrià neighbourhood and has a surface area of 20,000 m2. It opened in 2009 following the reclamation of the old Riera de les Monges riverbed. Built with an innovative, sustainable drainage system, it collects rainwater through various kinds of draining surfaces, which filter the water while purifying it, so that it eventually reaches the subsoil. In the event of a downpour, the water is kept in the retention area or anti-flooding areas created for that purpose. ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Barcelona Comprehensive Sewer System Plan • Technical Plan for Taking Advantage of Alternative (2006) and updates planned. Water Resources (2018) and updates. • Programme to Promote the City’s Urban Green • Nature Plan Barcelona (2021-2030). Infrastructure (2017). • Tree Master Plan (2017-2037). • Drought Protocol (2017). PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 8.1. To achieve the consumption of 100 l/resid./day domestic 2030 Barcelona City potable water by implementing water-saving measures, public Council campaigns and initiatives at public facilities that consume large amounts of water. SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 8.2. To foster water saving on a municipal level in irrigation, Ongoing Barcelona City fountains, cleaning and municipal buildings. Council 8.3. To incorporate up-to-date climate forecasts in future 2018 Barcelona City revisions of the Drought Protocol. Council Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 115 ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 8.4. To provide for tree irrigation and increase it where necessary 2020 Barcelona City to obtain the desired evapotranspiration and cooling services Council (optimally by remote control, depending on the water balance). 8.5. To assess and continually monitor the quality of ground water. 2020 Barcelona City Council 8.6. To have a Barcelona city supply plan. 2020 Barcelona City Council 8.7. To increase the sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) by 2024 Barcelona City 20,000m2 by 2024. Council 8.8. To replace 100,000 m3/year of potable water with alternative 2024 Barcelona City water resources for the municipal uses they are compatible Council with by 2024. 8.9. Promoting the use of greywater in new housing developments 2025 Barcelona City and renovations or for industrial purposes, and studying Council its inclusion in future versions of the Municipal Urban Environment Byelaw. 8.10. To study the energy impact of supplying water (the 2025 Barcelona City desalination plant, regenerated water plants, etc.) Council 8.11. To study the feasibility of producing regenerated water at the 2025 Barcelona City Besòs EDAR for feeding the Besòs aquifer, to maintain the Council river’s ecological flows and feed the purification plant. MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 8.12. To assess and continually monitor the quality of drinking 2030 Barcelona City water. Council 8.13. To permeate (depave) 3 ha and reclaim the organic soil there. 2030 Barcelona City Council 8.14. To use regenerated water from the El Prat Waste Water 2030 Barcelona City Purification Plant, with a 5 hm3 potential, for industrial use in Council the Zona Franca and compatible residential uses (La Marina AMB, ACA neighbourhood) and for recharging the aquifer. 8.15. To build recharging pools at high points in the city and 2030 Barcelona City generate a flow retention and lamination effect, and install Council systems for capturing rainwater in Collserola so it can be reused. To assess their exploitation cost. 8.16. To use pumped groundwater from underground facilities (the 2030 Barcelona City metro, car parks) to infiltrate the aquifer. Council 116 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 8. NOT A SINGLE DROP WASTED VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA -5- HABITABLE, SAFE BARCELONA -4- -3- HEALTHY BARCELONA -2- EFFICIENT, -1- RENEWABLE BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED • Economic losses (cumulative amount reported to the insurance compensation board as a result of • Urban Ecology (BACSA). extraordinary events: extraordinary rainfall and • Districts. sea storms) (millions of Euros). • Barcelona Metropolitan Area. • Water surface area in ornamental fountains (m2). • Catalan Water Agency. • Number of public drinking fountains • Barcelona Public Health Agency. • Renovated sewer volume (ml). • Sewer renovation rate (%). • Average age of the sewer system (years). • Estimated volume of sewer water filtered into the aquifer (hm3). MONITORING INDICATORS • Economic losses due to aquifer pollution (€). • Number of drought alerts and states of pre-alert. • Water consumption by sector (hm3 and %). • Water consumption per inhabitant per day (l/inhabitant/day). • Sustainability Index (%). • Water consumption by type and use (hm3 and %). • Barcelona City Council water consumption (hm3). • SUDS area (m2). • Regenerated water used (m3). • Greywater used (m3). • Rainwater used on roofs (m3). • Analyses with conductivity values > 2000µS/cm (%) in groundwater wastewater. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 117 STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE PROMOTING JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Not a single Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more drop wasted de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas comfort mation Renewables Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate 118 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL LINE OF ACTION RENEWABLES 9 IN PUBLIC AREAS Incorporating solar-energy facilities in public spaces, through pergolas, party walls and energy-generating surfaces. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona is committed to a change of energy boost the installation of solar power systems on model in the short-to-medium term by switching buildings and in existing public spaces, whether they mainly to clean and renewable energy sources. This are publicly or privately owned, by means of public or restructuring has to be linked to a significant change private investment. in power generation and consumption patterns by One example of how to take advantage of public promoting, among other things, the development spaces and their structures to generate power is of systems for generating solar power, the most the installation of power-generating pergolas and abundant renewable energy resource we have. converting existing pergolas into power generators The City Council is therefore pushing for generating There were 15 power-generating pergolas spread systems to be installed in buildings, facilities and across the city in 2016 and the intention is to public spaces that make use of available, local, waste continue installing them. or renewable resources, principally the sun, to reduce the amount of energy that comes from the grid. This has included the launch of a solar power generation promotion programme in Barcelona to ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Programme to Promote Solar Power Generation in Barcelona (2017-2019) and subsequent editions (2019-2030). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 119 ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Photovoltaic pergola over a children’s play When Plaça del Centre, a square in the Les Corts area in Barcelona’s Plaça del Centre district, was renovated, a pergola was placed over the children’s play area which, as well as providing shade, uses solar power to generate electricity. The pergola is covered with photovoltaic panels with 12.48 kWp of installed power. It is connected to a set of lithium-ion batteries and supplies locally sourced renewable energy to the 25 public lights in the square itself and on the stretch of Avinguda de Madrid that crosses it. In fact it supplies 70% of the square’s annual lighting needs. When the energy stored in the batteries proves insufficient, the lights are powered directly from the electricity grid. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 9.1. To speed up the installation of renewable generation in 2025 Barcelona City Council municipal buildings (nursery schools, cultural and sports facilities, etc.,) as well as public spaces by incorporating a further 6 MWp of photovoltaic generation in the municipal stock by 2025. SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 9.2. To assess the incorporation of generation in other public space Ongoing Barcelona City Council elements, such as pavements, road surfaces, etc. MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Installed generating power (kWp). • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. • 2030 Agenda, Digital Transition and Sports. • Districts. 120 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 9. RENEWABLES IN PUBLIC AREAS VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA HABITABLE, SAFE -5- BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE PROMOTING JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Renewables Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more in public de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas areas comfort mation Not a single Good mobility Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get drop wasted coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised our rivers economy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 121 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL LINE OF ACTION GOOD 10 MOBILITY Reducing the use of motorised private vehicles and promoting more sustainable means of mobility, reclaiming more quality safe spaces for pedestrians. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Mobility is a key factor in urban development. The Removing cars from the streets also means public’s everyday life cannot be understood without reclaiming public space to bring life back to the considering the millions of journeys made on foot, streets, create more green spaces, improve rainwater by bike, on public transport and in private vehicles, drainage, make more space available to pedestrians not to mention commercial vehicles. However, that and so on. transport and those vehicles now account for 30% of So we need to rethink how to plan and transform the city’s greenhouse gas emissions. So this is one of the city in a way that gives more prominence to the main sectors where action is required. pedestrians and cyclists, boosts the use of collective Reducing the number of vehicles, while making public transport by improving existing infrastructures, sure those on the roads are cleaner, and facilitating reduces the use of private vehicles and, in general, the switch to more efficient means of transport, by ensures that mobility in the city is geared towards promoting public transport, cycling and going on foot, improving the quality of life of its citizens. For are two essential lines of action for tackling climate example, the superblock programme is an opportunity change and improving the city’s environmental to remove cars from the city and reclaim space for the quality. general public to use. Another priority is promoting a model change by Improving mobility also requires coordination with the replacing private vehicles with more sustainable higher-level authorities to ensure the city’s transport forms of mobility for reasons of health. So work infrastructure plans are implemented and our goals is being done to offer other ways of getting round can be achieved. the city, principally public transport but also other shared-vehicle options. The idea is to have a broad range of mobility options in place that meets the needs of every journey and is more efficient. 122 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 10. GOOD MOBILITY ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Urban Mobility Plan (2013-2018) and subsequent • Programme of anti-air pollution measures (2016). updates. • “Filling the streets with life” by creating • Bicycle Strategy (2015). Superblocks in Barcelona (2016). • Barcelona Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015- • Developing electric vehicles in Barcelona (2018). 2018). ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION New Bicing service The launch of the new Bicing service entailed the replacement of practically all the 424 stations and bicycles serving more than a hundred thousand Bicing subscribers. The new system has been widely accepted and is used even more than the previous system. In addition, new subscribers are being taken on at a good rate since the new system opened. The new Bicing service’s electric bicycles, which are identifiable by an electric symbol on their basket and back mudguard, can be found in any Bicing station as they use the same type of locking system as push bikes, so all stations are mixed. Availability and location can be consulted through the Bicing website and app, which can filter the stations to show where electrical bicycles are available. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 10.1. To improve the feasibility, competitiveness and capacity of the Ongoing Barcelona City Council city’s bus network. Increase the frequency and reduce the journey AMB times of services on the basic local network. 10.2. To study the implementation of supplementary measures Ongoing Barcelona City Council for reducing the environmental impact of private motorised transport, for example, parking management, urban transformations, toxicity tolls, etc. 10.3. To make progress in applying formulas that reduce the need Ongoing Barcelona City Council for mandatory mobility, by applying work mobility strategies AMB, BCN Provincial that tend to reduce the need for journeys to/for work Council, Government of (conference calls, teleworking, etc.) and creating sustainable Catalonia mobility plans. 10.4. To consolidate the cycling infrastructure and improve the quality, Ongoing Barcelona City Council connectivity and safety of the existing network, while prioritising AMB the network’s structural areas. Increase the number of anchoring points and create high-capacity bike parks at strategic points and the main public transport interchanges. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 123 ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 10.5. To step up the scale and pace of the Superblock programme. 2024 Barcelona City Council To transform 15 km of streets into green areas by 2024. 10.6. To improve pavement accessibility and comfort, increase 2025 Barcelona City Council pedestrian zones, improve vertical mobility (escalators and lifts), increase the number of traffic-calmed streets, where maximum priority is given to pedestrians. 10.7. To extend the car-park and regulated-parking strategy to the 2025 Barcelona City Council entire city. To review the criteria applied to all areas of the city, AMB all motor vehicles, including motorbikes and goods transport, and reach an agreement with the AMB and metropolitan city councils on the application of consistent policies. 10.8. To complete the tram network and improve its management. 2025 Barcelona City Council AMB Generalitat de Catalunya 10.9. 10.9.- To calm traffic in the city generally, increase road 2025 Barcelona City Council safety and promote a friendly environment with lower energy consumption and fewer emissions. To give a hierarchical structure to the road network, so that the speed limit for most streets is below 30 km/h. 10.10 To Create park & ride areas in collaboration with other 2030 Barcelona City Council authorities. AMB SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 10.11 To deploy a low emission zone, monitor the stages provided for Ongoing Barcelona City and apply the necessary adjustments. Council AMB 10.12 To promote spaces allocated to distributing goods for Ongoing Barcelona City increasing efficiency and reducing their impact on GHG Council emissions. 10.13 To substantially increase the range of inter-city buses on Ongoing AMB, Government offer, with a dedicated inter-city bus-lane infrastructure on of Catalonia and the main access roads to the city: B-23, C-31 North and C-33. Spanish State 10.14 To improve street-level interchange areas for public transport, Ongoing Government of intermodal stations and regional and metropolitan bus Catalonia and terminals. Spanish State 10.15 To provide support at state level for the creation of an ECA 2020 Barcelona City area in the Western Mediterranean. Council 10.16 To provide grants and subsidies for going to work by bike. 2025 Barcelona City To promote a pilot test, help businesses to buy bikes and Council assess the possibility of providing workers with financial compensation for the kilometres they travel by bike to get to work. 124 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 10. GOOD MOBILITY ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 10.17 To promote electric vehicles (vans, cars, bicycles, 2025 Barcelona City machinery, etc.) with the creation of a new electric-charging Council infrastructure, with tax allowances for purchasing, recharging and parking, introducing electric distribution and taxi services etc. 10.18 To implement the Barcelona City Council Mobility Plan. 2025 Barcelona City Council 10.19 To introduce green tax-regulation measures to tax the goods- 2025 Barcelona City distribution activity of big tech platforms. Council, ATM, AMB, Government of Catalonia 10.20 To diversify fuels and electric vehicles in captive vehicle fleets. 2025 Barcelona City Council 10.21 To promote a 100% low-emission taxi fleet. In accordance with 2025 Barcelona City the measure adopted by the metropolitan area (AMB), no taxi Council licences will be awarded to diesel vehicles from 2019 on. AMB 10.22 To renovate the bus and coach fleet with less polluting 2025 Barcelona City technologies and prioritise zero-emission vehicles. Under the Council “C40 - Fossil Fuel Free Cities” agreement, only electric buses AMB, Government of will be purchased from 2025 on (2025). A fossil fuel free zone Catalonia also needs to be set up under the C40 commitment. 10.23 To install the necessary infrastructure for electrifying the 2025 Port of Barcelona various wharfs at Barcelona Port, land-based machinery and captive fleets. 10.24 To work for a strongly environmental taxation system for 2025 Port of Barcelona, Barcelona Port vessels and the aviation sector. panish State 10.25 To introduce renewable-generation systems in Barcelona Port 2025 Port of Barcelona (42 MWp in 2030) and at Barcelona Airport, on building roofs and operators and with pergolas in the car parks (40 MWp in 2030). ACCIONS QUE CAL IMPULSAR A TERMINI MITJÀ I LLARG (2026-2030): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 10.26 To electrify and diversify municipal vehicle fleets (including 2030 Barcelona City waste-transport vehicles). Council 10.27 To draw up plans for reducing the emissions from 2030 Barcelona Airport, infrastructures and incorporating them into Barcelona Spanish State, Port Airport’s new master plans, taking into consideration the of Barcelona aviation sector and Barcelona Port. 10.28 To study the elimination of short-distance flights that have 2030 Barcelona Airport, an alternative by train (under seven hours) and which are at AENA. EU distances of under 1,000 km, while boosting the high-speed and long-distance rail network and encouraging the creation of night trains, ensuring affordable prices. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 125 ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 10.29. To continue with the gradual electrification of land fleets and 2030 Barcelona Airport auxiliary units to minimise the consumption of fossil fuels and, at the same time, reduce the impact of local pollution. A process accompanied by contracting 100% renewable energy. 10.30 To encourage the use of rail transport to the airport and fewer 2030 Barcelona Airport, car parks. To promote a fleet of electric buses and taxis to Port of Barcelona provide a service from the airport and to the cruise ship wharf. 10.31 To put into service the Infrastructure Master Plan’s metro 2030 Barcelona City initiatives that would yield higher profitability more quickly: Council the central stretch of L9, the L4 link at La Sagrera and the L3 Government of link at Trinitat Vella. Catalonia 10.32 To carry out investments in local and regional commuter 2030 Government of services to improve public regional rail transport. Speed up Catalonia and completion of the La Sagrera station. Spanish State 10.33 To speed up the construction of rail access points to the port, 2030 Barcelona Airport including the Mediterranean corridor, to double the transport of goods by train and reduce lorry traffic. 10.34 To embark on a process of electrifying Barcelona Port (vessels 2030 Spanish State, Port as well as businesses and their activity) accompanied by the of Barcelona procurement of 100% renewable energy. 10.35 To promote Barcelona Port as a base port for cruise ship lines. 2030 Spanish State 10.36 To withdraw the tax exemptions on kerosene in the EU for 2030 Port of Barcelona internal flights in member states and in the common air space. MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Total number of electric vehicle charging points. • Districts. • Number of daily journeys in the city. • TMB. • Ecomobility in relation to the total number of journeys (%). • Internal ecomobility (%). • External ecomobility (%). • Kilometres of bike lanes installed. STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE • Number of park & ride zones created. EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN • Number of superblocks installed. • Surface area of Superblocks installed (hectares). • Length of green axes (km). • Surface area of green squares (hectares). • Number of green squares. • NOx and PM10 emissions (µg/m3). • Energy consumption of the municipal vehicle fleet, by type of fuel (kWh/year). • Number of bicycle-locking places. PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION • Number of high-capacity parking facilities at strategic points and in major public transport interchanges. 126 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 10. GOOD MOBILITY • Streets transformed into green or pacified axes • Low-carbon public transport buses, taxis and (km). municipal fleets procured (%). • Streets with a speed limit below 30 km/h (%). • Members of the population living under 300 metres • Travel by private motor vehicles (%). from a bike lane (%). VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA - HABITABLE, SAFE -5 BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Good Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more mobility de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas comfort mation Not a single Renewables Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get drop wasted in public coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 127 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL LINE OF ACTION PROTECTING 11 THE COASTLINE AND OUR RIVERS Conserving and boosting the ecosystem services offered by coastal areas and rivers. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona’s history has been bound up with the sea infrastructure and neighbourhoods behind the since its origins. The coastline has been gradually beaches, provides food, is used for leisure and so transformed over the years, and a landscape of on. Moreover, there are services that have to be lagoons and mud flats has been heavily developed by used in tackling the adverse effects that climate human hand, predominantly industrial facilities in the change might produce. Then beaches and coastal 19th century, into the urban seafront we have today. parks, for example, could be a place to shelter during Opening Barcelona up to the sea has undoubtedly heat waves, given they have the lowest daytime been one of the big challenges and achievements temperature in the city and there is the sea to cool of municipal politics in the last 40 years. As a result down in. of this process, with its beaches and coastal parks, But if we are to take advantage of the environmental the city now has more than 133 ha of free space, and services the shoreline offers, we need to take care of one of the biggest public spaces in the city. Because, it. That requires keeping the mass of sea water fit for as a look at the old maps shows, those beaches are bathing in and maintaining the marine ecosystems beyond the “natural” lie of the coastline. in optimum conditions, because the life cycle of the The seas and oceans play a key role in climate change sea, for example, also helps atmospheric carbon, mitigation. More than a quarter of the CO2 released or blue carbon, capture. Consequently, there is not into the atmosphere is captured and stored at the only a need to adapt the sanitation system, it is also bottom of our oceans by means of certain physical, essential to publicise and make people aware of the chemical and biological processes. However, the vulnerability of the marine ecosystem and the action increase in emissions and excess of greenhouse that can be taken to keep it in good condition. gases in the atmosphere could prevent this system Ensuring the environmental functionality of the from working as it should and, ultimately, reduce its city coastline requires making sure the beaches mitigating potential. have sediment in sufficient quantity. That means On the other hand, the Barcelona shoreline provides guaranteeing its sedimentary balance by adopting the some key environmental services: it protects the appropriate measures and increasing its resilience. 128 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION The Comprehensive Coastline Management Plan (PGIL) The Comprehensive Coastline is Barcelona City Council’s tool for establishing how Management Plan the city’s beaches are to be managed and a joint work framework is to be defined for the players working there. This plan is covered by Article 6.3 of Act 1/2006, of 13 March, and is based on an agreement between the Catalan regional and Spanish State governments and Barcelona City Council, signed in 2007, that provides a framework for institutional collaboration. Transferring the sand trapped by the Maresme marina port structures to the beaches to the west complies with the demands of Spain’s environment ministry and the Catalan government. Similarly, on the Barcelona coastline and under the PGIL, the sand deposited at the Olympic Port entrance is dredged every year and transferred to the Somorrostro and Barceloneta beaches (currently about 8,000 m3 a year). It would be necessary to study the feasibility of making the dredging and transfer of sand more effective to see if it would be possible to feed other city beaches, besides increasing the effectiveness of the feeding operation to maximise conservation of the sand transported. ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Comprehensive Coastline Management Plan (PGIL) • Port Olímpic Master Plan (2018). (2007). • Strategic Pan for the City’s Coastal Areas (2018-2025). PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 11.1. To define and implement protection strategies and specific 2030 Barcelona City Council uses for each beach. Spanish State SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 11.2. To analyse social perceptions regarding the effects of climate 2025 Barcelona City change on the coast (by extending beach-user surveys) with Council the aim of prioritising and redesigning beach-awareness and Research centres communication initiatives. 11.3. To carry out further studies on vulnerability to erosion and sea 2025 Barcelona City flooding. Council Research centres Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 129 ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 11.4. To establish sediment conservation measures: beach 2025 Barcelona City regeneration, change of grain size of the sediment brought in, Council analysis of other coast-protection options. Spanish State 11.5. To redefine existing coastal uses for their adaptation to future 2025 Barcelona City uses and beach availability, and to introduce sustainability Council criteria into every activity carried out there. 11.6. To promote a sustainable use of the sea, foster 2025 Barcelona City environmentally friendly marine activities, through the coastal Council sea schools, and publicise Barcelona’s reef park, etc. MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 11.7. To naturalise the Barcelona coast with the aim of enabling 2030 Barcelona City land spaces to become a green corridor and the coastal sea Council to improve its physical, chemical and biological quality and its biodiversity. 11.8. To give the public access to knowledge of the sea, promote 2030 Barcelona City its heritage value and scientific outreach (the CSIC’s public Council area of experimental research, the Beach Centre’s educational programme, etc.) 11.9. To apply adaptation and increased resilience measures that 2030 Barcelona City are appropriate for the Barcelona coast (2030). Council AMB 11.10. To increase litoral biodiversity by installing artificial reefs. 2030 Barcelona airport 11.11. To study the effects of climate change on the sea temperature 2030 Barcelona City and their implications for water quality, marine biodiversity, Council fishing and so on. Research centres 11.12. To carry out the first stage of urgent actions under the PDISBA, 2030 Barcelona City which focuses on the ecological defence and protection Council of water bodies that affect and are affected by the urban environment against the effects of climate change on the precipitation model. 11.13. To foster the protection and expansion of the current marine 2030 Barcelona City carbon sinks (mainly the Garraf and Maresme meadow woods) Council between the towns on the Barcelona coast, and encourage collaborative networking. 11.14. To re-plan the model for coastal area uses aligned with a 2030 Barcelona City policy for the continuous improvement policy of environmental Council practices and preventing coastal pollution, with the final goal of maintaining the quality, biodiversity, productivity and dynamism of our sea. 130 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 URBAN AND MOBILITY MODEL / 11. PROTECTING THE COASTLINE AND OUR RIVERS VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA -5- HABITABLE, SAFE BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Municipal Manager’s Office. • Number of beaches with a critical width of under • Urban Ecology. 20 metres. • Districts. • Changes to the total surface area of the city’s beaches (m2/linear metre). • Total capacity of beaches (number of users). • Quality indices for coastal water, river water and biodiversity (%). • Number of people attending popular-science and citizen-science centres promoting knowledge of STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE the sea. EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN • Forecast of the time when the water of Barcelona’s beaches will not comply with microbiological quality requirements during the bathing season (%). • Beach overflow volume (m3). • Volume (m3/days of significant rainfall per year) of solid waste from the combined sewer system prevented from reaching the sea during rainy weather. • Combined System Overflows (CSOs) / rainy days CLIMATE PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION >= 1mm (%). JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 131 ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Protecting the Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more coastline and de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas our rivers comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get drop wasted in public mobility circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas economy climate 132 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 133 134 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION The Climate Emergency Action Plan business innovation and competitiveness asserts the need to rethink the current is key to creating employment, especially economic model, decarbonise the for the most vulnerable population. At economy and modify consumption the same time, we need to move towards patterns. We have to promote an a model that fosters the social and economy that closes cycles, fosters the solidarity economy, prioritises satisfying efficient use of resources, responsible people’s needs over profit, based on consumption, waste prevention and its fairness, solidarity, sustainability, subsequent recycling and reuse, and participation, inclusion and community which leads to food sovereignty. commitment, values which also drive This results in processes and products social change. that emit fewer greenhouse gases, and What this means is a radical transition citizens who adapt their consumption to a new social and economic model that habits to fit a more conscious and has to be determined and fair, and which responsible model. Boosting local we need to accelerate. 12 13 14 15 Green and Responsible Zero Food circular economy consumption waste sovereignty GOALS AND TARGETS FOR 2030: GOALS AND TARGETS FOR 2030: Obtain 100% clean funding Triple the fresh vegetables consumed in the city that come from Barcelona province. Pursue the zero waste strategy. • Achieve 1.2 kg waste/inhab/day. 1 farmers’ market per district. • Achieve 65 % selective collection (of all waste generated) and quality organic Presence of local produce in all municipal waste collection, with a maximum of 8% markets. foreign matter in weight. • >130,000 t of CO2 saved per year. 0 single-use, non-compostable tableware at • public events and in public buildings. >4,500 jobs with full roll-out of the Zero Waste strategy. Incorporate social and environmental criteria Reach 10% of GDP generated by the social in 80% of public procurement.. and solidarity economy 100% of municipal canteens serving low- 100% of the population subject to the carbon food (2021). individualised waste collection system. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 135 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION LINE OF ACTION GREEN AND 12 CIRCULAR ECONOMY Promoting a fairer and more sustainable economic model that reduces inequalities, creates quality employment and incorporates environmental criteria in taxation. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Barcelona aspires to be a city that uses its own Boosting the circular economy helps the transition to resources effectively and one which substantially a more efficient use of resources and low emissions, reduces its impact on other areas, to enable local which should allow us to fight against climate change developments with the capacity for boosting and the impact it has. Boosting local business employment, strengthening social cohesion and innovation and competitiveness is key to creating improving everyone’s quality of life. employment, especially for the most vulnerable population, and strengthening the social and solidarity economy at the same time. ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION New municipal policy of relationship with financial institutions, with the incorporation of social and environmental criteria and clauses. The City Council, in its public leadership role, intends to foster a more plural economy and incorporate new financial entities, new banking services and new financing offers that include social and environmental values into municipal management. Traditional banking covered approximately 92% of municipal financing needs until 2016. The influence of traditional banking fell from 74.9% to 43.1% between 2014 and 2018 owing to the entry of new funding sources for renewing operations such as sustainability bond issues (4.2%) and ethical banking (4.2%) and public banking resources (48.5%). This means opening up to banking institutions that are committed to the Emergency Climate Action Plan’s main principles. 136 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 12. GREEN AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 12.1. To review dealings with financial institutions to incorporate Ongoing Barcelona City and promote ethical banking and cooperative-, social- and Council solidarity-economy entities (ECSS). 12.2. To define a green-, blue- and circular-economy strategy. To 2025 Barcelona City promote clustersof companies from the city’s renewable- Council energy and circular-economy sector, such as the Besòs area. SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 12.3. To promote the consumption of waste valorisation products Ongoing Barcelona City and supplies. Council 12.4. To set up programmes for training and employment in the 2020 Barcelona City circular economy, through Barcelona Activa. Council 12.5. To call for the implementation of the Climate Change Act, 2020 Government of including tax measures (tax on Co2-e, climate fund, etc.) Catalonia 12.6. To adapt Barcelona Activa so that it promotes green and local 2020 Barcelona City economies. Council 12.7. Establish a surcharge on the tax on stays in tourist 2025 Government of accommodation. Catalonia 12.8. To draw up a set of guidelines for decarbonisation public 2025 Barcelona City procurement with circular-economy and social- and solidarity- Council economy criteria. To introduce sustainability certification from the City Council’s 2030 Agenda. 12.9. To call for the completion and implementation of the Catalan 2025 Government of Social and Solidarity Economy Act, along with the resources Catalonia required for its implementation. 12.10. To promote voluntary agreements by big companies to reduce 2025 Government of greenhouse gas emissions. Catalonia 12.11. To promote a framework and legal instruments for increasing 2025 Barcelona City social and sustainable public procurement in Catalonia and Council Spain. 12.12. To launch a compensation mechanism for the emissions 2025 Barcelona City generated by major public works in the city, in favour of Council actions for combating climate change. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 137 ACCIONS DATA AGENTS 12.13. To reform Spanish regulations and thereby enable the creation 2025 Spanish State of new municipal taxes in the area of tourism. 12.14. To advise companies on reducing waste and emissions, both 2025 Barcelona City at the planning stage and when implementing improvements Council (2030). 12.15. To study the options for improving environmental taxation for 2025 Barcelona City “low-carbon” companies (2030). Council MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number of jobs created. • Social Rights, Global Justice, • Number of employed persons, salaried and Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. freelancers, and the number of companies linked • Districts. to the green, social and circular economy. • Commissioner for Cooperative, Social and • Economy devoted to repairing, upcycling or Solidarity Economy recycling with added value and to exchanging • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. products (%). • Number of low-carbon contracts. • Net funding (%). • GDP generated by the Social and Solidarity STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE Economy (%). EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN • Public procurement with social and environmental criteria (%). CLIMATE PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION 138 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 12. GREEN AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA - HABITABLE, SAFE -5 BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Green and Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more circular eco- de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas nomy comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Protecting the Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get drop wasted in public mobility coastline and consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 139 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION LINE OF ACTION RESPONSIBLE 13 CONSUMPTION To promote conscious consumption by providing access to sustainable and fair-trade products and services. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Consumption affects and determines many essential We also need to promote work-life balance policies aspects of life (food, housing, clothes, basic utility that enable conscious household management, supplies, leisure, transport, etc.), so the production responsible consumption and waste-prevention. and consumption model has profound social, Public awareness of responsible consumption in economic, environmental and ethical implications Barcelona is on the increase but we need to define for the city itself as well as beyond its boundaries, strategies and adopt measures that facilitate access since services and products are often made in to those products, habits and lifestyles, as well as other places. Consumption therefore has a direct take action that helps the economic agents in the effect on GHG emissions because, for example, it is transition to responsible consumption, with a more not the same buying local food products as those sustainable market that is also accessible and produced thousands of kilometres away, or replacing affordable for the most vulnerable population. an old domestic electrical appliance with a new and efficient one, etc. And provide sufficient time to enable this consumption model to be carried out by city Promoting responsible consumption, in a holistic, residents through policies that encourage a balanced collectively responsible way as well as habits and family and work life, for example. Without time lifestyles directed towards the supply and demand available for conscious household management, of sustainable, socially fair products and services responsible consumption, waste prevention, capacity and tending towards a model that fosters the for repair and even recycling will be difficult to carry social and solidarity economy (which prioritises out. Spaces, time and lifestyles need to be generated satisfying people’s needs over profit, based on to enable a slower, more thought-out, conscious and fairness, solidarity, sustainability, participation, fair way of living in the city. inclusion and community commitment, values that also promote social change), are key to minimising the environmental and social impact of our society. ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2012- • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity 2020). Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. • Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020). • Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) and • Strategy for Promoting Responsible Consumption subsequent updates. (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. 140 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 13. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION In 2016, Barcelona City Council began organising a Christmas fair on the busiest shopping days of the festive season. The fair invites social and solidarity economy organisations and companies to exhibit, sell and advertise their products and services in order to involve the general public in responsible consumption and buying local produce. Around 60 projects and entities take part, offering a wide range of products and services spanning, among others, food, clothes, knowledge and culture, communication, ethical financing, care and health. Apart from these ideas for responsible consumption, there are cultural activities to attract the general public The Responsible Consumption, Social to a market whose main aim is not to make a profit but to and Solidarity Economy Fair offers an improve the quality of life of as many people as possible. Another aim of this alternative fair is to avoid the alternative with local, sustainable, socially compulsive, unthinking consumption typical of Christmas just products for Christmas. time. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 13.1. Promote responsible consumption through exchange markets, 2025 Barcelona City with local products, shops and organisations that reuse and Council distribute second-hand products, shops that sell in bulk, responsible consumption fairs, etc. To encourage green-energy procurement. SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 13.2. To consolidate the Social and Solidarity Economy Fair and the Ongoing Barcelona City Responsible Consumption Christmas Fair as meeting points Council and places for promoting economic initiatives that promote social and environmental justice. 13.3. To expand and strengthen the Network of Municipalities Ongoing Barcelona City for the Social and Solidarity Economy, which promotes new Council democratic, solidarity and sustainable ways of producing AMB and consuming, with the aim of moving towards an economic model that is more resistant to the effects of major economic crises. 13.4. To boost the promotion of citizen and social projects and Ongoing Barcelona City initiatives and provide continuity to the specific line of Council responsible-consumption subsidies. 13.5. To create a new benchmark space (Espai Consum) in 2018 Barcelona City the city that promotes responsible consumption, offers Council information and specific resources for facilitating responsible consumption and acts as a meeting point for consumption- related players. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 141 ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 13.6. To promote a new way to be more socially and environmentally 2018 Barcelona City friendly, with the creation of the FAR [lighthouse] for social Council and economic innovation, a facility for promoting the social and solidarity economy (SSE ) and SSE advice points in districts, with extended training offers and the creation of a line of funding for business projects under agreements with ethical banks, among other things. 13.7. To imbue the Municipal Consumer Information Office (OMIC) 2020 Barcelona City with a responsible-consumption perspective and extend its Council information and advice resources to include specific issues arising from a new way of doing things, such as the platform economy and the collaborative economy. 13.8. To identify and highlight local authority strategies and good 2020 Barcelona City practices for the Authority’s responsible consumption and Council thereby boost its exemplary role in public policies. 13.9. To provide specific internal training on responsible 2020 Barcelona City consumption within the City Council. Council 13.10. To apply and promote the use of social and environmental 2025 Barcelona City purchasing criteria in public purchasing and procurement. Council 13.11. To introduce climate emergency criteria in terms and 2025 Barcelona City conditions for advertising goods and services in spaces under Council public control. MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 13.12. To study the carbon footprint of the various types of 2030 Barcelona City consumption and production in Barcelona, taking into account Council the introduction of global-load emission indicators. MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number of ESS advice centre, Espai Consum and • Social Rights, Global Justice, Innoba facility users. Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Number of greened city events. • Districts. • Number of users and economic activity at the • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. Christmas Responsible Consumption Fair. • 2030 Agenda, Digital Transition and Sports. • Responsible consumption grants and subsidies awarded. • Number of users informed by awareness-raising campaigns. 142 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 13. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA -5- HABITABLE, SAFE BARCELONA -4- -3- HEALTHY BARCELONA -2- EFFICIENT, 1- RENEWABLE - BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Responsible Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more consumption de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Protecting the Green and Zero Food Cultural Climate Let’s get drop wasted in public mobility coastline and circular eco- waste sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers nomy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 143 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION LINE OF ACTION ZERO 14 WASTE Reducing the generation of waste (especially single-use plastics); promoting re-use and improving selective waste collection. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The best waste is waste that is not created. Prioritising measures for prevention, reduction, repair At present, waste treatment and management and reuse is the first step in seeking to achieve zero account for approximately 10% of computable waste. Correct management of waste generated and greenhouse gas emissions in the city. Reducing its possible reuse are end strategies which, while waste, separating it out and managing it correctly is necessary, consume energy and generate emissions. therefore key in reducing its impact. Therefore, the less waste, the better. ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2012- • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity 2020). Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. • Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020). • Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) and • Strategy for Promoting Responsible Consumption subsequent updates. (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION A BARCELONA The Plan’s main aims are to: RESIDU • Promote waste prevention. ZERO Repair workshops • TALLERS DE REPARACIÓ Preserve raw materials and avoid CENTRE CÍVIC exhausting their supply on making EL CARMEL Dimecres 07/02/2018 19 - 21.30 h new appliances. Taller: Petits electrodomèstics de la llar Desmuntarem un aparell i descobrirem com resoldre els Barcelona City Council has a repair problemes més habituals. Dimecres 14/02/2018 19 - 21.30 h workshop programme for civic and • Avoid generating new waste Servei d’assessorament Porta els teus aparells espatllats i t’ensenyarem com ar- reglar-los. and, therefore, the economic and Dimecres 21/02/2018 neighbourhood centres, that is 19 - 21.30 h Taller: Manteniment i optimització de sistemes operatius Coneixerem diferents sistemes operatius designed to provide people with the environmental costs associated i com fer-ne una correcta gestió. APUNTA’T I ATREVEIX-TE knowledge they need to repair their own with its subsequent treatment. A REPARAR ELS TEUS APARELLS! electronic devices and small household • Give people the tools for electrical appliances. lengthening the useful life of appliances. 144 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 14. ZERO WASTE PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 14.1. To implement a zero-waste strategy by greening festivals 2025 Barcelona City Council and events, reusable cups/glasses, cutlery and plates, repair workshops and spaces, exchange forums, a library of things, repair spaces, low-waste fairs and conferences, etc. 14.2. To implement individualised collection systems for domestic 2030 Barcelona City Council and commercial waste throughout the city, increasing Government of selective collection up to 65%, to reduce the need for Catalonia, Spanish incineration. State 14.3. To promote fab labs 2.0. 2030 Barcelona City Council 14.4. To eliminate single-use plastics. 2030 Barcelona City Council Government of Catalonia, Spanish State SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 14.5. To apply regulatory changes that enable the implementation Ongoing. Government of Catalonia, of new Collective Extended Producer Responsibility Systems Spanish State (SCRAP) and promote the introduction of Deposit, Return and Refund Systems (SDDR). 14.6. To optimise transport routes to reduce journeys and improve 2025 Barcelona City Council the waste collection service. 14.7. To reach voluntary agreements with the private sector to 2025 Barcelona City Council establish best practices in reducing packaging, waste, single- AMB use plastics, etc. 14.8. To create a domestic waste collection tax that incentivises 2025 Barcelona City Council participation in selective waste collection. MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED • Total waste generated (tonnes). • Total waste generated per inhabitant per day • Urban Ecology. (kg/inhab./day). • Districts. • Number of single-use, non-compostable items of • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. tableware used at public events and in municipal • 2030 Agenda, Digital Transition and Sports. buildings. • Emissions saved per year through the reduction of waste (within the framework of the Zero Waste MONITORING INDICATORS strategy) (tonnes of CO2). • Number of jobs created by the full roll-out of the • Waste avoided (kg). Zero Waste strategy. • Selective waste collection (%). • Percentage of the population covered by individualised collection systems (%). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 145 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 14. ZERO WASTE VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA - HABITABLE, SAFE -5 BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Zero Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more waste de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Protecting the Green and Responsible Food Cultural Climate Let’s get drop wasted in public mobility coastline and circular consumption sovereignty action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate 146 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION LINE OF ACTION FOOD 15 SOVEREIGNTY To promote consumption of local, ecological and healthy products. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS The current agro-food model (industrialised However, this market is still insufficient and only agriculture, involving large amounts of resources within the reach of part of the population. Promoting and transport, diets that are not really sustainable, these kinds of products, practices, short circuits etc.) is responsible for a quarter to a third of global and entities should enable their use to become more GHG emissions. Taking into account the total impact, widespread, flexible and accessible to everyone, it is calculated that, for every euro we spend as because their benefits have to be capable of reaching consumers on an agricultural product, the population as many people as possible and also because as a whole pays two more linked to environmental increased demand would allow supply to stabilise damage and on people’s health. and diversify. Switching to a food model with short circuits and Barcelona has been a signatory of the Milan Pact local products, ecological and seasonal practices, since 2015, an international agreement promoted by and less animal protein, means taking the road the FAO (UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization) and towards food sovereignty, a territorial model involving where the two hundred participating cities undertake more equality between the various agents, job to develop sustainable, fair and healthy agri-food creation, better health and a reduction in greenhouse models. gas emissions, because there is less need for Barcelona will be the host city for the Milan transport, lower quantities of resources, and less Pact’s international summit, becoming the World dependence on external resources. Capital of Sustainable Food for 2021, an enormous Foodstuffs are a vital product but Barcelona is opportunity for launching and raising the profile of a consumer, not a producer. Access to local or food sovereignty-related initiatives. Barcelona’s bid ecological products is still difficult in a dense urban is based on three cornerstones: promoting healthy environment such as Barcelona, but ecological diets, especially for children; proposing sustainable consumption groups and cooperatives, the existing food as an economic opportunity for small commerce supply of local produce in municipal and farmers’ and highlighting their perspective as a strategy for markets, and the presence of shops selling ecological combating climate change. products, are improving access to those types of foods that are healthier and more sustainable, while providing an outlet for the agro-ecological producers near the city and, therefore, a local economy. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 147 ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Barcelona Municipal Waste Prevention Plan (2012- • Plan for Promoting the Social and Solidarity 2020). Economy (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. • Barcelona Zero Waste Strategy (2016-2020). • Food Policy Promotion Strategy (2016-2019) and • Strategy for Promoting Responsible Consumption subsequent updates. (2016-2019) and subsequent updates. I LLUSTRATIVE ACTION In fact, the food served in school dining rooms comes from ecological agriculture. For example, all the dairy produce supplied (milk, yoghurt and cheese) are ecological, as is the most popular fruit (apples, pears, oranges and bananas) and the fruit juices, bread, rice, potatoes, pasta and pulses. The vegetables are ecological during the months when it is seasonally possible to get hold of them (e.g. lettuce, onions, carrots and pumpkins throughout the school year, and tomatoes, leeks, green beans and broccoli when they are in season). When it comes to animal proteins, chicken is ecological throughout the year. The fish children get is hake, cod, monkfish and sole. At nursery school they do not eat Access to a balanced Mediterranean diet pork or pork products, nor perch or halibut. And every in schools provides a great opportunity to meal is accompanied by salad. This commitment to an ecological diet with a strong presence of raw food, promote healthier food habits. greens and vegetable protein not only enables many children to have access to quality food on an fair basis All municipal nursery schools have their own kitchen but also allows families, by having a monthly school where they prepare the menus every day. This menu, to incorporate some of these habits into their facilitates the use of fresh, ecological produce. daily diet. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 15.1. To implement and promote healthier, low-carbon diets in 2020 Barcelona City Council 2021, in schools and all municipal dining rooms: seasonal, ecological, local produce, reducing the consumption of animal protein (especially red meat) and highly processed foods 15.2. To support and promote urban and peri-urban agriculture, as 2025 Barcelona City Council well as the city’s agro-ecological sector and the Parc Agrari del AMB Llobregat. 15.3. To create an identification system as well as logistics and 2025 Barcelona City Council commercial facilitation tools, together with Mercabarna, Mercabarna and municipal markets, traders associations, agricultural Municipal Markets organisation, etc., to significantly increase the presence of short-circuit, sustainable, ecological, local fruit and vegetables in the city’s local commerce. 148 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 15. FOOD SOVEREIGNTY SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 15.4. To promote and boost training and activities aimed at 2020 Barcelona City providing knowledge on vegetarianism in different areas. Council 15.5. To create and promote farmer’s markets, with Barcelona’s 2025 Barcelona City local producers. Council 15.6. To promote and define the healthy and sustainable dining- 2025 Government of room model. This is a place for boosting and activating Catalonia agricultural production. For example: ensure the vegetables, fruit or veal consumed comes from extensive, ecological, local production sources. 15.7. To promote the use of ecological and local food in the 2025 Barcelona City restaurant and catering sector. Council 15.8. To support the appearance of cooperative consumer 2025 Barcelona City initiatives with higher scalability and other projects that boost Council the supply of responsible consumption products and services in the city (preferably SSE services). 15.9. To open a wholesale market for fresh organic food in 2021 at 2025 Barcelona City Mercabarna to promote the sale of organic production and to Council encourage the participation of local organic producers. Mercabarna and Municipal Markets 15.10. To open a food-reuse centre (2,500 Tm/year) at Mercabarna 2025 Barcelona City in 2021. Council AMB 15.11. To boost the marketing of local, organic seasonal vegetables 2025 Mercabarna at Mercabarna, especially those produced in abundance in Catalonia (tomatoes, dried onions, lettuce and green beans). 15.12. To organise the 2021 Milan Pact’s meeting of mayors (from 200 2025 Barcelona City cities) for promoting the cities’ commitment to healthy food Council and combating climate change. To make Barcelona the Capital of Sustainable Food in 2021 and press for a change in the food model, locally and internationally. 15.13. To consolidate the green markets project and create new 2025 Barcelona City farmers’ markets fairly distributed around the city. Council 15.14. To promote local commerce in the food sector. 2025 Barcelona City Council 15.15. To study the regulation of establishments selling highly 2025 Barcelona City processed and high-protein fast food near schools. Council 15.16. To promote the urban allotments network for its social 2025 Barcelona City function and as an outreach tool, and foster ecological peri- Council urban agriculture and livestock together with supra-municipal authorities. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 149 MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 15.17. To promote the creation of food shops and spaces in markets 2030 Barcelona City intended to showcase quality food with short expiry dates for Council the purposes of encouraging savings and reducing food waste. MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number of farmers’ markets per district. • Social Rights, Global Justice, • Number of markets selling local products. Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Number of municipal canteens with organic • Districts. seasonal products. • Commissioner for Cooperative, Social and • Urban and metropolitan surface area devoted to Solidarity Economy agriculture (hectares). • Enterprise, Culture and Innovation. • Municipal canteens serving low-carbon food (%). • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. • Fresh vegetables produced in Barcelona province and consumed in the city (%). STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION 150 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ECONOMY AND CONSUMPTION / 15. FOOD SOVEREIGNTY VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA - HABITABLE, SAFE -5 BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Food Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more sovereignty de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Cultural Climate Let’s get drop wasted in public mobility coastline and circular consumption waste action for the cooperation organised areas our rivers economy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 151 152 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 CLIMATE CULTURE Most of the population and, therefore, Innovation is essential and we have collective intelligence, is concentrated in to equip ourselves with the necessary cities. If everyone (citizens, businesses, knowledge, tools, structures and institutions, the local authority, etc.) resources to tackle climate change. works together and there is cooperation Education and communication are vital between cities and regions, the change instruments for spreading knowledge and we need will come about. helping to raise everyone’s awareness. Likewise, we need to facilitate and foster citizen debate and action. 16 17 18 Cultural Climate Let’s get action for the cooperation organised climate GOALS AND TARGETS FOR 2030: To use €1 million/year for financial aid to carry out climate-related citizen projects. To have a person in charge of climate and a cultural facility on sustainability for each district. Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 153 CLIMATE CULTURE LINE OF ACTION CULTURAL 16 ACTION FOR THE CLIMATE To transform a culture based on the consumption of energy and resources into a culture that recognises the planetary boundaries and sustainable ways of life. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Culture is a key element for overcoming any crisis, as good example of co-production. We also need to take the cultural context is the reference framework which advantage of the socialisation possibilities offered shapes the way people live and act. We are faced by ICTs for openly circulating knowledge, ideas and with the challenge of transforming a culture based proposals among interconnected citizens. on increasing consumption of energy and resources, On top of that, Barcelona has a very interesting ignoring the undesirable effects this has on our habitat, community network at neighbourhood level, which into a culture that recognises planetary limits and could be very useful in dealing with climate change on fosters sustainable ways of living. a smaller scale. This is an opportunity for generating Therefore, we need to expand our knowledge and help intersectoral (between various professional and raise awareness among individuals, organisations, interest spheres), interterritorial (between districts institutions and businesses in Barcelona, so that and neighbourhoods) and intergenerational dialogue everyone can assume their own responsibility and (between the young and elderly population) to spread together we can shoulder the city’s responsibility. habits locally. Education, communication and encouraging citizens There are also facilities on a district level that could to take action are vital instruments for advancing serve as active catalysts, such as the environmental down this road, and must be firmly promoted by the classrooms (Bosc Turull, Sagrada Família, Centre Cívic City Council. The More Sustainable Barcelona network, Can Deu, Casa de l’Aigua) and the energy advice points. made up by the signatories to the Citizen Commitment The city has three benchmark environmental facilities: to Sustainability, is a key piece in this cultural the Fàbrica del Sol, the Beach Centre and the Parc de la transformation. New citizen projects developed under Ciutadella’s environmental Recreational Family Space. the Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate are a very ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Creation of energy advice points and guaranteeing basic utility supplies (2016). 154 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION Specific call for subsidy applications for citizen climate projects The City Council encourages citizen organisations to play a prominent and active role in the fight against climate change and promotes their initiatives. The purpose of the subsidies is to provide financial support for projects that promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, adapting the city to climate change and climate justice. The call highlights the fact they should be cooperative projects involving at least three organisations, with one acting as leader, and that the subsidy may be up to 80% with a maximum of €20,000 per project. The subsidies have a 200,000 euro budget every two years. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 16.1. To extensively disseminate information on available Ongoing Barcelona City opportunities, financial aid and support (renovation, energy- Council efficiency improvements, training and so on.) 16.2. To have a climate and sustainability manager and a facility in 2025 Barcelona City each district, for the purposes of promoting climate action and Council extending sustainability culture to neighbourhoods. 16.3. Providing €1 million/year of financial aid for carrying out 2025 Barcelona City projects that contribute to the goals of the Climate Emergency Council Action Plan and the Climate Emergency Declaration. SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 16.4. To spread knowledge of the climate emergency by using Ongoing TMB, Health existing communication channels: messages at primary Consortium healthcare centres (CAPs), metro channels, etc. 16.5. To raise awareness of the various player’s commitments, Ongoing Barcelona City initiatives and good practices. Council 16.6. To establish the necessary mechanisms for ensuring 2020 Barcelona City participation from people who are vulnerable to climate Council change. 16.7. To strengthen support programmes in schools, shops and 2025 Barcelona City local organisations as spaces for climate awareness and Council action. To develop an educational programme on climate change for city schools, including climate transition programmes geared towards young people (secondary schools, universities). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 155 ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 16.8. To publicise the climate emergency declaration through a 2025 Barcelona City travelling exhibition that covers the city’s ten districts as well Council as various schools. 16.9. To ensure access to climate information. To promote citizen 2025 Barcelona City science to obtain and share data on temperature, relative Council humidity, warnings, phenology, bird migrations and so on. To carry out more publicity and adapt information channels. To have climate information available relating to people’s everyday lives and activities. 16.10. To promote climate emergency initiatives (energy 2025 Barcelona City improvements, guaranteed environmental quality, sustainable Council mobility etc.,) from the cultural facilities run by the ICUB or with municipal participation. 16.11. To incorporate information and discussion on the climate 2025 Barcelona City emergency and future model into the cultural programme, Council with the involvement of cultural facilities (libraries, museums, community centres, neighbourhood centre, youth centres) and dedicate international days and weeks to the climate crisis. 16.12. To introduce criteria for reducing the climate impact, and 2025 Barcelona City the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda at five major city Council events (for example, La Mercè, the Marathon, Grec Festival, Smart City Expo World Congress, Mobile World Congress) and neighbourhood festivals. 16.13. To promote the creation of citizen co-responsibility networks 2025 Barcelona City and climate-action groups at the neighbourhood level. Council MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 16.14. To strengthen participation from the region’s social fabric 2030 Barcelona City in defining urban-planning, greenery and mobility proposals Council for mitigating the effects of climate change (throughout the process). 16.15. To have an energy-efficiency and climate-change 2030 Barcelona City interpretation centre available at a city level. Council MUNICIPAL PLAYERS MONITORING INDICATORS INVOLVED • Number of organisations committed to citizen climate projects. • Number of co-produced climate projects. • Urban Ecology. • Number of districts with climate and sustainability benchmarks. • Districts. • Number of districts with environmental education facilities. • Barcelona Institute of Culture. • Number of energy advice point consultations. • Barcelona Education • Financial aid to carry out climate-related citizen projects (€/year). Consortium. • Barcelona Municipal Institute of Education. 156 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 CLIMATE CULTURE / 16. CULTURAL ACTION FOR THE CLIMATE VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA - HABITABLE, SAFE -5 BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, RENEWABLE -1- BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Cultural Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more action for the de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas climate comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Climate Let’s get drop wasted in public mobility coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty cooperation organised areas our rivers economy Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 157 CLIMATE CULTURE LINE OF ACTION CLIMATE 17 COOPERATION To facilitate collective learning/ action projects and involve people and organisations in them. To grant financial aid for implementing projects that help to tackle climate change. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS In a mainly urban world, cities are the key to ensuring sustainability or everyday lives of the most vulnerable social equity, sustainable development and quality of populations. life. However, the consumption habits of the inhabitants We need to make people more aware that our habits of the most prosperous cities such as Barcelona often and the way we consume impact on everyday life and generate a big ecological debt that falls on the most increase the risks for other parts of the world, as well vulnerable societies, regions and countries. As a city as promote international cooperation projects aimed at in the Northern hemisphere, Barcelona must take the reversing the ecological debt that the city has acquired. initiative and drastically reduce its emissions in order to improve social justice and not compromise the ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Cooperation for Social Justice Master Plan (2018-2021). PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 17.1. To prepare for taking in climate refugees. 2030 Barcelona City Council 158 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 CLIMATE CULTURE / 17. CLIMATE COOPERATION ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION collected. In the city’s outlying districts, which lack many basic services, solid urban waste management (GRSU) is now becoming a serious environmental, social and health problem. Urban areas like the Maxaquene neighbourhood have grown out of the chaotic occupation of public spaces. That makes it enormously difficult to introduce, roll out and maintain basic services and the consequences of that are seriously affecting the daily lives of the people who live there. The main purpose of the Maxaquene project is to improve GRSU in the neighbourhood by strengthening the network of primary collection associations with Support for solid urban waste management a social and solidarity focus, along with raising in the outlying districts of Maputo community awareness regarding the importance of recycling and the social, economic and environmental (Mozambique) benefits of the work done by informal recyclers (catadors). Barcelona City Council’s Department of Global Justice The activities have mainly been designed and and International Cooperation funds projects to implemented by two local organisations, Kutenga promote climate justice in Mediterranean, African and and Comsol, with the support of the Maxaquene Latin American countries. neighbourhood development platform and in Maputo generates more than 1,100 tonnes of solid collaboration with the NGO Enginyeria Sense Fronteres waste very day but almost 500 tonnes of that is not (Engineering Without Borders). SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 17.2. To generate more active social involvement in highlighting the Ongoing Barcelona City effects of climate change on the most vulnerable countries Council and societies, and to launch educational and awareness- raising campaigns on Barcelona’s ecological debt. 17.3. To define a comprehensive strategy for reducing Barcelona’s 2025 Barcelona City ecological debt that prioritises actions that have the biggest Council impact on third parties. MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 17.4. To generate more knowledge around the impact of the climate 2030 Barcelona City crisis on global inequalities, migrations (climate refugees) and Council human rights. 17.5. To promote cooperation between cities on climate justice, in 2030 Barcelona City the subsidy call and direct, city-city cooperation. Council Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 159 VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA - HABITABLE, SAFE -5 BARCELONA -4- 3- HEALTHY BARCELONA - -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN • Mayor’s Office. • Districts. • Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. MONITORING INDICATORS PROMOTING • Number of international cooperation projects that MITIGATION ADAPTATION CLIMATE JUSTICE CITIZEN have been carried out to correct climate change. ACTION • Budget for international cooperation projects designed to improve climate justice (€). ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Climate Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more cooperation de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Let’s get drop wasted in public mobility coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the organised areas our rivers economy climate 160 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 CLIMATE CULTURE LINE OF ACTION LET’S GET 18 ORGANISED Incorporating organisational changes and changes to working methods that enable sustainability and resilience criteria to be integrated into the city’s planning, transformation and management. JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFITS Climate change is a global challenge that requires risks that flow from them. We will have to deepen our local actions. It is also a phenomenon that involves lots knowledge and improve the information available to of environmental vectors (water, energy, biodiversity, us for making decisions, managing and putting climate waste, etc.). Consequently, it cannot be tackled in action into practice. isolation by a specific local authority department. It This new working approach will also require tools that requires a cross-departmental approach that takes enable a more detailed analysis of the impacts and how the complexity of this phenomenon into account. That these will affect people, generate internal training for means involving the whole local authority, along with the technical team involved and ensure accessibility to the other key players in the city. this new information. Another major challenge is to incorporate the climate In turn, that will require changes on an organisational change variable into long-term city planning and and working methodology level which will enable management, not just because it implies setting goals sustainability and resilience criteria to be integrated and targets or acquiring commitments in the long into city planning, transformation and management term but also due to the uncertainty inherent in future processes from a global, systemic city perspective. projections and in managing climate impacts and the ACTIONS OF THE PLAN ACTIONS ALREADY ENVISAGED IN THE EXISTING PLANS: • Urban resilience (2016). • Barcelona Science Plan (2020-2030). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 161 ILLUSTRATIVE ACTION The urban resilience information and analysis platform aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the city, by bringing together all the critical or relevant information gathered from the various systems involved. Managing the city is a complex task due to the multiple operators involved and because, despite the obvious interdependencies between the different urban systems, they often manage their information separately. This platform opens up a new possibility of managing and sharing information with all the agencies involved and enables the joint analysis of data which, up to now, was impossible to correlate, thereby providing new information to support decision-making processes both at a strategic and operational level. PRIORITY INITIATIVES IN THE POST-COVID-19 CONTEXT: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 18.1. To increase climate research (Barcelona Science Plan) Ongoing Barcelona City to improve knowledge of climate change in the city. To Council communicate new knowledge through the website, science conferences, talks, etc.. 18.2. To create a climate office to work across all areas on 2020 Barcelona City climate change from within the organisation and establish a Council committee to monitor the implementation of the Climate Plan initiatives, made up of a core team driving the plan and other key players. 18.3. To study the reduction of energy expenditure associated with 2020 Barcelona City working-hour adaptations. Council 18.4. To implement the carbon budget. 2025 Barcelona City Council 18.5. To revise municipal emergency plans in the light of the new 2025 Barcelona City information generated on climate change. Council 18.6. To improve the public information provided during pollution 2025 Barcelona City episodes and warnings of new risks. Council SHORT-TERM ACTIONS (2018-2025): ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 18.7. To study each neighbourhood’s contribution to the generation Ongoing Barcelona City of greenhouse gases to determine possible inequalities. Council 18.8. To include, within a resilience platform, a common repository Ongoing Barcelona City of climate information that ensures accessibility to all the Council players involved. 162 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 18.9. To improve communication systems with critical city facilities Ongoing Barcelona City and services during extreme climate episodes. Council 18.10. To publish relevant information, through Open Data, not just Ongoing Barcelona City on climate impact but also on monitoring of initiatives carried Council out (transparency). 18.11. To define and calculate the monitoring indicators of the Ongoing Barcelona City Climate Emergency Action Plan and citizen co-production Council products and to draw up and publish periodic reports that comply with the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. 18.12. To review and update the Climate Emergency Action Plan. Ongoing Barcelona City Council 18.13. To establish the necessary external coordination mechanisms 2018 Barcelona City and communication between the various authorities Council (especially Barcelona Provincial Council, the Metropolitan Area and the Catalan government), as well as with other key city players, for the purposes of creating synergies and enabling the achievement of the Climate Plan’s goals, while boosting the role of the Citizen Council for Sustainability. 18.14. To incorporate a line of climate action for launching resilience 2018 Barcelona City committee projects. Council 18.15. Develop an internal training plan that incorporates specific 2020 Barcelona City training in jobs directly involved in climate action, as well as Council outreach and awareness-raising sessions on the importance of climate change. 18.16. To learn more about the impact of climate change on the 2020 Barcelona City continuity of the city’s services and critical infrastructures Council (healthcare services, utility supplies, etc.,) and their inter- dependence. 18.17. To study how climate change may have economic 2020 Barcelona City repercussions on the city (changes in the prices of basic Council utilities and food supplies, in tourist-load capacities, etc.) To reduce emissions from tourist activities. 18.18. To create a resilience atlas that includes vulnerability maps 2020 Barcelona City and ensures the information is accessible to all the municipal Council players involved in the processes for urban planning, transformation and services. 18.19. To map the Climate Emergency Action Plan initiatives 2020 Barcelona City launched and publish them in the resilience atlas. Council 18.20. To learn more about how climate change will affect Barcelona, 2025 Barcelona City through participation in the European RESCCUE project. Council 18.21. To systematise the use of climate information among 2025 Barcelona City municipal experts, set up tools that enable new information Council to be shared more effectively (resilience platform) and give staff the skills to use them, through the necessary training (extending the use of geographic information systems within the organisation to improve analysis capacity, etc.) Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 163 MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ACTIONS (2026-2030) THAT NEED PROMOTING: ACTIONS DATE PLAYERS INVOLVED 18.22. To establish internal coordination mechanisms for ensuring 2030 Barcelona City notification of the progress made and monitoring the Council accompanying sectoral plans. 18.23. To take part in city networks and encourage the exchange 2030 Barcelona City of good practices and collaborate with leading international Council institutions, to position Barcelona as a model for climate action and report the results in accordance with the commitments made. MUNICIPAL PLAYERS INVOLVED MONITORING INDICATORS • Urban Ecology. • Number of people trained on climate change. • Districts. • Amount of participation in research projects and • Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI improving our knowledge of climate change. Affairs. • Amount of content published on the resilience • Safety and Prevention. platform and other tools for access to • Economy, Resources and Economic Promotion. information. • Culture, Education, Science and Community • Barcelona Public Health Agency. STRATEGIC LINES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN CLIMATE PROMOTING MITIGATION ADAPTATION JUSTICE CITIZEN ACTION 164 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 VALUES OF THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN SOCIALLY FAIR BARCELONA - HABITABLE, SAFE -5 BARCELONA -4- - HEALTHY BARCELONA -3 -2- EFFICIENT, - RENEWABLE -1 BARCELONA LOW-CARBON, DISTRIBUTIVE BARCELONA BARCELONA THAT LEARNS COMMITED BARCELONIANS ASSOCIATED LINES OF ACTION: Let’s get Tenir cura Taking care No cuts To guarantee Better than Reclaiming Climate-based Many more organised de tothom of everyone thermal new buildings roof terraces urban transfor- green areas comfort mation Not a single Renewables Good Protecting the Green and Responsible Zero Food Cultural Climate drop wasted in public mobility coastline and circular consumption waste sovereignty action for the cooperation areas our rivers economy climate Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 165 12. TIMEFRAME Line of action 1. TAKING CARE OF EVERYONE 1.1. To improve the social network of elderly people who live alone and reinforce existing projects and specific actions aimed at vulnerable groups such as • · 2020 · the promotion of the telecare service. 1.2. To deploy the necessary mechanisms to increase the significance of public aid focusing on energy, the environment and social justice. • · 2025 · 1.3. To create at least 10 neighbourhood villages geared towards providing a comprehensive care service for dependent persons, with local home care • · 2025 · service teams. 1.4. To make progress in the guarantee of the right to food in an inclusive and dignified manner. • · 2025 · 1.5. To foster green employment in economic sectors linked to climate change. To give the Labora project an environmental vision. • · 2025 · 1.6. To reduce the nuisance caused by bad smells by improving waste collection and sewage systems in the event of hot weather. · • · · 1.7. To create support roles to facilitate and advise on the renovation actions to be carried out. · · 2020 · 1.8. To specifically train Home Assistance Service (SAD) workers to identify situations of energy poverty and vulnerability to heat/cold, as well as to · · 2020 · propose initiatives for improving thermal comfort in the home. 1.9. To generate knowledge on the distinct effects of the climate crisis on women and Barcelona’s most vulnerable groups. · · · 2030 166 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Priority initiatives in the post Covid-19 context Ongoing Necessary short-term actions (2018-2025) Necessary medium- and long- term actions (2026-2030) Line of action 2. NO CUTS 2.1. To promote and prioritise self-production of energy from renewable sources and to make it accessible also to vulnerable households. • · 2025 · 2.2. To guarantee energy and water supplies and uninterrupted service of the critical facilities and infrastructures in emergency situations. • · 2025 · 2.3. To deploy the municipal energy operator that promotes the production of renewable energies in the municipality. · • · · 2.4. To create a municipal energy supplier at the service of all citizens. · · 2018 · 2.5. To revise the domestic sewage tax so it includes discounts for sensitive groups. · · 2020 · 2.6. To turn the current energy advice points into climate advice points in order to continue to guarantee basic services for people in a vulnerable situation. · · 2020 · 2.7. To improve our knowledge of the relationship between energy poverty and health. · · 2025 · 2.8. To promote “energy banks” that can help to cover the needs of energy- vulnerable households. · · 2025 · 2.9. To promote actions and agreements to ensure the public supply of potable water to the city. · · · 2030 Line of action 3. TO GUARANTEE THERMAL COMFORT 3.1. To make 100 municipal facilities (facilities and parks) available to act as climate shelters in the event of an extreme climate emergency, and have a • · 2025 · reference facility in each district. 3.2. To prioritise the cooling actions carried out in those geographic areas that are most vulnerable to heat. • · 2025 · 3.3. To create the “Barcelona, city of shade” intervention programme on public spaces, to generate more shaded areas. • · 2025 · 3.4. To improve the thermal comfort of 40 state-run schools (Education Consor- tium), 4 municipal care homes for the elderly and 2 early intervention centres • · 2025 · for children with disabilities. 3.5. To review the heat wave emergency protocol activation criteria. · · 2025 · 3.6. To deepen our knowledge of how climate change affects the health and mor- tality of people in each neighbourhood, through the European research project · · 2025 · funded by Climate-fit.city, in which the ASPB and ISGLOBAL participate. 3.7. To learn more about the urban climate with the implementation of a network of fixed weather stations as well as pop-up or mobile stations. · · 2025 · 3.8. To continue identifying, preparing and activating climate shelter spaces to ensure the desired degree of cover and, if necessary, to create new ones. · · · 2030 3.9. To have a space for water games in a public area in each district. · · · 2030 3.10. To reinforce socio-healthcare facilities and staff teams to deal with exceptional weather events. · · · 2030 3.11. To intervene on the city’s roads and roof terraces and help to mitigate the heat-island effect. · · · 2030 Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 167 Priority initiatives Priority initiatives in the post in the post Covid-19 context Covid-19 context Ongoing Ongoing Necessary Necessary short-term actions short-term actions (2018-2025) (2018-2025) Necessary Necessary medium- and long- medium- and long- term actions term actions (2026-2030) (2026-2030) Line of action 4. BETTER THAN NEW BUILDINGS 4.1. To study and establish the technical specifications for the new thermal comfort standards that Barcelona wants to achieve locally, and work on • · 2020 · changing the mentality of building developers and users. 4.2. To develop a regulatory framework for the use of heating/air conditioning in the commercial and services sector. • · 2020 · 4.3. To undertake communication and publicity actions to encourage energy savings in buildings. · • · · 4.4. To monitor the energy performance of buildings, housing and public facilities to provide knowledge of their consumption and the energy improvements · • · · applied. 4.5. To analyse how much time will be required for the new, more environmentally responsible systems. · · 2020 · 4.6. To study traditional energy solutions and how to fit them into the modern building context. · · 2025 4.7. To draw up a building energy byelaw that ensures that new buildings or those undergoing wholesale renovation in the city are minimum-demand · · 2025 · and maximum-generation as regards energy. 4.8. To guarantee efficient energy management of the municipal services linked to the water cycle and waste management and collection in order to achie- · · · 2030 ve a 10% saving in electricity consumption in the buildings concerned. 4.9. To develop and consolidate the existing heating and cooling grids in the city, and define and promote a new one in La Sagrera. · · · 2030 Line of action 5. RECOVERING TERRACE ROOFS 5.1. To develop 10 green roofs and façades in municipal buildings. • • · · 5.2. To fill the city’s roof terraces with solar installations, making it easier to install them and boosting the financial incentives, such as grants and • • · · subsidies, tax breaks and/or other funding mechanisms. 5.3. To start a process whereby up to 25 MWp of photovoltaic energy is installed in large urban spaces by 2025. • · · 2030 5.4. To draft a byelaw to encourage productive roofs for new buildings and major renovations and in cases of changes of use of buildings. · · 2018 · 5.5. To draw up technical instructions for public buildings that include the use of productive roofs/walls/façades. · · 2018 · 5.6. To approve a byelaw that makes the use of greywater, rainwater or regenerated water compulsory in new buildings or major renovations. · · 2025 · 168 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Priority initiatives Priority initiatives in the post in the post Covid-19 context Covid-19 context Ongoing Ongoing Necessary Necessary short-term actions short-term actions (2018-2025) (2018-2025) Necessary Necessary medium- and long- medium- and long- term actions term actions (2026-2030) (2026-2030) Line of action 6. CLIMATE-BASED URBAN TRANSFORMATION 6.1. To influence high-level planning instruments to incorporate urban factors that ensure a true presence of high-quality greenery. • • · · 6.2. To adapt the necessary current urban-planning regulations so they can help to achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation goals. · • · · 6.3. To incorporate the climate emergency aspect into strategic metropolitan transformations, such as: Parc de les Glòries, Avinguda Meridiana, Parc de la · • · · Sagrera or the seafront. 6.4. To further analyse how climate change specifically affects each district in order to identify possible risks and vulnerabilities and define specific actions · · 2020 · to address them. 6.5. To locate and characterise the areas at risk. · · 2020 · 6.6. To draw up a design guide with sustainability and resilience criteria tailored for architects, engineers and so on, as well as for key players, such · · 2020 · as research centres and universities. 6.7. To protect schools with environmental and road safety measures. Actions at 200 schools until 2024. · · 2024 · 6.8. To draft a Greenery and Biodiversity Charter to provide a tool that features the technical, environmental and design criteria that will have to be borne in mind when planning green spaces and urban trees, in order to conserve and · · 2025 · enhance the city’s plant and animal diversity. 6.9. To differentiate between the various urban fabrics according to the risks that affect them so that corrective measures can be incorporated in planning · · 2025 · reviews. 6.10. To keep sufficient space in the soil and subsoil to allow for the provision of the necessary climate services. · · 2025 · 6.11. To rethink and adapt criteria in the project and works protocols and in the technical specifications for urban spaces. · · · 2030 6.12. To speed up the installation of renewable energies in Catalonia so that 50% of electricity consumption in Catalonia will be from renewable sources by 2030. · · · 2030 Line of action 7. MANY MORE GREEN AREAS 7.1. To increase 40 hectares of public green spaces in Barcelona to provide high socio-environmental services, prioritising those places with the greatest deficit, and approve an instrument for the effective protection of private • · 2025 · green spaces. 7.2. To maintain the prevention and firefighting services. · • · · 7.3. To incorporate climate change criteria into the Special Plan for the protection of the natural environment and landscape of the Serra de · · 2020 · Collserola natural park. 7.4. To find solutions to the problem of mosquito reproduction in scuppers and reservoir roofs. · · 2020 · 7.5. To consolidate the control programmes for arboviruses and other diseases transmitted by vectors and the mosquito-control protocols. · · 2025 · Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 169 Priority initiatives Priority initiatives in the post in the post Covid-19 context Covid-19 context Ongoing Ongoing Necessary Necessary short-term actions short-term actions (2018-2025) (2018-2025) Necessary Necessary medium- and long- medium- and long- term actions term actions (2026-2030) (2026-2030) 7.6. To promote urban green corridors, paying special attention to the Ciutadella-Collserola corridor with the action on Carrer de Pi i Margall. · · 2025 · 7.7. To step up comprehensive pest control with minimum use of insecticides and biocides. · · 2025 · 7.8. To produce a catalogue of tree species. · · 2025 · 7.9. To decide which zones need more thermoregulatory vegetation, and those where this is not necessary and xerophile vegetation may be sufficient. In · · 2025 · parks, priority must be given to native or well adapted species. 7.10. To improve our knowledge of the effects of climate change on natural systems. · · 2025 · 7.11. To create ephemeral or seasonal gardens (10 per year, one per district) (2025). · · 2025 · 7.12. To develop the necessary programmes for protecting the species that are most vulnerable to climate change. · · · 2030 7.13. To create 10 biodiversity shelters as an essential part of the urban green infrastructure. · · · 2030 7.14. To restore the beds of the Llobregat and Besòs rivers and improve their water quality as well as that of the aquifers. · · · 2030 7.15. To reclaim the Rec Comtal. · · · 2030 Line of action 8. NOT A SINGLE DROP WASTED 8.1. To achieve a consumption of 100 l/inhab./day of domestic drinking water. • · · 2030 8.2. To foster water saving on a municipal level in irrigation, fountains, cleaning and municipal buildings. · • · · 8.3. To incorporate up-to-date climate forecasts in future revisions of the Drought Protocol. · · 2018 · 8.4. To provide for tree irrigation and increase it where necessary in order to obtain the desired evapotranspiration and cooling services. · · 2020 · 8.5. To assess and continually monitor the quality of groundwater. · · 2020 · 8.6. To have a city supply plan for Barcelona. · · 2020 · 8.7. To increase the sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) by 20,000 m2 by 2024. · · 2024 · 8.8. To replace 100,000 m3/year of potable water with alternative water resources for the municipal uses for which they are appropriate by 2024. · · 2024 · 8.9. To promote the use of greywater in new housing developments and renovations or for industrial purposes, and to study its inclusion in future · · 2025 · versions of the Municipal Urban Environment Byelaw. 8.10. To study the energy impact of supplying water (the desalination plant, regenerated water plants, etc.). · · 2025 · 8.11. To study the feasibility of producing water regenerated at the Besòs waste water treatment plant (EDAR). · · 2025 · 8.12. To assess and continually monitor the quality of drinking water. · · · 2030 8.13. To permeate (unpave) 3 ha and reclaim the organic soil. · · · 2030 8.14. To use regenerated water from the El Prat Wastewater Purification Plant, with a 5 hm3 potential, for industrial use in the Zona Franca and compatible · · · 2030 residential uses (La Marina neighbourhood) and for recharging the aquifer. 170 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Priority initiatives in the post Covid-19 context Ongoing Necessary short-term actions (2018-2025) Necessary medium- and long- term actions (2026-2030) 8.15. To build infiltration basins at high points of the city that result in easier infiltration and generate a flow retention and lamination effect, and to · · · 2030 install rainwater capture systems in Collserola so it can be reused. 8.16. To use pumped groundwater from underground facilities for municipal uses if this is possible in view of the quality of the water. · · · 2030 Line of action 9. RENEWABLES IN PUBLIC AREAS 9.1. To speed up the implementation of renewable energy in municipal buil- dings and public spaces by incorporating a further 6 MWp of photovoltaic • · 2025 · generation in the municipal stock by 2025. 9.2. To consider incorporating this generation in other public space elements, such as pavements, road surfaces, etc. · • · · Line of action 10. GOOD MOBILITY 10.1. To improve the reliability, competitiveness and capacity of the city’s bus network. To increase the frequency and reduce the journey times of servi- • • · · ces on the basic local network. 10.2. To consider the implementation of additional measures to reduce the environmental impact of private motor transport. • • · · 10.3. To make progress in the application of ways to reduce the amount of travel required. • • · · 10.4. To consolidate the cycling infrastructure and improve the quality, connectivi- ty and safety of the existing network while prioritising the axes that give the • • · · network its structure. 10.5. To step up the scale and pace of the Superblock programme. To transform 10 km of streets into green hubs by 2024. • · 2024 · 10.6. To improve pavement accessibility and comfort, increase pedestrian zones, improve vertical mobility, and increase the number of traffic-calmed • · 2025 · streets, where maximum priority is given to pedestrians. 10.7. To extend the strategy of car parks and regulated parking to the whole city. • · 2025 · 10.8. To complete the tram network and manage it better. • · 2025 · 10.9. To calm traffic in the city generally, to increase road safety and foster a friendly environment with lower energy consumption and fewer emissions. • · 2025 · 10.10. To create Park & Ride areas in collaboration with other authorities. • · · 2030 10.11. To roll out the Low Emission Zone, monitor the stages envisaged and make any necessary adjustments. · • · · 10.12. To promote spaces allocated to distributing goods in order to increase efficiency and reduce their impact on GHG emissions. · • · · 10.13. To substantially increase intercity bus services. · • · · 10.14. To improve the street-level public transport interchange areas, the intermodal stations and the regional and metropolitan bus terminals. · • · · Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 171 Priority initiatives Priority initiatives in the post in the post Covid-19 context Covid-19 context Ongoing Ongoing Necessary Necessary short-term actions short-term actions (2018-2025) (2018-2025) Necessary Necessary medium- and long- medium- and long- term actions term actions (2026-2030) (2026-2030) 10.15. To provide support at state level for the creation of an ECA area in the Western Mediterranean. · · 2020 · 10.16. To provide grants and subsidies for cycling to work. To promote a pilot scheme, help businesses to buy bicycles and assess the possibility of providing workers with financial compensation for the kilometres cycled to · · 2025 · work. 10.17. To promote electric vehicles by creating a new charging infrastructure. · · 2025 · 10.18. To draft and implement Barcelona City Council's Business Travel Plan (PDE). · · 2025 · 10.19. To introduce green taxation measures in order to tax the goods distribution of big tech platforms. · · 2025 · 10.20. To diversify fuels and electric vehicles in captive vehicle fleets. · · 2025 · 10.21. To promote a 100% low-emission taxi fleet. · · 2025 · 10.22. To renew the bus and coach fleet with less polluting technologies, and to give priority to zero-emission vehicles. · · 2025 · 10.23. To implement the necessary infrastructure to electrify the Port of Barcelona wharfs, land-based machinery and captive fleets. · · 2025 · 10.24. To work towards a taxation system with a markedly environmental character for vessels in the Port of Barcelona and the aviation sector. · · 2025 · 10.25. To install renewable generation systems in the Port of Barcelona and Barcelona Airport, on building roofs and with pergolas in car parks. · · 2025 · 10.26. To electrify and diversify municipal vehicle fleets (including waste- transport vehicles). · · · 2030 10.27. To draw up plans for reducing the emissions of infrastructures and incorporate them into the new master plans for Barcelona Airport, · · · 2030 considering the aviation sector, and the Port of Barcelona. 10.28. To consider eliminating short-haul flights for journeys that can be taken by train (under seven hours) and for distances of under 1,000 km. · · · 2030 10.29. To continue with the gradual electrification of land fleets and auxiliary units to minimise the consumption of fossil fuels. · · · 2030 10.30. To encourage the use of rail transport over the airport and fewer car parks. · · · 2030 10.31. To put into service the metro actions taken under the Infrastructure Master Plan that would provide a faster and higher return. · · · 2030 10.32. To increase investment in local/commuter and regional services to improve public regional rail transport. To speed up completion of the La Sagrera · · · 2030 station. 10.33. To speed up the construction of rail accesses to the Port, including the Mediterranean corridor, in order to double the transport of goods by train · · · 2030 and reduce lorry traffic. 10.34. To begin a process of electrifying the Port of Barcelona, together with contracting 100% renewable energy. · · · 2030 10.35. To push for the Port of Barcelona to be a base port for cruise companies. · · · 2030 10.36. To remove the tax exemptions on kerosene in the EU both for domestic flights and in the common air space. · · · 2030 172 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Line of action 11. CONSERVING THE SEAFRONT 11.1. To define and implement specific use and protection strategies for each beach. • · · 2030 11.2. To analyse the social perception of the effects of climate change on bea- ches. · · 2025 · 11.3. To carry out further studies on vulnerability to erosion and sea flooding. · · 2025 · 11.4. To establish sediment conservation measures. · · 2025 · 11.5. To redefine current coastal uses. · · 2025 · 11.6. To promote the sustainable use of the sea. · · 2025 · 11.7. To naturalise the Barcelona coast. · · · 2030 11.8. To increase public knowledge of the sea. · · · 2030 11.9. To apply adaptation and increased resilience measures that are appro- priate for the Barcelona coast. · · · 2030 11.10. To increase coastal marine biodiversity by installing new artificial reefs. · · · 2030 11.11. To study the effects of climate change on sea temperature and their implications for water quality, marine biodiversity, fishing and so on. · · · 2030 11.12. To carry out the first stage of urgent actions under the PDISBA, which focuses on the ecological defence and protection of water bodies that affect and are affected by the urban environment against the effects of climate change on the · · · 2030 precipitation model. 11.13. To foster the protection and expansion of the current marine carbon sinks between the towns along the Barcelona coast, and encourage · · · 2030 collaborative networking. 11.14. To re-plan the model for coastal area uses aligned with a policy for the continuous improvement of environmental practices and prevention of · · · 2030 coastal pollution. Line of action 12. GREEN AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY 12.1. To review dealings with financial institutions to incorporate and promote ethical banking and cooperative, social and solidarity economy entities • • · · (ECSS). 12.2. To define a green-, blue- and circular-economy strategy. To promote clusters of companies from the city’s renewable-energy and circular- • · 2025 · economy sector, such as the Besòs area. 12.3. To promote the consumption of waste recovery products and supplies. · • · · 12.4. To set up circular economy training and employment programmes through Barcelona Activa. · · 2020 · 12.5. To call for the implementation of the Catalan Climate Change Act, including fiscal measures. · · 2020 · 12.6. To adapt Barcelona Activa to promote green and local economies. · · 2020 · Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 173 Priority initiatives Priority initiatives in the post in the post Covid-19 context Covid-19 context Ongoing Ongoing Necessary Necessary short-term actions short-term actions (2018-2025) (2018-2025) Necessary Necessary medium- and long- medium- and long- term actions term actions (2026-2030) (2026-2030) 12.7. To establish a charge on the tax on stays in tourist accommodation. · · 2025 · 12.8. To draw up public procurement guidelines for decarbonisation with Circu- lar and Social and Solidarity Economy criteria. To introduce sustainability · · 2025 · certification from the City Council's 2030 Agenda. 12.9. To call for the Catalan Social and Solidarity Economy Act to be finalised and rolled out, along with the necessary resources to do so. · · 2025 · 12.10. To encourage voluntary agreements by big companies to reduce green- house gas emissions. · · 2025 · 12.11. To promote a legal framework and instruments to increase social and sustainable public procurement in Catalonia and Spain. · · 2025 · 12.12. To promote a mechanism to compensate for emissions generated by major public works in the city, in support of actions to combat climate change. · · 2025 · 12.13. To reform Spanish law to enable new municipal taxes to be created in every area, particularly tourism. · · 2025 · 12.14. To advise companies on the reduction of waste and emissions, both at the planning stage and when implementing improvements. · · 2025 · 12.15. To study the options for improving environmental taxation for “low-car- bon” companies. · · 2025 · Line of action 13. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION 13.1. To promote responsible consumption through exchange marketplaces. • · 2025 · 13.2. To consolidate the Social and Solidarity Economy Fair and the Christmas Responsible Consumption Fair. · • · · 13.3. To expand and strengthen the Municipalities for the Social and Solidarity Economy Network association. · • · · 13.4. To boost the promotion of citizen and social projects and initiatives and provide continuity to the specific line of responsible-consumption · • · · subsidies. 13.5. To create a new benchmark centre (Espai Consum) in the city that will promote responsible consumption. · · 2018 · 13.6. To promote a new way of doing things that is more socially responsible and environmentally friendly with the creation of the socio-economic innovation · · 2018 · FAR (lighthouse). 13.7. To enrich the Municipal Consumer Information Office (OMIC) with a responsible consumption perspective. · · 2020 · 13.8. To identify and highlight the government's responsible consumption strategies and good practices in order to boost its role as a model in public · · 2020 · policies. 13.9. To provide specific in-house training on responsible consumption within the City Council. · · 2020 · 13.10. To apply and increase the use of social and environmental purchasing criteria in public purchasing and procurement. · · 2025 · 13.11. To introduce climate emergency criteria in the terms and conditions for advertising goods and services in spaces under public control. · · 2025 · 174 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Priority initiatives in the post Covid-19 context Ongoing Necessary short-term actions (2018-2025) Necessary medium- and long- term actions (2026-2030) 13.12. To study the carbon footprint of the different types of consumption and production in Barcelona, considering whether to introduce global emission · · · 2030 indicators. Line of action 14. ZERO WASTE 14.1. To roll out the “zero waste” strategy. • · 2025 · 14.2. To roll out individualised collection systems for domestic and commercial waste throughout the city, increasing selective collection to 65% in order • · · 2030 to reduce the need for incineration. 14.3. To promote Fab Labs 2.0. • · · 2030 14.4. To eliminate single-use plastics. • · · 2030 14.5. To apply regulatory changes to allow new Collective Increased Producer Responsibility Systems (SCRAP in Catalan) to be introduced and promote the · • · · introduction of Deposit, Return and Refund systems (SDDR). 14.6. To optimise transport routes to reduce journeys and improve the waste collection service. · · 2025 · 14.7. To reach voluntary agreements with the private sector in order to establish best practices in reducing packaging, waste, single-use plastics, etc. · · 2025 · 14.8. To create a domestic waste collection tax that acts as an incentive for parti- cipating in selective waste collection. · · 2025 · Line of action 15. FOOD SOVEREIGNTY 15.1. To put in place and promote healthier, low-carbon diets at schools and in all municipal canteens by 2021. • · 2020 · 15.2. To support and promote urban and suburban agriculture, as well as the city’s agro-ecological sector and the Parc Agrari del Llobregat. • · 2025 · 15.3. To create an identification system, as well as logistical and commercial facilitation instruments, together with Mercabarna, the municipal • · 2025 · markets, trade associations and agricultural organisations, among others. 15.4. To promote and boost training and activities aimed at providing knowled- ge on vegetarianism in different areas. · · 2025 · 15.5. To create and promote farmers' markets with Barcelona’s local producers. · · 2025 · 15.6. To promote and define the sustainable, healthy dining-room model. · · 2025 · 15.7. To promote the use of local and organic products in the restaurant and cate- ring sector. · · 2025 · 15.8. To provide support in setting up consumer cooperative initiatives. · · 2025 · 15.9. To open a wholesale market at Mercabarna for fresh organic food in 2021 that promotes the sale of ecological produce and encourages local organic · · 2025 · producers to participate in it. 15.10. To open a food recycling centre at Mercabarna in 2021 (2,500 MT/year). · · 2025 · Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 175 Priority initiatives Priority initiatives in the post in the post Covid-19 context Covid-19 context Ongoing Ongoing Necessary Necessary short-term actions short-term actions (2018-2025) (2018-2025) Necessary Necessary medium- and long- medium- and long- term actions term actions (2026-2030) (2026-2030) 15.11. To boost the marketing of local, organic seasonal vegetables at Mercabarna, particularly those produced in abundance in Catalonia. · · 2025 · 15.12. To organise the 2021 Milan Pact meeting of mayors (from 200 cities) where a city food and climate change commitment can be promoted. · · 2025 · 15.13 To consolidate the green markets project and create new farmers' markets fairly distributed around the territory. · · 2025 · 15.14. To promote local commerce in the food sector. · · 2025 · 15.15. To consider introducing legislation on establishments selling highly processed and high-protein fast food near schools. · · 2025 · 15.16. To promote the urban allotments network for its social function and as an outreach tool, and foster organic suburban agriculture and livestock together · · 2025 · with other supra-municipal authorities 15.17. To promote the creation of food shops and spaces in markets intended to showcase quality food with short expiry dates for the purposes of · · · 2030 encouraging savings and reducing food waste. Line of action 16. CULTURAL ACTION FOR CLIMATE 16.1. To widely publicise information on the opportunities, subsidies and su- pport available. • • · · 16.2. To have a facility and a person in charge of climate and sustainability in each district, with the aim of promoting climate action and extending the • · 2025 · sustainability culture to the neighbourhoods. 16.3. To provide €1 million/year of financial aid for carrying out projects that contribute to the goals of the Climate Emergency Action Plan and the • · 2025 · Climate Emergency Declaration. 16.4. To spread knowledge of the climate emergency through existing commu- nication channels. · • · · 16.5. To raise awareness of the various players' commitments, initiatives and good practices. · • · · 16.6. To establish the necessary mechanisms for ensuring participation from people who are vulnerable to climate change. · · 2020 · 16.7. To reinforce the support programmes in schools, shops and entities as spa- ces for climate awareness and action. · · 2025 · 16.8. To publicise the climate emergency declaration with a travelling exhibition that goes round the 10 city districts and various schools. · · 2025 · 16.9. To ensure access to climate information. · · 2025 · 16.10. To promote climate emergency actions from the cultural facilities run by the Barcelona Institute of Culture or with municipal participation. · · 2025 · 16.11. To incorporate information and discussion on the climate emergency and future models into the Culture programming and with the involvement of · · 2025 · cultural facilities. 16.12. To introduce criteria for reducing the climate impact and introducing the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development criteria at five major city events and · · 2025 · neighbourhood festivals. 16.13. To promote the establishment of citizen co-responsibility networks and climate action groups on a neighbourhood level. · · 2025 · 176 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Priority initiatives in the post Covid-19 context Ongoing Necessary short-term actions (2018-2025) Necessary medium- and long- term actions (2026-2030) 16.14. To strengthen participation by the region’s social fabric in the definition of urban-planning, greenery and mobility proposals for mitigating the effects of · · · 2030 climate change. 16.15. To have an energy and climate-change interpretation centre available at a city level. · · · 2030 Line of action 17. CLIMATE COOPERATION 17.1. To get ready to take in climate refugees. • · · 2030 17.2. To generate more active social involvement in highlighting the effects of climate change on the most vulnerable countries and societies. · • · · 17.3. To define a comprehensive strategy for reducing Barcelona’s ecological debt that prioritises those actions with the biggest impact on third · · 2025 · parties. 17.4. To generate more knowledge around the impact of the climate crisis on global inequalities, migrations (climate refugees) and human rights. · · · 2030 17.5. To promote climate justice cooperation between cities in both calls for grants and subsidies and direct city-city cooperation. · · · 2030 Line of action 18. LET’S GET ORGANISED 18.1. To increase climate research (Barcelona Science Plan) in order to improve knowledge of climate change in the city. • • · · 18.2. To create a climate office. • · 2020 · 18.3. To study the reduction of energy expenditure associated with working-hour adaptations. • · 2020 · 18.4. To implement the carbon budget. • · 2025 · 18.5. To revise municipal emergency plans in the light of the new information generated on climate change. • · 2025 · 18.6. To improve the information provided to the public during pollution episodes and warnings of new risks. • · 2025 · 18.7. To study each neighbourhood’s contribution to the generation of greenhouse gases in order to identify any possible inequalities. · • · · 18.8. To include, within a resilience platform, a common repository of climate information that ensures accessibility for all the players · • · · involved. 18.9. To improve communication systems with critical city facilities and services during extreme climate episodes. · • · · 18.10. To publish relevant information, through Open Data, not just on climate impact but also on the monitoring of the initiatives carried · • · · out (transparency). Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 177 Priority initiatives Priority initiatives in the post in the post Covid-19 context Covid-19 context Ongoing Ongoing Necessary Necessary short-term actions short-term actions (2018-2025) (2018-2025) Necessary Necessary medium- and long- medium- and long- term actions term actions (2026-2030) (2026-2030) 18.11. To define and calculate the monitoring indicators of the Climate Emergency Action Plan and citizen co-production products, and to draw up and publish periodic reports that comply with the Covenant · • · · of Mayors for Climate and Energy. 18.12. To review and update the Climate Emergency Action Plan. · • · · 18.13. To establish the necessary external coordination and communication mechanisms between the various authorities and the city's other key · · 2018 · players to create synergies. 18.14. To incorporate a climate line of action for putting resilience committee projects into practice. · · 2018 · 18.15. To develop an in-house training plan. · · 2020 · 18.16. To learn more about how climate change will affect Barcelona through participation in the European RESCCUE project. · · 2020 · 18.17. To study how climate change can have economic repercussions on the city. To reduce emissions from tourist activities. · · 2020 · 18.18. To create a resilience atlas. · · 2020 · 18.19. To map the Climate Emergency Action Plan initiatives launched and publish them in the resilience atlas. · · 2020 · 18.20. To learn more about the impact of climate change on the continuity of the city's services and critical infrastructures. · · 2025 · 18.21. To systematise the use of climate information. · · 2025 · 18.22. To establish internal coordination mechanisms for ensuring the notification of the progress made and monitoring the related sectoral · · · 2030 plans. 18.23. To participate in city networks. · · · 2030 178 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 13. MONITORING the various actions (e.g. renovation grants). • Environment indicators, which measure the conditions of external elements that have a link with the plan’s actions (e.g. the number of hot days). • Perception indicators, which measure how the public have perceived (valued) the actions and their impact. • Performance indicators, which show the percentage of plan performance as an average of the performance percentages of the actions planned. This enables a quantitative, objective evaluation of the state of the plan. The purpose of these indicators is to accurately monitor the performance of the Climate Emergency Action Plan projects and the consequences they have in the city and on its big data, in order to provide an ongoing evaluation of the plan’s real impact and overall reach. The indicators will be calculated at the start of the plan, to provide some initial data, and then updated annually. A The Climate Emergency Action Plan monitoring report will be published every proposes a large number of measures to two years to show the level of compliance achieve its strategic goals and targets. with the Covenant of Mayors for Climate In order to assess whether the measures and Energy. Evaluation meetings will put into practice achieve the expected also be held with the public and other results, it also provides for a variety of stakeholders involved to monitor the indicators to monitor their development development of collaborative projects which adhere to some essential promoted by citizen action under the requirements: relevance, availability Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate. of easy-to-calculate data, sensitivity to changes, completeness, ease of This way it will be possible to control, interpretation and comparability. They show and communicate how the Climate include the following: Emergency Action Plan is being applied, to enable possible deviations to be • Impact indicators, which measure the corrected and redirect measures, where result achieved by the actions taken, necessary. In that sense, this is a dynamic the level of goal achievement (e.g. the plan, because it will be periodically reduction in GHG emissions). updated and programmed in line with • Action indicators, which measure the these results effort put in (e.g. the hours of training All the information will be public and taught). posted on the Climate Emergency Action • Resource indicators, which measure Plan website. the resources allocated to carrying out Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 179 14. WOULD YOU LIKE MORE INFORMATION? You will find all the information on climate change in Barcelona on the Climate Emergency Action Plan website: • Video of the Climate Plan. • Video of the coproduction process of the plan and Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate projects. • Citizen action projects linked to the Barcelona’s Commitment to the Climate and good practices. • Analysis of the current situation regarding adaptation to climate change. • Energy balance (2014) and sectoral studies. • Studies on the impact of climate change on Barcelona (climate projections and the effects on heat, the availability of water, the risk of flooding, biodiversity, energy flows, air quality, etc.). • Plan monitoring reports • What can you do? • Related news • And plenty more! Check it out at: http://lameva.barcelona.cat/ barcelona-pel-clima/ca 180 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 15. INITIALS AND SYMBOLS ASPB: Barcelona Public Health Agency NGO: Non-governmental organisation BCASA: Barcelona Cicle de l’Aigua, SA PAE: Energy advice point CBC: Barcelona’s Commitment to the PDA: Tree Master Plan Climate PDUM: Metropolitan Urban Development CO2: Carbon dioxide Master Plan COP21: United Nations Framework EP : Energy poverty Convention on Climate Change held in PECQ: Barcelona Energy, Climate Change Paris in 2015 and Air Quality Plan CSIC: Advanced Scientific Research Centre PGIL: Comprehensive Coastline ECSS: Cooperative, social and solidarity Management Plan economy GDP: Gross Domestic Product EDAR: Waste water treatment plant PIVU: Programme for Promoting Urban ESS: Social and solidarity economy Green Infrastructures GHG: Greenhouse gas PLARHAB: Barcelona Alternative Water LPG : Liquefied petroleum gas Resources Plan GRSU: Solid urban waste management PM10: Particulate matter GWh: Gigawatts per hour. A gigawatt is POCS: Action Plan to Prevent the Effects of 1,000,000 kilowatts (KWh) Heat Waves on Human Health MVeh: Millions of vehicles RCP4.5 and 8.5: Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (corresponds to the NO2: Nitrogen dioxide committed scenario) and 8.5 O : Ozone (corresponds to the passive scenario). 3 These are emission scenarios for OAC: Citizen Help and Information Office the estimated change in greenhouse OMIC: Municipal Consumer Information gas emissions and concentrations Office during the 21st century set by the International Panel on Climate Change when drafting their fifth assessment report. The four RCP scenarios are: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5. These names are based on the possible range of radiative forcing values in 2100 (2.6; 4.5; 6.0 and 8.5 W/ m2, respectively). RFD: Disposable household income SUDS: Sustainable urban drainage systems T10: 10-year return period tCO2-e: Tonnes of CO2 equivalent Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 Urban Ecology 181 Edit Produced with: Area of Urban Ecology. The Emergency Climate Action Plan for 2030 has Barcelona City Council. received valuable participation from municipal November 2021. technical staff from every sectoral manager’s office and district at Barcelona City Council, as well as Fourth Deputy Mayor support from the Barcelona Public Health Agency, the Collserola Mountain Range Nature Park Consortium, Janet Sanz Barcelona Port, Barcelona-El Prat Josep Tarradellas airport and the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. Councillor’s Office for Climate It was co-produced by representatives of various Emergency and Ecological associations, companies, businesses, schools and Transition organisations, most of which are part of the More Eloi Badia Sustainable Barcelona network, and with involvement from the Citizen Sustainability Council. Also taking part in relation to the Climate Emergency Declaration Coordination of contents was the Climate Emergency Board. And last but Irma Ventayol not least, citizens participated on an individual level through the Decidim platform and organised meetings. Plan drafting team Participants on a professional level included Cristina Castells, Tonet Font, Barcelona Regional (studies on the impact of Teresa Franquesa, Ares Gabàs, climate change in Barcelona, in defining the plan’s Irma Soldevilla and Irma Ventayol. scenarios and in the energy assessment; the Catalan Meteorological Service (producing climate Municipal technical team providing forecasts); Ana Villagordo (support in editing and support in drafting the Plan graphic coordination); La Page (design and layout); Mònica Beneyto, Sergi Delgado, Lavola (support in diagnosing the current climate Elisabet Gallardo, Anna Gómez, -change situation in Barcelona); Toni París (support Benjamí Gauchía, Andoni González, in the energy assessment); Technical Secretariat Patrícia Lacera, Marc Marí de l'Olmo, of More Sustainable Barcelona (organisation of Laura Oliveras, Ramón Pablo, participatory processes); Espai Tres (support in the Elisenda Realp, Tià Riutort participatory processes); El Centre (videos on the co- and Lluis Torrent. production process and citizen projects) Laia Ventayol (production of the Climate Plan video). Printed on 100% recycled paper. The CO2 emissions associated with the publication of this document have been offset through the Clean CO2 project in Brazil. http://lameva.barcelona.cat/barcelona-pel-clima/ca 182 Urban Ecology Climate Emergency Action Plan for 2030 BCN Climate Emergency Action Plan 2030 November 2021