II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 Plan Fourth Deputy Mayor’s September 2021 Office for Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. Barcelona has a long history in the deployment of gender justice policies that, together with the city’s associative network, have enabled progress to be made in reducing inequal- ities between men and women, a circuit of attention to be provided to women and those II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 who find themselves in a situation of gender violence and which have ensured that the city September 2021 is a leader in terms of awareness-raising and prevention. Directed by: The I Plan for Gender Justice emphasised the feminist perspective as a central axis Area for Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs in public policies, and specifically in local policies. This is the only way to bring about a profound change in the ways of doing politics and in the prioritisation of the issues that Editing and coordination: concern us. Municipal Manager’s Office: Department of Gender Services and Time Policies This has brought about a change of outlook. It has meant working in a participatory man- Linguistic advice: ner, valuing and strengthening citizen and community contributions and reviewing and Linguaserve Internacionalización de Servicios SA redefining the different policies to ensure that they do not reproduce or exacerbate gender biases or any other type of bias in their deployment. We have come a long way in this Graphic design and layout regard, but more need to be done. Leticia Ucin The health emergency caused by Covid-19 has led to a serious social and economic crisis Printing: that is surely the most important that our generation will experience. The consequences Imatge i Serveis Editorials, Barcelona City Council of the pandemic and the measures taken have impacted women and men very differently. Inequality has become more evident in areas such as health, since women have been Legal deposit: more exposed to contagion; in the area of unpaid work and caregiving, where women have B 19946- 2021 suffered a clear overload of tasks; and in the area of paid work, where there has been an increase in female unemployment, among others. This situation must be reversed. That is why we are promoting the II Plan for Gender Justice. Today it is more necessary than ever to promote policies that put caregiving at the centre and that make us move towards a more feminist, more equitable and more diverse Barcelona. Ada Colau Ballano Mayor of Barcelona 2 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 3 Barcelona’s first Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2021 represented a before and after in the city’s feminist policies. This Plan took on board the lessons learned from previous gender equality policies and from a feminist movement that was already growing at that time. The I Plan for Gender Justice placed at the heart of feminist policies the diversity of women, the need to act on various dimensions of society (economy, culture, politics...), the importance of fighting against class inequalities and the intersectional perspective. Five years later, we can be satisfied with a very high degree of achievement of the objectives of the 2016 Plan: we have deployed pioneering and ambitious policies in areas as diverse as parity within the City Council, the fight against the feminisation of poverty and the precariousness suffered by many women, the defence of rights and the introduction of the feminist perspective in urban planning. We have made considerable progress, but we need to go further. The feminist movement reminds us that gender violence is still a painful and widespread reality, that precariousness has a woman’s face, that our cities have been designed with men’s eyes, that care tasks are very unequally distributed. This is why the new Plan for Gender Justice is an ambitious roadmap, drawn up on the basis of the lessons learned in recent years and with the vital contributions of the many feminist groups that have fed into the participatory process set in motion to draft the Plan. The II Plan for Gender Justice in Barcelona sets out a series of objectives to enhance the feminist transformation of the institution. Recruitment, budgets or the organisation of the City Council have been accredited as key tools to promote a more feminist city. The second axis of action is the economy: without economic equality, we cannot speak of real equality or freedom, therefore the fight against the feminisation of poverty and precariousness must be central to the City Council’s feminist agenda. The promotion of women’s rights is an extremely broad field, ranging from the fight against gender violence, the promotion of gender equality in sport, culture and memory to the work to build open, plural and diverse masculinities. Finally, the 2021-2025 Plan will promote feminist urbanism, promoting more liveable, close-knit and greener neighbourhoods. The Plan is a long-term planning tool that aims to respond to a social and economic crisis that, like all crises, is particularly affecting women, while at the same time, establishing a demanding and realistic agenda to make Barcelona an increasingly feminist city. A city in which women have equal rights, a city that is more liveable and fairer for all the people who live there. Laura Pérez Castaño 4th Deputy Mayor’s Office: Area for Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGTBI Affairs 4 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 5 Contents 1. Introduction 8 AXIS 3. CITY OF RIGHTS 68 Area 19. Social and Political Participation 70 2. Regulatory Framework 12 Area 20. Health and Sexual and Reproductive Rights 71 Area 21. Social Action 73 3. Achievements and Lessons Learned from Previous Plans 14 Area 22. Sports 75 3.1. Main Achievements of the Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020 15 Area 23. Coeducation and Science 77 3.2. Lessons Learned from Previous Plans 16 Area 24. Life Cycle 79 Area 25. Culture and Collective Memory 81 4. Preparation Process 18 Area 26. Citizenship, Migration and Interculturality 83 Area 27. Housing 85 5. Guiding Principles 26 Area 28. Violence-free lives 87 Area 29. Global Justice and International Relations 88 6. Strategic Axes, Areas of Action and Objectives of the Plan 30 Area 30. Sexual and Gender Diversity 90 AXIS 1. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE 34 Area 31. Masculinities 92 Area 1. Information Systems 36 Area 2. Incorporation of the Gender Perspective Into Regulations, AXIS 4. CLOSE-KNIT AND SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS 94 Plans and Programmes 37 Area 32. Ecology and Sustainability 96 Area 3. Implementation of Policies, Plans and Programmes 38 Area 33. Urban Spaces 98 Area 4. Evaluation of Policies, Plans and Programmes 39 Area 34. Mobility 100 Area 5. Representation and Institutional Structures 40 Area 35. Prevention and Safety 101 Area 6. Training 42 Area 36. Proximity: Services and Facilities in Neighbourhoods 103 Area 7. Budget and Taxation 43 Area 8. Public Procurement 44 7. Governance 106 Area 9. Subsidies 45 8. Transparency, Monitoring and Evaluation 110 Area 10. People Management Policies 46 Transparency and accountability 111 Area 11. Awards and Distinctions 48 District action plans 111 Area 12. Inclusive Communication 49 Monitoring and Evaluation System 111 Area 13. Institutional Participation 50 9. Bibliography 114 AXIS 2. ECONOMY FOR LIFE AND THE ORGANISATION OF TIME 52 Area 14. Feminist Economic Promotion 54 Area 15. Democratisation of Care work 58 Area 16. Organisation of Time 61 Area 17. Fight Against the Feminisation of Poverty and Precariousness 63 Area 18. Technological Resources and the Digital Divide 65 6 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 7 01 Introduction In this way, the horizon set out in the previous plan remains valid: that of a just and equita- ble society from a gender perspective where all citizens can live in conditions of equality; where women can live full lives in a city that listens to us and where we can decide; where housework and care work is recognised and distributed in a balanced way; where every- one can feel and love freely and where boys and men have different models of masculin- ity to choose from. Therefore, the plan will have to address different dimensions: social, economic, cultural and political. A city in which we reduce the feminisation of poverty and precariousness; where lives free of violence are possible; where neighbourhoods respond to our daily needs; where sustainability and ecofeminism are the paths that mark the eco- nomic model to be promoted, etc. All of this, taking into account our sexual, gender, cultural, religious, functional or origin diversity. The Plan for gender justice 2021-2025 responds to article 6 of the Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council, which establishes the obligation to have a city plan on gender policies, setting the minimum contents and the process of development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. In accordance with the Regulations, therefore, the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 is the planning tool for gender equity policies and, therefore, for the deployment of gender mainstreaming in the institution and in all municipal policies. The plan thus involves the entire council and is the result of the The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 takes over from consensus of all the areas involved. its predecessor with the aim of becoming Barcelona City The breadth of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 is evident in its division into four Council’s fundamental instrument of action for the elimination strategic axes, each with its corresponding areas. The first axis, “Institutional Change”, of gender inequalities in the city. In this sense, this plan takes is aimed at continuing to work on changing the practices and culture of Barcelona City Council in order to guarantee the incorporation of the gender perspective in all its mech- up the achievements and lessons learned from the previous anisms and instruments of public management. It is, therefore, an internal work axis of plan and, with a desire for continuity but going beyond it, the institution. The other three, “Economy for Life and the Organisation of Time”, “City of once again places the emphasis on the concept of “gender Rights” and “Close-knit and Sustainable Neighbourhoods”, are aimed at promoting public policies that transform gender inequalities in the city. Specifically, the axis “Economy for justice”. life and organisation of time” aims to ensure good material and economic living conditions for women. The axis City of Rights aims to guarantee women’s rights, focusing on social, cultural and representation-related aspects. Finally, the axis “Close-knit and Sustainable Neighbourhoods” focuses on building more sustainable neighbourhoods that put every- day life at the centre and make neighbourhoods more egalitarian and safer. It is this very broad nature of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 that makes it an umbrella for sectoral plans and programmes that implement its objectives but are more specific in nature. This is the case for the following government plans, strategies and measures: Strategy against the feminisation of poverty and precariousness (2016-2024). Strategic plan against sexism in the city 2017-2022. BcnFemTech government measure for gender equality in the ICT sector (2021- 2023). Feminist Economy government measure: to improve the economic, social and working conditions of the most feminised and precarious jobs. 8 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 9 III Barcelona City Council’s Plan for equal opportunities between women The third and final challenge is intersectionality. In accordance with the provisions of and men 2020-2023. Article 6.1 of the Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council, according to which “the plan should pay special attention to variables such as age, national origin, so- Government measure Adding Alliances: Barcelona, a city free of gender cial class, religious convictions, ethnicity, functional diversity, identity, gender expression violence. or sexual orientation and contemplate the needs that specifically affect the person and the different groups generating situations of multiple discrimination”, the Plan for gender Government measure Urban planning with a gender perspective. justice 2021-2025 sets itself the challenge of applying the intersectional perspective both The urban planning of daily life. in its diagnosis and in its objectives and actions. In this sense, the implementation of intersectionality remains a challenge for public administrations (La Barbera et al., 2020). However, some aspects of organisational capacity have been identified that improve its The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025, moreover, is defined in a context characterised by implementation such as the existence of specialised structures, the allocation of econom- the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in which multiple crises are occurring at the same ic resources and trained people, as well as the establishment of accountability mecha- time -health, economic, the sustainability of care work, environmental, etc. -, which have nisms (Espinosa Fajardo, 2018; Alfama and Guillén 2017; Lombardo et al., 2017). All these an impact yet to be measured in terms of inequality between women and men. There is a elements are considered in this plan for gender justice 2021-2025. decline in living standards, a looming ecological disaster, wars that devastate everything, mass migrations, racism and xenophobia, loss of hard-won social and political rights. The term of the Plan for Gender Justice begins with its submission to the City Council and ends in December 2025. It is, therefore, a period of just over 4 years that has been organ- In other words, the plan is developed at a time of some uncertainty about the context ised in two stages, precisely in response to the need for flexibility and adaptation of the and the future situation in which it will have to be implemented. However, and precisely plan’s actions to the context that may arise. Thus, a first implementation programme has because of the intuition of what the socio-economic crisis derived from Covid-19 may been defined for the period 2021-2023 and a second covering the years 2024 and 2025. mean in terms of setbacks in gender equality (CARE International, 2020), this impact is addressed in all parts of the plan through the flexibility and willingness of the City Council The following section outlines the regulatory framework within which the Plan for Gender to adapt to whatever reality may arise. Justice 2021-2025 falls, as well as the achievements and lessons learned from previous plans, which this new plan draws on and takes over from. The following is a schematic Moreover, even before the outbreak of the pandemic, but reinforced by the crises that description of the development process. It then sets out the six guiding principles that have resulted from it, there has been an increase in populist and demagogic narratives guide the plan. Detailed below are the axes the plan is structured into, the areas into which that cast doubt on the need to fight for gender equality and against gender violence. each axes is organised and the objectives set for each of these areas. Finally, the system These are narratives that question important elements and values on which democracy, of governance, transparency, monitoring and evaluation of the plan is described. coexistence and equality between people are based, and that reinforce gender prejudices and the bases of heteropatriarchy but also of classism, racism, LGTBI-phobia, etc.The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025, therefore, is built on the importance of persevering in the values and principles of action against all forms of discrimination, with the will to address the roots of this situation. It emphasises the defence of the needs and rights of the majority: of poor and working-class women, of racialised and migrant women, of queer, trans or disabled women, of women who are encouraged to be considered “middle class”while being exploited by capitalism. It puts the accent on all the exploited, domi- nated and oppressed people with the aim of bringing about improvements for all citizens. A second major challenge of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 is that of territorial- isation. In this sense, it is understood that it is vital that the strategic perspective is also focused on the territory since the governance of municipal policies for gender equality from a local level offers a better response to the needs of all people. It is therefore based on the principle that local governments, as the administration closest to the citizens, have the responsibility to reach all neighbourhoods. 10 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 11 02 Regulatory Framework 1985 Law 7/1985, which regulates the bases of local government, establishes Law 7/1985, regulating the bases of that municipalities can carry out complementary activities within the local government framework of policies for the “promotion of women”. 1998 The Municipal Charter of Barcelona of 1998, which specifies that Municipal Charter of Barcelona Barcelona City Council must promote all actions and services that facilitate the integration and participation of women in society, and avoid discrimination based on sex. 2006 The Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006, which states that Statute of Autonomy of public authorities must guarantee compliance with the principle of equal Catalonia of 2006 opportunities between women and men, as well as mainstreaming the gender perspective in all public policies. 2007 Organic Law 3/2007, of 22 March, for the effective equality of women Organic Law 3/2007, of 22 March, and men, which specifies that local entities must integrate the right to for the effective equality of women and men equality in the exercise of their competences. 2008 Law 5/2008, on the right of women to eradicate gender violence, which Based on all the advances and regulatory background Law 5/2008, on the right of establishes the competences of municipalities in the provision of services of women to eradicate gender that during the second half of the 20th century and the violence the Network for Comprehensive Care and Recovery from gender violence. beginning of the 21st century were approved at a European 2014 Law 11/2014, of 10 October, to guarantee the rights of lesbian, and international level, at a state, Catalan and municipal Law 11/2014, of 10 October, to gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons and to eradicate guarantee the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and homophobia, biphobia and transphobia, which also obliges local level, the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 falls within the intersex people authorities to guarantee the right to equality and non-discrimination on framework of the following regulations: grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression, in both public and private spheres over which local authorities have powers. 2015 Law 17/2015, of 21 July, on effective equality of women and men, which Law 17/2015 of 21 July on the in its article 6 determines the functions of local authorities in the exercise of effective equality of men and women their powers in the area of gender equality policies and specifies that they must design, approve, implement and evaluate equality plans. 2018 Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council approved Regulation for gender equality by the plenary of the City Council on 21 December 2018, establishing the in Barcelona City Council minimum contents and the process for the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of city-level gender plans and policies. 2020 Law 17/2020, of 22 December, amending Law 5/2008 on the right Law 17/2020, of 22 December, of women to eradicate gender violence, which, among other things, amending Law 5/2008 on the right of women to eradicate includes new groups, incorporates new forms of violence and new areas gender violence where it occurs and establishes that public administrations must develop a model of assistance that aims to establish the framework for their actions to ensure that women are not subjected to secondary victimisation. 12 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 13 03 Achievements and 3.1. Contribution to objectives under the Plan for Gender Justice 2016- 2020 Lessons Learned The Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020 meant a boost for and the from Previous Plans effective deployment of the gender mainstreaming strategy in Barcelona City Council, as evidenced by the fact that 60 organisational units from all sectoral areas and districts, as well as autonomous bodies, public business entities and consortia, have participated in its implementation. 80.6% of the 585 planned actions were implemented, with axes A. “Institutional change” and B. “Economy for Life and the Organisation of Time” showing higher levels of execution. Level of Axis A 87.90% The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 builds on the Implementation achievements and lessons learned from the previous plan, by PGJ Axes Axis B 94.20% as detailed below. Axis C 76.40% Axis D 69.40% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Most of the objectives of the Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020 (68.5%) were achieved, with axis A. “Institutional Change” having the highest level of achievement, with 93.3% of objectives achieved. This shows the great progress in gender mainstreaming within the City Council, since it is the axis that promotes an organisational change to promote good governance in terms of gender equality, incorporating the gender perspective into the operation, processes and culture of the council. The level of achievement of objectives in the other axes, which are those that work towards the elimination of gender inequalities in the city by making gender equality a cross-cutting priority in all municipal policies, is between 54% and 71%2. Thus, the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 must build on the insti- tutional change set in motion in the previous plan and strengthen the incorporation of the gender perspective into all municipal policies aimed at citizens in order to continue moving towards the elimination of gender inequalities in the city. 1 O ut of a total of 54 objectives, 37 were achieved, 5 were not achieved and for 12 the objective indicator could not be calculated. 2 S pecifically, in axis B, 5 objectives were achieved (54.2%) and 3 could not be calculated. On axis C, 13 (62.5%) were achieved, 2 were not achieved and 9 could not be calculated and on axis D, 5 (71.4%) were achieved while 2 were not achieved. 14 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 15 3.2. Lessons Learned from Previous Plans The need to define ambitious but at the same time realistic and measurable objectives and more concrete actions. In order to be able to measure the progress and achievements of the plan, it is necessary to define objectives that, although ambitious, are framed within the municipal competencies and are quantifiable. Thus, an effort has been made to formulate a maximum of three ob- jectives per area4, ensuring that they are realistic and measurable. In addition, work has been done to define and specify actions taking into account the main needs in terms of gender justice in the city. The appropriateness of defining a monitoring and accountability strategy to improve the monitoring, transfer of information and co- ordination of the plan. For the current plan to be a roadmap shared by the whole city council, it is also necessary to promote communication and create spaces for participation, work and coordination during its implementation. Thus, on the one hand, a governance model has been proposed which, as described in section 7, involves both political and technical areas of the City Council and districts of the city and the Women’s Council of The implementation of the Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020, Barcelona in the monitoring. On the other hand, a system for monitoring as well as the Government Measure for a Democratisation of the implementation of the plan has been defined (see section 8), with an annual monitoring report on city actions during the first quarter of each Care (2017-2020) and the Strategy against the feminisation year and a biennial report on district actions, which will be presented of poverty and precariousness (2016-2024) that have been to the governance bodies. In order to prepare the reports, annual fol- recently evaluated3, offer a set of knowledge and possibilities low-up meetings are planned with the different bodies involved in the plan, which will improve the transfer of information (especially in the for improvement for the current plan, which are summarised in event of changes in the teams which, over the four years of the plan, the following aspects and which we have tried to incorporate: are quite common). Coordination with districts has also been improved during the implementation of the plan, as detailed in section 8. The convenience of carrying out a broad participative process with thematic sessions, both with citizens and with the entities that de- The importance of defining feasible, measurable indicators with fend women’s rights, political and technical profiles from all areas realistic objectives or expected results. of the city council and all the districts of the city. In order to be able to evaluate the results and the degree of achieve- On the basis of this recommendation, the process of developing the ment of the plan’s objectives, it is necessary to have a system of indica- plan, as explained in section 4, consisted of technical roundtables and tors that is viable, applicable, that can be calculated with the available working meetings with 64 bodies and districts of the City Council, in sources and that incorporates realistic objectives or expected results, an extensive process of citizen participation involving feminist groups, since, otherwise, partial and not very robust results would be obtained. women’s organisations and individual citizens and political validation of For this reason, a system of indicators has been defined for the current the contents of the plan. plan which, following the above guidelines, as described in section 8, will contain indicators for the objective, execution and results of the actions, which will be collected periodically. The importance of advancing in the incorporation of an intersec- tional perspective, grounding it and making it operational. Intersectionality has become both a challenge and a guiding principle The need to resource the deployment of the plan. of this plan. In order to operationalise it, it has been incorporated both To ensure a good implementation of the plan, it is essential to quantify in the contents and in the process of developing the plan. Thus, all the and foresee the resources that will be needed to develop the planned technical diagnosis roundtables have had the participation of the Direc- actions. In this regard, the budget and resource guarantee has been torate of Feminism and LGTBI Services, Children, Youth and the Elderly, configured as one of the guiding principles of the plan. For the current Immigration and Refuge, Citizenship, the Department of Intercultural- plan, an exercise has been carried out with each body involved in order ism and Religious Pluralism and the Municipal Institute for People with to calculate the resources needed to implement each planned action Disabilities. and then be able to make budgetary provisions for it. 4 In the areas of Coeducation and Science, Violence-free lives, Sexual and Gender Diversity and Proximity: services 3 I n the case of the EFPP, this is an intermediate evaluation, while in the other two cases it is the final evaluation. and facilities in the neighbourhoods, due to their scope and dimensions, there are more objectives. 16 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 17 04 Preparation process Plan for Gender Justice (2021-2025) Women’s 64 municipal entities bodies Individual citizens 5 PHASES 280 people PH1 Start The Plan for Gender Justice (2021-2025) has been developed PH2 Diagnosis and objectives following a work process divided into 5 phases that have involved 64 different municipal bodies and 280 people from PH3 Implementation of actions feminist groups, women’s organisations and individual PH4 Verification phase citizens. PH5 Final phase and approval Feminist ACTION groups PH 1. I nitial approach and validation of the structure and contents of Start the plan. A pproach and validation of the work process for its development. 1 March - 15 April 2021 PH2. Intersectional diagnosis and definition of objectives for each area. Diagnosis and objectives Collection of documentary information (quantitative and qualitative). 15 April - 15 June 2021 Internal work with all the areas, bodies and districts involved. 18 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 19 5 interdepartmental technical roundtables: ROUNDTABLE 3 City of Rights II. Areas of Health and Sexual and Reproductive Rights, Social Action, Citizenship, Migrations and Interculturality, Housing. 11 May Roundtable 1 Economy for life and the organisation of time. 4 May 11 participating bodies • F ourth Deputy Mayor’s Office for Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Citizen Rights Services Department. • Department for Gender Services and Time Policies. 15 participating • T hird Deputy Mayor’s Office for the 2030 Agenda, • Immigration and Refugee Services Department. bodies Digital Transition, Sports and Territorial and Metropolitan • Health Services Directorate. Coordination. • D epartment of Senior Citizens and the Promotion of • F ourth Deputy Mayor’s Office for Social Rights, Global Personal Independence. Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Department of Interculturality and Religious Pluralism. • C ommissioner for Digital Innovation, e-Government and • Youth Department. Good Governance. • D epartment for the Promotion of Women and LGBTI Rights. • D irectorate for Gender Services and Time Policies. • Department of Health. • D irectorate of Ageing and Care Services. • Barcelona Municipal Institute of Housing and Renovation • D irectorate of Social Innovation. (IMHAB). • B arcelona Care Space. • Municipal Institute for Persons with Disabilities (IMPD). • F eminism and LGBTI Services Department. • Barcelona Public Health Agency (ASPB). • I mmigration and Refugee Services Department. • D epartment of Social and Care Economy and Food Policies. • D epartment for the Promotion of Senior Citizens. • M unicipal Institute for Persons with Disabilities (IMPD). • B arcelona Activa. ROUNDTABLE 4 City of Rights III. Areas of Political and Social • C ity Development. Participation, Violence-free lives, Global Justice and International Cooperation and Masculinities. 12 May ROUNDTABLE 2 City of Rights I. Areas of Sports, Coeducation and 13 participating Science, Culture and Collective Memory and Life Cycle. bodies • Fourth Deputy Mayor’s Office for Social Rights, Global 5 May Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Manager’s Office for the Area of Culture, Education, Science and Community. • Department for Gender Services and Time Policies. 11 participating bodies • F ourth Deputy Mayor’s Office for Social Rights, Global • Immigration and Refugee Services Department. Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Directorate of Global Justice Services and International • D epartment for Gender Services and Time Policies. Cooperation. • I mmigration and Refugee Services Department. • Directorate of International Relations Services. • Youth Department. • Department of Care and Reception for Gender Violence. • Department of Science and Universities. • Department of Information and Care for Women. • D epartment for the Promotion of Women and LGBTI • Department for the Promotion of Women and LGBTI Rights. Rights. • Barcelona Municipal Institute of Education (IMEB). • Department for the Promotion of Children. • Barcelona Institute of Culture (ICUB). • Technical Programming Office. • Barcelona Sports Institute (IBE). • Office for Non-Discrimination. • The Barcelona Institute of Childhood and Adolescence. • Municipal Institute for Persons with Disabilities (IMPD). • Municipal Institute for Persons with Disabilities (IMPD). 20 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 21 ROUNDTABLE 5 Close-knit and Sustainable Neighbourhoods. Citizen Participation 14 May 16 participating bodies • Fourth Deputy Mayor’s Office for Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. 4 online participation sessions • Manager’s Office for the Area of Culture, Education, Science and Community. • Department for Gender Services and Time Policies. • Immigration and Refugee Services Department. Session 1: • Children, Youth and Elderly People Services Department. “We leave no one behind: feminist economic policies in the face of Covid-19”. • Mobility Services Department. 26 May. • Directorate of Services of the Office for Climate Change 63 people registered. and Sustainability. • Prevention Services Department. • Department of Information and Care for Women. Session 2: • Department of Prospective Studies. “Voice and presence in municipal policies: how to mainstream gender?”. • Local Facilities Network Department. 31 May. • Ethics and Internal Affairs Unit, Barcelona Guàrdia Urbana (Municipal Police Force) (GUB). 59 people registered. • Regulatory and Benefits Unit, Fire Prevention, Fire Fighting and Rescue Service (SPEIS/ FPERS). • Municipal Institute for Persons with Disabilities (IMPD). Session 3: • City Development. “For a city that guarantees rights: culture, memory, education and science”. • Barcelona Municipal Infrastructures, SA (BIM- SA). 1 June. 44 people registered. Bilateral meetings with the 20 bodies involved in Axis 1 areas. Session 4: “Urban planning and housing: urban spaces that put life at the centre, and are more just, egalitarian, safe and sustainable”. Territorialisation Committee with Districts. 15 June. 67 people registered. 29 June 8 districts and 3 participating bodies • Fourth Deputy Mayor’s Office for Social Rights, Page of the new Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 on the Decidim platform. Global Justice, Feminism and LGBTI Affairs. • Manager’s Office for Territorial Coordination and Proximity. • Ciutat Vella District. • Eixample District. • Sants-Montjuïc district. • Les Corts district. • Sarrià - Sant Gervasi district. • Horta-Guinardó district. • Nou Barris District. • Sant Andreu district. • Department for Gender Services and Time Policies. 22 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 23 PH3. Proposal, prioritisation and specification of actions within each area PH5. D evelopment of the final version of the Plan for Gender Justice Materialisation Final 2021-2025 based on all the contributions, proposals and of activities amendments collected in the previous phases. Bilateral internal work with all the areas, bodies and districts phase and involved. approval Office work (until the beginning of September) From 16 June to From 15 to 30 31 July 2021 Citizen participation September 2021 Approval of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 at the Plenary of the City Council Face-to-face participatory session: “Priorities and proposals: we continue to move towards a feminist city”. 29 June. 47 people registered. Contributions and proposals through Decidim until 30 June. 14 contributions. PH4. Verification Contribution to objectives under the Plan for Gender Justice for phase 2021- 2025 Online working session with the Women’s Council of Barcelona. 2 September. From 1 to 15 September 2021 24 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 25 05 Guiding Principles These principles have been considered in the development of the plan and will guide and permeate the entire implementation process. A brief description of each is given below. 1. Gender Mainstreaming This is the backbone strategy of the plan, which consists of in- corporating the gender perspective in all municipal policies, in areas and districts, in all stages of the public policy cycle and in the practices, culture and instruments of public management of the institution itself. In this way, it will be possible to promote and achieve a fair and equitable city without gender inequalities5. 2. Intersectionality It is the approach that takes into consideration the interrelation of gender inequality with different axes of inequality and, spe- cifically, social class, age, national origin, religious convictions, administrative status, ethnicity, functional diversity, gender iden- tity or sexual orientation. It is a perspective for understanding The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 is based on six guiding and considering discrimination and forms of gender inequality, principles, which are the basis for municipal action aimed at in the context of Barcelona city and in all the diversity of its citi- zens, when designing and implementing the plan. It is a holistic eliminating gender inequalities in the city. These are Gender approach to understanding, addressing and combating inequal- Mainstreaming, Intersectionality, Women’s Participation and ities due to the intersection of the above axes6. In this sense, intersectionality allows us to understand how the interaction of Co-Production, Good Governance, Budgetary and Resource multiple social structures produces simultaneous and co-consti- Guarantees and Co-Responsibility and Proximity. tutive inequalities (Cho et al., 2013). It is, therefore, a framework of social justice that can be made operational for the resolution of social problems. 3. Women’s Participation Participation is a fundamental right that must be guaranteed and Co-Production and promoted, as it is essential for the advancement, revitali- sation and enhancement of democracy. It is also key to foster- ing co-production processes in public policies. Co-production is understood as a form of joint, collaborative, horizontal and shared work and construction between the City Council (areas and districts) and the social movements, the associative network and citizens, for the joint definition of problems, the design, im- plementation, monitoring and evaluation of municipal policies. This implies generating spaces and processes that make this possible. In the design of this plan, the participation of women, their organisations and the feminist movement has improved the identification of needs and the definition of measures to combat gender inequalities. Throughout the implementation of the plan, but also for its monitoring and final evaluation, care will be taken to broaden the mechanisms of co-production, participation and advocacy capacity of women, in all their diversity. 5 O wn definition adapted to the reality of Barcelona City Council, based on the initial definition of Gender Mainstreaming made by the Council of Europe (1998). 6 O wn definition inspired by Coll-Planas, Gerard and Solà-Morales, Roser (2019) made in the framework of the project Igualtats Connectades https://igualtatsconnect.cat/ II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 27 4. Good Governance Municipal political action must adapt to the values of good gov- ernance, which must have gender equity at its core, as it is only by working from this perspective that we will improve the effec- tiveness, efficiency, transparency and accessibility of the admin- istration. This means striving to satisfy the general interest and the various social, economic, cultural and environmental needs of all people, in an objective, equitable and impartial way. At the same time, it entails promoting citizen participation, access to public information, accountability and the quality of public ser- vices, striving for institutional integrity and ethics. 5. B udget and Resource The deployment of a plan as necessary and ambitious as this Guarantee one, which involves the entire City Council and all city policies, must be accompanied by a commitment and budget allocation that ensures that what is proposed can be funded. It involves foreseeing the necessary funding and human resources, as well as budgetary planning at the time of approving the plan as a guarantee of sufficient resources and teams of people to meet the objectives and action plans foreseen. 6. Co-responsibility Barcelona has a rich and diverse territory, a network of districts and Proximity and neighbourhoods that are spaces of everyday life and that should also be spaces for the Administration and citizens to work together. Territorialisation makes it possible to ground municipal policies for gender equality and to provide a better response and services that are closer and more appropriate to citizens’ needs, helping to reduce social and gender inequalities. In this frame- work, co-responsibility appeals to the responsibility of all areas, sectors and districts of the City Council when it comes to assum- ing gender equality as an institutional objective in a coordinated manner. It also refers to the capacity to link actions to actors beyond the institution: entities and other social agents. 28 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 29 06 Strategic axes, Specifically, the axis “Economy for Life and the Organisation of Time” aims to guar- antee the economic and material living conditions of women. The achievement of this objective is based, among other things, on tackling the effects that the Covid-19 crisis areas of action and has had on women’s employment and also on the recognition of all the work necessary for the subsistence, reproduction and well-being of people, as well as its co-responsible objectives of the plan assumption. The axis City of Rights is aimed at promoting the defence of women’s rights, focusing on social, cultural and representational aspects. Finally, the axis “Close-knit and Sustainable Neighbourhoods” focuses on building neighbourhoods that put everyday life at the centre, make it more comfortable and are fairer, more egalitarian, safer and more sustainable. This division deserves some consideration. First of all, it must be considered that this has been done in order to be able to structure objectives and actions, but social reality and people’s lives are complex and multidimensional and, therefore, the borders between areas and, even axes, can be very diffuse and permeable. This is present in the whole plan and, especially, in the axis “Economy for Life and the Organisation of Time” in which The plan is divided into four strategic axes, each with its everything is intrinsically related and each of the areas is, in reality, a face of the same corresponding areas. The first axis, “Institutional Change”, is polyhedron: the capitalist and patriarchal economic system that is based on the sexual and international division of labour and on an economy divided between employment and aimed at enhancing the change in the practices and culture the rest of work and time subordinated to the former, including the social and political of Barcelona City Council to ensure the incorporation of activities that contribute to sustaining the common good. the gender perspective. It is, therefore, a work axis focused On the other hand, some of the areas, despite having their own entity, are very cross-cut- on the internal functioning of the institution, orienting ting and permeate the rest. This is the case, for example, of those of Life Cycle or Sexual organisational change towards good governance in terms and Gender Diversity, in the axis of “City of Rights”, or of the area of Technological Re- of gender equality. The other three, “Economy for Life and sources and Digital Divide, and of the area of Organisation of Time in the axis of “Economy for Life and Organisation of Time”. In this sense, each of these areas has been maintained the Organisation of Time”, “City of Rights” and “Close-knit as such, but, at the same time, an effort has been made to mainstream its vision and ob- and Sustainable Neighbourhoods”, are aimed at promoting jectives in the rest of the areas where it was relevant. Thus, continuing with the last exam- ple, the gender digital divide is an aggravation for women’s rights insofar as it limits access public policies to eliminate gender inequalities in the city of to information and, in turn, to social and political participation. At the same time, it is an Barcelona. obstacle for their full incorporation in some emerging sectors of the city’s labour market and one of the ways to fight against it is through an education free of sexism and gender stereotypes. It can be seen, then, that the specific area of technological resources and the digital divide, which has been placed in the economic axis, prioritising this dimension, also has a place in different areas of the “City of Rights” axis. Finally, it is important to explain that the objectives and actions of the plan have been defined considering the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that make up the 2030 Agenda7 and, specifically, SDG 5, aimed at achieving gender equality in all spheres of society and empowering all women and girls. Each of the axes is presented below, with a brief introduction to move on to the intersec- tional diagnosis of each of the areas and the enumeration of their objectives. 7 T he 2030 Agenda was unanimously approved by the 193 member states of the United Nations and Barcelona City Council, adapting it to the conditions of our context, has adopted it as its own and has decided to promote it in order to achieve all its objectives. 30 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 31 Institutional Change Economy for City of Rights Close-knit and Life and the sustainable 1. Information systems Organisation 19. Social and political participation neighbourhoods of Time 32. Ecology and sustainability 2. Incorporation of the 14. Feminist 20. H ealth and Sexual gender perspective economic and reproductive into regulations, plans promotion rights 33. Urban Spaces and programmes 21. Social action 3. I mplementation of 15. D emocratisation policies, plans and of care work 34. Mobility programmes 22. Sports 4. Evaluation of 16. Organisation policies, plans of time 35. Prevention and programs and safety 23. Coeducation and 5. R epresentation 17. F ight against the science and institutional feminisation of poverty 36. P roximity: services structures and precariousness and facilities in the 24. Life cycle neighbourhoods 6. Training 18. T echnological resources and the digital divide 25. C ulture and 7. Budget and taxes collective memory 26. Citizens, migration 8. Public Procurement and interculturality 27. Housing 9. Subsidies 28. Violence-free lives 10. P eople management policies 29. Global justice 11. Awards and and international distinctions relations 30. S exual and gender 12. Inclusive diversity communication 31. Masculinities 13. Institutional participation 32 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 33 Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Axis 4 Each of these thirteen areas is described below: Axis 1. “Institutional Change” Information systems, which ensures that municipal data and information systems are free of gender bias. Three areas aimed at mainstreaming the gender perspective throughout the public policy cycle: from design, with the area of Gender Mainstreaming in regulations, plans and programmes, through implementation with the area of Implementation of Policies, Plans and Programmes, to evaluation with the area of Evaluation of Policies, Plans and Programmes. Institutional structures, which promotes the promotion of structures in the council that foster gender equality and equal representation and participation of women and men in all decision-making areas. Training, which gives tools to municipal staff to assume and ensure gender equality The axis “Institutional Change” aims to consolidate the or- as an objective in their duties. ganisational change set in motion in the previous Plan for Gender Justice to ensure gender mainstreaming in the func- Budget and taxation, which continues to work to ensure that public revenues and tioning, practices, public management tools and culture of expenditures, as well as the budget process, are designed from a gender perspec- the council. This is an internal work axis within the institution tive. aimed at promoting good governance in terms of gender equality. For this reason, it covers up to thirteen different Public procurement, which seeks to further expand the incorporation of measures areas that follow the guidelines for the application of gender to promote equality among the city’s business community through municipal public procurement. mainstreaming although they seek to broaden the action. The new phases and new contents of the public policy pro- Subsidies, which continues to incorporate gender criteria in calls for municipal subsi- cess have so far been little explored from this perspective. dies and grants as a mechanism for correcting gender and intersectional inequalities through the activity of the city’s entities and the projects they carry out. People management policies, which continues to ensure that the council’s labour policy does not carry out practices that produce or reproduce discrimination or vio- lence against women. Awards and distinctions that works for the full incorporation of the gender perspec- tive in the recognitions granted by the City Council and the improvement of parity in the distinctions. Inclusive communication, which continues to promote institutional communication that visualises and recognises women and men equally, in all their diversity, using inclusive language and images from a gender and intersectional perspective. Institutional participation, which aims to make further progress in incorporating the voice, needs and proposals of women, in all their diversity, in institutional spaces, ensuring that the gender perspective is included in participatory spaces, processes and bodies. 34 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 35 Area 1. Information systems Area 2. Incorporation of the gender perspective into regulations, plans and programmes During the last decade, both the regulatory framework on sources of information, collec- tion and exploitation of data with a gender perspective, as well as municipal practice in The full incorporation of a gender perspective into the plans and programmes of the City this area, has made significant progress. But while there has been significant recog- Council remains an ongoing challenge. In this sense, although the Regulation for gender nition and institutional commitment to combat the “gender data gap” (i.e., the lack equality in Barcelona City Council establishes, in Article 7, that all municipal plans and pro- of sex-disaggregated data), there is still some way to go to overcome the “gender grammes must incorporate gender equality as one of their main objectives, the analysis knowledge gap”. This second aspect refers to the insufficient focus of official statistics of a sample of 29 plans presented during 20209 allows us to observe a partial fulfilment on gender inequalities in private life, with little data in this area, scattered and little relat- of this obligation. Thus, only 15.4 % (4 plans) had high gender mainstreaming, while 57.7 ed to inequalities in public life (Verge, 2019). Thus, there are still many official statistics % (15 plans) showed medium mainstreaming, and there were still 26.9 % (7 plans) that produced from an androcentric point of view, which makes it impossible to really know did not mainstream gender. These results show no significant differences with respect what are the situations or needs of women in essential areas for their material living8 con- to previous years. ditions. In this framework, it is felt that some of the old obstacles to mainstreaming gender From a regulatory point of view, Law 17/2015, of 21 July, on effective equality of women objectives in plans and programmes have been overcome. Thus, for example, there is and men in Catalonia (Article 56) and the Regulation for gender equality of Barcelona City currently a regulation, the Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council, which Council (Article 16) have an impact on both dimensions, as they have established the ob- sets out the structural framework for gender equality in the municipal organisation on a ligation to collect and use data disaggregated by sex and to have non-androcentric compulsory basis. In addition, the political discourse on gender equality is much more indicators. In other words, indicators that make visible the social roles, needs, conditions, widely shared at all levels of the City Council. However, there are still obstacles linked to values and aspirations of women and men throughout life in all areas, including those not the excessive specialisation and segmentation of issues; the lack of bodies or enti- considered masculine, such as social reproduction, the use of time or violence. In addition, ties to control the quality of plans and programmes according to predefined parame- indicators need to be able to capture how gender facilitates or hinders access to resourc- ters; and, finally, there are technical difficulties in carrying out an analysis of the structural es, recognition and status (Verge, 2019). This is the only way to understand the scope and nature of the differential situation between women and men in the different spheres of complexity of gender inequalities, the impacts of social changes and public policies on action. women and men, and to develop (or correct) public interventions to address them. In the case of regulations, a better starting point can be observed. On the one hand, there In Barcelona City Council, statistics and surveys systematically include the sex variable is an obligation, established in article 9 of the Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona and, in most cases, the results are used taking it into account. But there are two challeng- City Council, whereby proposals for regulations, municipal budgets, municipal fiscal policy es in this area. On the one hand, to advance in the territorialisation of some relevant instruments and urban planning must be accompanied by gender impact reports. For its data, in order to have more data at the district level. On the other hand, some municipal part, a systematic work process has been implemented in close cooperation with the surveys are gender-biased when deciding what to measure and how to measure it. It is municipal legal bodies. As a result, all the 2020 regulatory projects, 9 in total, have therefore necessary to generate new non-androcentric indicators. been positively evaluated. In other words, they have incorporated the gender perspective. Progress has also been made in the collection of internal data (forms, beneficiaries, etc.) In the case of urban planning instruments, a pilot project has been carried out for the which, in the majority of municipal bodies and services, incorporate the sex variable, but methodological adaptation of gender impact analyses to their specificities, and full de- on many occasions (in annual reports, for example) these are not used or presented. It ployment is pending. is also a challenge to incorporate the gender perspective into municipal policies of active transparency, promoting the visualisation of gender data. Objectives Finally, there is also a need to make progress in the treatment of the data from an in- To improve gender mainstreaming in municipal plans, programmes and tersectional gender perspective, adding other relevant variables in the use and analysis. regulations. Objectives To improve the circuit of regulatory processes to incorporate a gender perspective in the preliminary phase of the drafting of regulations. To improve gender mainstreaming in the collection, processing and use of internal and external data, incorporating other variables in addition to sex. To make progress in overcoming the gender knowledge gap by carrying out new studies, calculations and surveys. To incorporate the gender perspective into municipal active transparency policies. 9 M onitoring report January-December 2020 of the Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council. 8 For example, the Labour Force Survey. Department for Gender Services and Time Policies. January 2021. 36 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 37 Area 3. Implementation of policies, plans and programmes Area 4. Evaluation of policies, plans and programmes Implementation is putting into practice municipal plans and programmes, once de- Evaluation is one of the phases of the public policy cycle and consists of a process of signed, to achieve the objectives that have been set. This phase of public policy has been analysis of policy practice in order to learn, to improve the policy in question and mainly thought of as a technical process and, therefore, there is a lack of studies on other also policy action, and to be accountable to the public (Stufflebeam and Shinkfield, key elements in this stage of policy-making. In this sense, gender policy analysis shows 1987). However, the exercise of evaluation is still not very deeply rooted in our country how implementation is a time when policies continue to be negotiated and during this and, on the rebound, also in Barcelona City Council. time they can also be contested, validated, stopped or modified (Engeli and Mazur, 2018). Thus, it is a key phase to continue promoting and operationalising gender mainstreaming, Furthermore, in accordance with the principle of gender mainstreaming, evaluation is one which has been considered in the design phase. This is essential to prevent the gender of the phases in which it is necessary to incorporate a gender equality perspective. perspective from being diluted in the midst of the rest of the elements of the policy, Including this perspective is essential to understand the effects of public policies on plan or programme, once a public policy has been approved, throughout its deployment gender relations, improve their design and implementation and promote accountability and any modifications it may undergo. in terms of gender equality (Espinosa Fajardo, 2016; UN Women, 2015). Thus, a good evaluation should make it possible to identify the gender impacts of policies and to There are many possible reasons for this situation. On the one hand, there are factors know what (does not) work to address inequalities, generating useful knowledge in order linked to the training of staff responsible for implementing the plan or programme to to propose interventions that actively contribute to alleviating them (De Quintana, 2021). modify procedures, attitudes or priorities so that the gender perspective can be effectively incorporated into the action. On the other hand, organisational culture, internal coor- Article 8 of the Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council establishes that dination and communication also play a role. And, thirdly, it is important to constantly “municipal plans must be evaluated from a gender perspective. This evaluation must fol- follow up and monitor the actions of the plan or programme to ensure that the target low a methodology of analysis that makes it possible to know and evaluate the results people and groups are reached, that the initially desired effects are being produced, etc. of public policies and the repercussions on equality or inequality between women and men that may have resulted from their application, in order to identify and prevent the Within this framework, although Barcelona City Council has made great progress in incor- production, maintenance or increase of these gender inequalities, making proposals for porating the gender perspective across the board in the design of plans and programmes, improvement for the preparation of future municipal plans, if necessary”. there is still the challenge of thinking of formulas and methodologies to also incor- porate it in the implementation of municipal plans and programmes, so that this can However, although it is a regulatory requirement, the analysis and recounting of the eval- always be done systematically by all the agents that participate. uations of municipal plans in recent years (AB, 2021c; DEP Institut, 2021) shows that in most cases the -scarce- evaluations carried out do not incorporate the gender It is, therefore, a field of work to be inaugurated and for which Barcelona City Council will perspective or do so only partially (and not in a mainstreaming manner). In fact, from have to equip itself with its own mechanisms. the perspective of gender mainstreaming, evaluation is one of the areas in which progress has been scarcer and lacks more experience and knowledge (Bustelo, 2016), while doubts Objectives persist as to what exactly it means and how it should be carried out (De Quintana, 2021). To generate mechanisms to incorporate a gender perspective in the imple- Thus, not only is the gender perspective not systematically incorporated into municipal mentation of municipal plans and programmes. evaluations, the knowledge and criteria for applying this perspective comprehensively in the evaluation of policies, plans and programmes are also lacking. Objectives To generate knowledge and methodology to evaluate municipal policies, plans and programmes with a gender perspective. To make progress so that municipal evaluation practice systematically incor- porates the gender perspective. 38 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 39 Area 5. Representation and institutional structures There are currently numerous regulations that set out strategies, provide mechanisms and This push from institutional structures was reinforced, from 2019, with the Regulation for call for the creation of institutional structures to promote gender equality10, and also gender equality in Barcelona City Council. Specifically, it establishes the representation establish the need to guarantee equal representation and participation in terms of and equal participation of women and men in all areas of decision-making and also gender in all areas of social, political, cultural and economic life as a necessary require- determines the structure that Barcelona City Council must have in order to guarantee the ment for achieving a democratic, socially just and equitable society. promotion of gender policies in the city. This includes the creation of gender mainstream- ing units in all areas and districts, as well as in autonomous bodies, public companies However, despite a legal framework that prohibits discrimination (on grounds of sex, age, and other entities linked to or dependent on the City Council - an initiative which is yet to sexual and gender diversity, social class, origin, disability, etc.), and despite the fact that be implemented. the notion of egalitarianism and an awareness of inequalities are taken into account, the data continue to show that gender inequalities are reproduced in the functioning and Objectives composition of organisations and, therefore, also within public administrations. To consolidate and improve the work circuits and stable coordination among Thus, the reproduction of inequalities in the institutional sphere is evident if we observe the different structures that promote gender equality in Barcelona City Council. that women represent 49.86% of the total workforce of Barcelona City Council and of the entities adhered to the Agreement of conditions of Barcelona City Council employ- To develop gender mainstreaming units in all sectorial (areas) and territorial ees, in a strongly segregated reality, both horizontally and vertically (AB, 2019b). In 2018- (districts) management, as well as in the autonomous bodies and other enti- 2019 the positions with the highest responsibility, recognition and pay, levels 28 and 30, ties in which Barcelona City Council participates. were 65.20% held by men (AB, 2019b). These data show that, despite the implementation of affirmative action measures such as the reservation of places in public job vacan- To move towards gender parity in leadership and management positions and cies, among other actions of the III Equality Plan (AB, 2021d), the over-representation in freely appointed positions throughout the Municipal Corporation. of men is still very high (as is the case in business management bodies, banks, universities and the media). Taking this into account, and in order to rethink new ways of doing and transforming society towards a more egalitarian model, it is necessary to remove and revise the structures that (re)produce inequality between women and men, and among women themselves, also in the institutional structure and functioning. With this objective in mind, in recent years, Barcelona City Council has created and consolidated different institutional structures. Specific bodies have been set up that are responsible for different areas of equity policy and work spaces have been created for the promotion of gender equality. These spaces range from the configuration of interdepart- mental commissions where gender objectives are represented, to the creation of mixed roundtables with the presence of entities, agents and interested citizens. 10 For example, at the Spanish State level, Organic Law 3/2007, of 22 March, for the effective equality of women and men, establishes the creation of equality units in the executive bodies of all ministries (Article 77); at the Catalan level, Article 9.2 of Law 17/2015, for the effective equality of women and men, provides that “public administrations must progressively incorporate gender equality professionals with the required qualification[...], to implement equality measures in the tasks of the Administration [...]”; and Article 6.d) establishes among the functions of local authorities that of “creating and adapting the necessary mechanisms to integrate gender mainstreaming in their political actions”. 40 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 41 Area 6. Training Area 7. Budget and Taxation Training is a key element in institutional change since it is essential that all municipal Financial-resource distribution between men and women is one of the basic criteria that staff are optimally trained to integrate gender equality as a proper objective that shows the extent to which a society is or is not egalitarian in terms of gender. Public adminis- should guide all public actions. Each person, from his or her job, has an irreplaceable trations, as resource (re)distributing bodies, have a huge responsibility and are in a privileged and necessary role to play in ensuring that equality and the gender perspective permeate position to be able to advance gender equality in this area. Here at Barcelona City Council all levels and all stages of public policies. we adopt the gender perspective in matters relating to public revenue, spending and our budgeting process, to ensure that municipal economic resources favour equality. The Regulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council recognises the importance of training in gender equality, making it obligatory for all municipal staff (Second Additional The design, communication, participation and evaluation of budget revenue and expenditure Provision11), including political and managerial staff (Article 17)12. In addition, and in line policies are generally oriented towards a faceless citizenry, without integrating the different with the purpose of gender mainstreaming, the municipal training offer needs to be de- axes of inequality. Thus, for example, the gender mainstreaming strategy makes it difficult signed from a gender perspective, incorporating this perspective in its contents. to know the overall volume of expenditure devoted to equality. On the other hand, the gender impact of municipal taxation is still not sufficiently well known, nor is it sufficiently referenced Significant progress has been made in this area in recent years, as all political and man- in the academic or public policy spheres. agement staff have been trained in gender equality, mandatory courses have been de- veloped for all municipal staff against sexual and gender-based harassment13 and the The analysis of the gender impact in municipal spending made to date shows that 41% of Gender Equality Regulations, and comprehensive training in gender mainstreaming and current expenditure for the 2021 tax year is transformational in terms of inequalities the gender perspective has been included in the City Council’s Training and Development (AB, 2021g). In other words, the City Council designs the budget, so when a budget of Plan. Likewise, different specific training courses have been developed in the field of gen- 755 million euros is implemented, gender inequalities are positively transformed. In contrast, der mainstreaming and equality in different areas, departments and districts of the City 9.4 million euros reproduce or increase gender inequalities. In this context, there is still Council. a need to find out how much the City Council spends on gender equality structures and pol- icies, allowing for annual analysis and monitoring. The quantity of the percentage analysed As a result of this work, throughout the previous Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020, both of the City Council’s budget must also be increased (both forecast and executed), geared the number of people trained in gender equality in the council increased exponentially towards overall current expenditure and even investment costs. (from 78 people in 2016 to 555 in 2020, with a total of 2,336 people trained in person over the 4 years), as well as the number of training activities carried out (from 6 training In terms of income, in recent years, actions have been developed for both the institutional activities in 2016 to 109 over the entire period). Now we must continue to move forward sphere and others aimed at the general public. Among the first are the gender impact and consolidate the training in equality and gender perspective of all municipal staff reports on tax ordinances and public prices, the creation of an interdepartmental working in a strategic and continuous way, so that they acquire a solid base of knowledge and group and participation in institutional work, training and exchange spaces. Among the ex- skills to develop their daily functions of management, planning or attention to citizens from ternal are the annual aid granted by the City Council to the payment of property tax (IBI), efficiency, justice and equality. exemptions and discounts on public prices. One of the results of this has been the genera- tion of knowledge. For instance, the analysis of IBI subsidies has shown that the majority of On the other hand, it is necessary to continue working to ensure that all municipal beneficiaries are women (76% in 2019), enabling us to infer the potential of tax policies in training (cross-cutting and specific) is designed from a gender perspective. Although the redistribution of resources from the gender perspective. the incorporation of the gender perspective has been accompanied in the training offer of different areas and management, it is necessary to mainstream this perspective, so that it This highlights the need to analyse sex-fragmented data on taxes, fees, public prices and permeates all the contents. traffic fines. In addition, reductions and subsidies for the payment of public prices that are relevant from a gender perspective should be diversified and generalised. For example, the Objectives generalisation of reductions for single-parent families. To promote progressive, continuous and quality training in equality and gen- Finally, it is essential to continue enhancing the gender perspective on municipal income der perspective for all Barcelona City Council staff. and expenditure, going beyond gender and taking into account inequality axes such as origin or age, among others. This is why information systems need to be improved and To advance in the incorporation of the gender perspective in mainstream and we need to bear in mind that social participation is a necessary driver. specific municipal training. Objectives To advance in a feminist local taxation incorporating the gender perspective in taxes, fees and public prices. 11 “To ensure effective compliance with this rule the City Council must guarantee the mandatory training of the whole To enhance municipal budgeting from a gender perspective in order to have an council, on the subject of this regulation”. impact on the reduction of inequalities and institutional change. 12 “(...) the municipal government must guarantee sufficient, quality and compulsory training in the first year of each term of office for all political and managerial staff in the area of equality of women and men (...)”. To improve disclosure and participation on the gender impact of municipal ex- 13 In 2020 more than 2,500 people in the organisation did so. (in online format from the Virtual Learning Environment). penditures and revenues. 42 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 43 Area 8. Public procurement Area 9. Subsidies Inclusion of social criteria in public procurement is a fundamental tool for promoting Incorporation of gender criteria in subsidies is a mechanism of considerable impact for the adoption of measures to foster gender equality in companies linked to public ad- the correction of gender and intersectional inequalities through the activity of the city’s ministrations. During 2019, Barcelona City Council and the entities of its municipal group entities and the projects they carry out. In this sense, the City Council has a wide range allocated a total of € 1,336,262,715.70 to the execution of 42,726 contracts (AB, 2021b), of calls for subsidies, the most important block being the general call for subsidies for which gives an idea of the enormous potential of public procurement to promote the district and city activities, which represents 80% of the total. Thus, in 2020, 4,602 projects adoption of ethical behaviour in the city’s business community. were approved for a total amount of € 19,420,953.89 (AB, 2021e) within this call, which includes, as an assessment criterion, with 5% of the total score, the incorporation of the Since the approval of the Guide to Social Public Procurement in 2016, the City Council gender perspective, both in the operation of the entity and in the subsidised project. has been expanding the number of social and environmental clauses to be included in municipal contracts, also enhancing the definition of mechanisms and technical resources In this context, the city’s entities, recognising the value and importance of gender main- to make it possible. Currently, the current Sustainable Public Procurement Objectives Plan streaming, have shown a growing interest in receiving training and advice. Therefore, 2020-2021 incorporates a total of 9 clauses related to the promotion of gender equality. in a timely manner, a total of 20 trainings have been given to 325 entities between 2018 and 2021, we have assisted in explaining the evaluation of gender criteria in 25 information The application of these clauses has increased thanks mainly to the training sessions and sessions and 4 specific consultancies have been carried out. However, an analysis of the the reinforcement of the accompaniment of the management bodies. During 2020, despite incorporation of the gender perspective in the entities, based on 158 approved applica- the effects of Covid-19 on municipal contracting, 171 formalised contracts incorporated tions from the 2019 and 2020 calls, shows that, despite the increase in gender awareness a total of 349 gender equality clauses, the most frequent being the Equality Plan or meas- of the entities, there are few actions that allow the correction of inequalities to be actu- ures, followed by the inclusive communication clause. At the other extreme, clauses on ally effective. For this reason, it concludes that there is important work to be done to gender training and sex-disaggregated data collection are still in the minority. Although achieve gender mainstreaming in the entities, establishing the need to develop more one of the pending challenges is, precisely, to have the means to know the significance support tools and provide systematic and continuous training and advice. of these figures in relation to the total number of contracts, given the overall volume, it is clear that there is still a long way to go to achieve the objective of generalised appli- In this line, the new strategic plan of municipal subsidies includes the gender perspec- cation of gender equality clauses in municipal contracting. It is also necessary to de- tive as one of the cross-cutting strategic objectives that will allow the monitoring of the sign new clauses that respond to emerging challenges and it is necessary to enhance the incorporation of the criterion to all the calls, as well as access to the subsidised entities potential offered by public procurement as a tool for promoting equality, making progress of the city to provide information, guidance and support for the effective incorporation of in the inclusion of gender criteria in the different phases of the contract. the gender and intersectional perspective in them. On the other hand, the creation at the end of 2017 of an Equality Advice Service for Com- On the other hand, it is necessary to consider that the beneficiaries of the subsidies are panies has been essential to accompany companies in the processes of compliance with mostly entities that include women’s voluntary work. For this reason, it is considered of these clauses. Here, too, the impact of the pandemic needs to be considered. However, interest to reflect on this non-remunerated work, its role and the possibility of including the 26 companies assisted during 2020 represent just over half of the average number of its evaluation, justified in the fact that the legislation does not currently consider it. companies advised in previous years. Finally, the analysis of the evaluations of the gender criterion in the 2017 and 2018 general Objectives calls for proposals revealed a margin for improvement in the evaluations carried out by the City Council, which is why the need for support and training for municipal staff who To advance in the systematic and widespread application of gender equality carry out the evaluations has been detected. clauses in municipal contracts. Objectives To optimise the potential of public procurement as a tool for promoting gen- der equality in municipal activity and the city’s business community (training, To promote the incorporation of the intersectional gender perspective in the dissemination, extension of clauses, etc.). entities and projects that receive subsidies or grants from Barcelona City Council. To monitor the correct implementation and compliance with gender equality clauses. To extend the gender criterion to all calls for applications for grants and sub- sidies from Barcelona City Council, where relevant. 44 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 45 Area 10. People Management Policies A feminist council is also one that applies the gender perspective to labour relations and In this sense, there are good tools to face the male violence that women can suffer in the people management policies. In this sense, it is essential to review the internal labour organisation. Future work in this area should be oriented towards improving and systema- policy of Barcelona City Council from a gender perspective in order to guarantee that the tising the case management phase and monitoring and evaluating the cases to allow for a council does not carry out practices that produce or reproduce discrimination or violence permanent improvement in the management of these forms of violence. towards women. A final issue to be addressed in people management policies is the gender-based digital To this end, two major tools are available: internal equality plans and protocols for the divide. In this sense, it will be important to work to eradicate the digital divide within prevention, detection, approach and protection of situations of sexual and gender-based the municipal council itself, since only in this way will the City Council be promoting harassment. a truly egalitarian environment that offers the same opportunities to men and women. Barcelona City Council’s 3rd Equal Opportunities Plan for Women and Men 2020- Objectives 2023 (AB, 2021d) is currently in force and establishes 7 areas of work: institutional cul- ture; remuneration policy; staff management processes; organisation of working time and To advance in the application of the gender perspective in the employment reconciliation of personal time, family and professional life; prevention of occupational policy throughout Barcelona City Council and the autonomous bodies and hazards and health surveillance; prevention of sexual and gender-based harassment and, entities in which it has a stake, through compliance with internal equality finally, communication, language and corporate image. And from these areas, there are a plans. total of 19 actions to be developed until 2023, with the corresponding monitoring indica- tors to measure the result. To improve the tools for the prevention, detection, approach and protection of situations of sexual and gender-based harassment throughout the munic- Among the actions carried out, it is worth highlighting the report Calculating the wage ipal group. gap 2017 (AB, 2019b), which was derived from the previous equality plan and which car- ries out an in-depth quantitative analysis of the gender pay gap in the City Council and its To reduce gender inequalities in relation to ICT access and use among mu- possible causes. This study shows that in the Barcelona City Council there is a gender pay nicipal staff. gap of 15.89%. Another of the studies developed has revolved around how to apply the gender perspec- tive in teleworking, called Proposals to minimise the negative gender impact of the teleworking system in the Barcelona City Council (Moreno et al., 2021). It should also be borne in mind that Barcelona City Council is a complex organisation that integrates various autonomous bodies and associate entities. Although some of them adhere to Barcelona City Council’s 3rd Plan for Equal Opportunities Between Women and Men, this is not the case for other associate entities such as the municipal trading compa- nies, the consortium and some public business entities. For this reason, a line of work has been initiated to ensure that all of them have equality plans and to unify criteria among all the plans that are carried out. At the same time, two regulations have recently been approved that generate obliga- tions in relation to equality plans and organisational remuneration analyses: Royal Decree 902/2020, of 13 October, on equal pay for women and men, and Royal Decree 901/2020, of 13 October, regulating equality plans and their registration. It has already begun to study and design how these new obligations will be deployed in the city council, in the autonomous bodies and in associate entities. Barcelona City Council has the necessary instruments to combat sexual and/or gen- der-based harassment. Specifically, there is the Protocol for the prevention, detection, action and resolution of situations of harassment based on sexual orientation, gen- der identity and gender expression (AB, 2017b) and, in addition, the Course on Sexual and Gender-based Harassment has been given, which is mandatory for all staff, and has trained more than 2,500 municipal workers. 46 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 47 Area 11. Awards and distinctions Area 12. Inclusive communication Public awards and distinctions are mechanisms for social recognition and, often, also The development of gender mainstreaming implies the incorporation of a communication for the distribution of economic resources. From a gender perspective, it is essential that visualises and recognises women and men equally, and all their diversity, inside that both the subject matter of the awards and the criteria for granting, dissemination and and outside the City Council. To achieve this, it is necessary to promote and ensure the composition of the panels include criteria of equality for women and men. use of gender-inclusive and intersectional language, images and content in both internal and external communications. Since 2018, a mapping and analysis of the set of awards and distinctions granted by the City Council (135 awards and 5 distinctions identified, including city and district awards) For years, inclusive communication has been a firm commitment, culminating in the Reg- has been prepared and a specific methodology has been developed to assess their gen- ulation for gender equality in Barcelona City Council. Specifically, this rule establishes that der impact. The analysis of the data obtained showed that between 2018 and 2020, written, graphic and audiovisual documentation, personal attention and media, including women have won more awards and distinctions than men (around 60% and 40%, digital and social media accounts of the City Council, must use inclusive language and a respectively, each year) but that, nevertheless, the prizes with the highest economic en- non-sexist use of the language. In addition, the equal visibility of women and men, and of dowment and with greater media visibility have gone mostly to men. Likewise, in the sexual and gender diversity, must also be ensured in advertisements, campaigns, materi- last three years, the panels of the prizes awarded by Barcelona City Council have been als or communication mechanisms. evenly balanced, with a female presence equal to or slightly above 50%. In order to respond to these challenges, an inclusive communication guide and a guide on Thus, although these data show that progress has been made in achieving gender parity the non-sexist use of language have been drawn up and disseminated to both municipal both on the panels and in the awarding of prizes and distinctions of Barcelona City Coun- staff and citizens. In addition, an online course on inclusive communication has been de- cil, the distribution between women and men varies depending on the type of prize, signed for all municipal staff. Also, each new communication launch is reviewed to ensure the subject matter, the territorial scope, the media visibility and the economic endow- that it meets the recommendations of the guide. ment. In this sense, women tend to receive more recognition at the district level, in gender issues and with less visibility and economic endowment. Therefore, it will now be essential However, it is felt that there is still some way to go to increase information, awareness to focus on more qualitative aspects such as, for example, improving the recognition and training on inclusive communication to all municipal staff. In this sense, a key of women at a city level that do not have a gender theme, in order to break the existing aspect is online training in all areas, departments and districts of the City Council. relationship between sex and the subject in which the recognition is given (until now, in Finally, it is considered necessary to go a step further and incorporate inclusive language other subjects, men predominated and in gender matters, women). as an essential requirement within the protocols for the linguistic correction of the or- ganisation’s documents. Likewise, in order to fully incorporate the gender perspective in the awarding of prizes and distinctions, the need to systematically review the terms and conditions and an- In relation to non-sexist advertising in public spaces, a proposal for regulations for nouncements of the prizes that are awarded is also a challenge, since although several inclusive advertising in the city of Barcelona has been agreed upon and approved by all have been reviewed up to now, this is often done once they have already been approved. the areas involved. The process of converting this proposal into a standard is currently In this sense, it is necessary to advance in the definition of interdepartmental circuits that underway. include the districts. Objectives Objectives To enhance the gender perspective in the internal and external communica- To improve gender mainstreaming in awards and distinctions. tion of Barcelona City Council. To improve parity in the annual number of men and women receiving awards. 48 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 49 Area 13. Institutional Participation The participation of women, feminist groups and women’s rights and gender equality or- On the other hand, although civil society contributions have been introduced in specific ganisations in decision-making on gender mainstreaming and its implementation is key to aspects of gender mainstreaming such as budgets and taxation or the development of making it less bureaucratic and technocratic. In what is understood to be the participa- gender clauses in public procurement, it is considered that a participatory strategy to tory cross-cutting model, if the objective is to combat gender inequalities reproduced in guide the work in all areas of institutional change has yet to be developed. In addition, all areas of life, it is necessary that women, their organisations and the feminist movement some of the actions initiated in the last period have not had continuity over time, such as, have the capacity to decide when it comes to constructing measures to combat them. for example, the gender mainstreaming working group of the Barcelona Women’s Council. Thus, there is a need to promote empowerment and make the necessary changes in the Finally, there is also the need to continue to develop strategies for “easy communication” political process to ensure that women, in all their diversity, have a voice and a presence. and supporting participation. Within this framework, in recent years, intense efforts have been made to include the voice, Objectives needs and proposals of women in institutional spaces and to include the discourse of gender equality that comes from citizens in the production of local public actions. In fact, To improve the inclusion of women’s voices, needs and proposals, in all their the incorporation of the gender perspective in participatory processes and the elimination diversity, in institutional spaces, both face-to-face and virtual. of obstacles to women’s institutional participation has been a constant concern, both in terms of participation and gender policies. Thus, in the period 2017-2020, there has been To ensure gender mainstreaming in all participatory spaces, processes and an increase from 2.9% to 66.7% of co-production processes that include women’s bodies. entities, criteria or gender actions (DEP Institut, 2021). The challenge now is, therefore, this 30% of the municipal participatory processes where improvement is needed. In addition, the incorporation of the intersectional perspective in institutional participation has also been promoted. Other areas of discrimination such as functional diversity or disability, origin or migration, etc., are represented in the municipal body that internally controls the quality of participatory processes. However, there is no data available to know to what extent the heterogeneity and diversity of people has been effectively incorporated, promoting the voice and presence of social groups that usually are not represented. In this sense, through the participatory process of this new plan, the need to pay more attention to the gender digital divide and the language difficulties that some migrant women or women of diverse origin may have has been noted. In addition, the convenience of having more links between the participatory processes and the work carried out by the entities and facilities in the territory has also been highlighted. From both spac- es, links are created with people, and reference figures emerge that political participation must take advantage of in order to reach everyone. Finally, the importance of bringing institutional participation closer to other forms of participation that are less formal but which include sectors of the population, such as, for example, young people, has been raised. 50 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 51 Axis 2. “Economy for Life and the The axis, therefore, also wants to address the feminisation of poverty and the new expressions of poverty that may arise as a result of the socio-economic crisis resulting Organisation of Time” from Covid-19, with an emphasis on the fight against the gender digital divide and women’s access to ICT industries. Finally, this axis also focuses on the promotion of a healthier, more egalitarian and efficient organisation of the use of time, through strategies that have an impact on the improvement of the daily life of citizens and re- duce social and gender inequalities. All this, emphasising the need to curb the climate and ecological crisis by transforming the production model. With this in mind, five areas of action are defined in this axis: Feminist economic promotion. Democratisation of care work. This axis aims to achieve a fairer and more socially and en- vironmentally sustainable economic model. It is therefore a Time organisation. matter of promoting an economy at the service of people, that guarantees dignified lives and the satisfaction of their needs based on the recognition that all jobs are necessary Fight against the feminisation of poverty and precariousness. for the subsistence, reproduction and well-being of the pop- ulation (Perez Orozco, 2012), and based on the commitment to fight against exploitation and the violation of rights. Technological resources and the digital divide. 52 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 53 Area 14. Feminist economic promotion Jobs immediately prior to the pandemic16. Part-time work is also worth mentioning: in the fourth The Barcelona job market has suffered a major slump as a result of the Covid-19 health quarter of 2020, the weight of part-time work among salaried women in Barcelona (19.4% crisis. Although the economic policy response has been very different from that of the of the total) was more than double that of men (8.6%) (AB, 2021k). The assumption of 2008 crisis, opting simultaneously to halt economic activity while deploying very important reproductive tasks to a greater extent by women than by men has meant that women measures to mitigate the effects of this unemployment situation, maintaining incomes and are the ones who mostly have access to this type of contract (Catalan Women’s Institute, consumption capacity, it is still unknown to what extent the impact has been and is differ- 2020). The difficulty of reconciling personal, work and family life continues to be ent for men and women. However, it is becoming evident that the impact of the crisis is concentrated, therefore, on women, with the weight that this means for their economy: concentrated in some of the most vulnerable groups in the labour market: workers less purchasing power than men in both unemployment benefits and pensions at the end with low salaries and precarious jobs, characteristics that are very present in feminised of their working lives. jobs, young people, and migrants or people of diverse origin. In fact, one of the serious problems of the labour market is the low quality of employment concentrated in very On the other hand, the impact of temporary lay-offs (ERTO) depends on the wage level specific sectors of the population and in some sectors of activity. This, in fact, was already of the employees, since it is a contribution proportional to the wage. In the absence of happening before the crisis and the crisis has only made it worse (Barcelona Institute of municipal data, there is a certain balance in the gender breakdown of the ERTOs. How- Regional and Metropolitan Studies [IERMB], 2020a). ever, it can be assumed that in this relative equality there is a more detrimental impact on women, given that they are in the majority in the lowest-paid contracts. In this line, it In this sense, it is necessary to consider that women have a strong presence both in the should be noted that the gender pay gap in the city stands at 18.7% to the detriment of essential sectors (which have been maintained or reinforced) and in public service oc- women (AB, 2021f). This gap exists in all age groups, at all educational levels, nationalities cupations (which have seen their activity very limited). Thus, the horizontal segregation and professional groups, in almost all sectors and with all types of contracts and working of occupations has played a key role in this health crisis, which has led to greater ex- schedules. By professional groups, the highest wage gap corresponds to the group of posure of women to contagion and attrition due to a significant presence in the so-called graduates, engineers and senior managers (27.4%) (AB, 2021k), a segment where vertical front-line jobs (essential jobs and at the same time highly exposed jobs). They are mainly segregation in occupations and the glass ceiling can be detected: the difficulty of wom- those in the health, education, social services, domestic work, leisure and retail sectors. en’s career advancement to higher-paid management positions. However, in Catalonia in Meanwhile, employment has increased during the pandemic in sectors such as ICT and 2020, the percentage of women working in management and managerial positions has logistics, where women are a minority. Women account for a third of employment in the closed the gap with respect to men (61.8%) and is already close to 40% (38.2%) (AB, Information and Communications branch, a growing and highly sought-after sector, which 2021k). offers higher wages and better working conditions (AB, 2021k). Before the pandemic, teleworking had very little incidence in our context. With Covid-19, In terms of labour market indicators, the 2020 data show that while the fall in the employ- teleworking becomes an obligatory situation whenever possible, so it is generalised and ment rate has been greater for men, men are 9 points ahead of women. Moreover, it is observed that, during strict confinement, women carried out teleworking in slightly many of those who have lost their jobs have not become unemployed but inactive. Thus, higher proportions (74.8% compared to 69.8% for men). In contrast, men made a mixed using the specific inactivity indicator that includes the so-called “housewives”, it can be choice to a greater extent17. This is an ambivalent formula, since although it can facilitate seen that although the unemployment rate in the fourth quarter of 2020 is practically individual reconciliation, it can also increase inequalities in the workplace. What it has equal between men and women (12.6% for men, 12.1% for women), the specific inac- highlighted is the need to continue to make progress in new models of time organisation tivity rate is 19% for men and 23% for women14. In any case, this gap of 5 points is the that allow staff to combine work, personal and family life satisfactorily: hybrid models in smallest in recent years, due to the growth of male inactivity. which flexibility and remote working can be key. Hiring in the city was, in December 2020, still much lower than in February of the same Finally, care work and care support occupations have a somewhat greater weight in year. A certain feminisation has been observed in recent months, which is sustained by Barcelona than in Catalonia as a whole. These are relatively low-paying and clearly fem- the growth in temporary contracts15. And there has also been an increase in the femini- inised jobs (an estimated 128,453 women and 49,882 men in the city) with significant sation of part-time contracts, which had been more evenly distributed in the quarters exposure to Covid -19 18. 16 Department of Statistics and Data Dissemination of Barcelona City Council based on data from the National Institute 14 Department of Statistics and Data Dissemination of Barcelona City Council based on data from the Labour Force Survey. of Statistics. See: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/estadistica/catala/Estadistiques_per_temes/Treball_i_teixit_pro- See: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/estadistica/catala/Estadistiques_per_temes/Treball_i_teixit_productiu/Treball/ ductiu/Treball/Contractacio_laboral/evo/anys/index.htm EPA/epa/index.htm 17 Barcelona City Council. Covid-19 survey in Barcelona. See: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/ 15 Department of Statistics and Data Dissemination of Barcelona City Council based on data from the Department of uploads/2020/04/20_205_in_Cicle05_1604.pdf Labour, Social Affairs and Families of the Government of Catalonia. 18 Department of Statistics and Data Dissemination of Barcelona City Council, Department of Social Affairs, Labour and See: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/estadistica/catala/Estadistiques_per_temes/Treball_i_teixit_productiu/Treball/ Families of the Government of Catalonia and the State Public Employment Service. See: https://ajuntament.barcelo- Contractacio_laboral/sexe/anys/a2020/sexedes.htm na.cat/estadistica/catala/Estadistiques_per_temes/Treball_i_teixit_productiu/Treball/Treballadors_Afiliats/index.htm 54 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 55 Along these lines, in 2021 the Government Measure on feminist economy has been ap- The emerging presence of women in the world of social and solidarity economy is proved: For the improvement of the economic, social and working conditions of the most notable. Thus, with results for Catalonia as a whole, in the SSE, work is feminised since on feminised and precarious jobs. It aims to help improve the economic, social and working average 64% of workers are women (Solidarity Economy Network [XES], 2019). However, conditions of workers in certain occupations that are especially feminised and precarious this majority does not translate into decision-making spaces, where the percentage of in Barcelona, and more specifically, to combat the increased precariousness that can oc- corporate positions held by women is 50%. For this reason, it is understood that the SSE cur in the most feminised occupations in our city in times of social and economic crisis, must advance in the feminisation of the functioning of organisations. In addition, only 22% such as the one resulting from the Covid-19 health emergency. of the entities have at least one racialised worker or of diverse origin, representing 4% of the total number of workers. Entrepreneurship and companies Gender differences are also reproduced in the field of entrepreneurship. Thus, although Environmentalism and feminism have in common the critique of an economic system that there is a lack of statistical visibility, as the gender of people setting up businesses and is based on invisible, feminised and devalued care and domestic work, as well as on the companies is not recorded19, it is calculated that female entrepreneurs in Barcelona exploitation of natural resources and the environment (Carrasco et al., 2020). The alliance represent only 39% of the total number of self-employed entrepreneurs (Pérez-Quin- between both perspectives is essential to transform the conception and manage- tana, et al.) 2019). In addition, they show a greater tendency towards the self-employed ment of the economic model, as well as to reorganise people’s time. Without these regime, while male entrepreneurs create more trading companies; they invest less capital perspectives, it is impossible to work for a model that is compatible with the biosphere in the constitution of the company and manage it from savings and not from investment, and that tries to respond to all the different forms of inequality. committing less in debt. When they have to close the business, the reasons they explain are related to work obligations, the lack of a complementary profile within the business to Objectives move forward or technical difficulties. In addition, the economic sector in which women create their businesses is basically that of services, reproducing the horizontal occupa- To combat the impact of Covid-19 on women’s employment in the city and tional segregation present in a generalised way in the labour market. These are more local promote gender equality and quality in the labour market. projects with less global vision and expansion. On the other hand, women entrepreneurs have a higher level of education than men: 71% of Catalan women entrepreneurs have a To work for an economic promotion that is feminist and ecologist with a second-stage secondary or university education, while in the male group this percentage special impulse of the social and solidarity economy. is 64% (Pérez Quintana et al., 2019). To make Barcelona a city of reference for women entrepreneurs, to support Finally, on some occasions, women enter entrepreneurship more out of necessity than women professionals and managers and to advise and accompany compa- opportunity, and most of them are subject to pressure from their environment to continue nies in the introduction and application of equality measures. to assume the majority of the responsibility for the caregiving and domestic reproduction tasks. In this context, the impact of Covid-19 is still uncertain. As far as companies are concerned, the legal obligations regarding gender equality with which they must comply have recently been developed and specified. The require- ment to have an internal equality plan has been extended, both in terms of its content and the type of companies obliged to have one, and mechanisms have also been established to combat the gender pay gap. In terms of reconciliation, in 2021, paternity leave has been extended to 16 weeks, equating it to maternity leave; it would be worthwhile to analyse the impact of this measure, trusting in an increase in equality in the distribution of caregiving and household tasks and greater co-responsibility on the part of men. 19 Only the “Continuous Sample of Working Lives” makes it possible to make visible women entrepreneurs in the self-employed regime, but women entrepreneurs who contribute to the general regime are still unknown. 56 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 57 Area 15. Democratisation of care work The International Labour Organisation refers to care work as all activities carried out in In terms of symbolic factors, the lack of social recognition contributes to job precarious- response to people’s physical and emotional needs, whether in the formal or informal ness. The less social recognition and appreciation, the less likely it is that a job will have economy, in the public or private sphere, and whether paid or unpaid. With regard to the decent material conditions. Household and care work is an example of jobs with low social people receiving care, it is necessary to consider above all children, the elderly, people recognition: 24% of men and 34% of women consider care work to be socially unrecog- with disabilities/functional diversity, illness, etc. nised or not socially recognised at all22. To reverse this trend, public policies are needed to socialise and democratise the responsibility for caregiving in order to eliminate its Historically, and still today, this set of activities has been carried out mostly by women and disproportionate assumption by women within the family. It is, therefore, necessary has not been valued as it should be, neither socially nor economically. Nowadays, while that they are assumed by multiple social and economic actors: families (in co-responsi- men are increasingly involved in household and care work, they still do so in much bility between women and men), public administrations, companies and the community lower proportions than women. Thus, for example, 45% of women spend 20 or more fabric (volunteers, neighbourhoods, NGOs, etc.). In relation to the community fabric, it is hours a week on housework and caregiving, compared with 23% of men (Barcelona necessary to give visibility and support to already existing community networks in the Institute for Regional and Metropolitan Studies [IERMB], 2012). When both paid and un- territory, and to facilitate their adaptation to the needs of the residents of the neighbour- paid work are considered, women work 7 hours more per week than men (Government hood, in terms of spaces, accessibility, timetables, etc. of Spain [GE], 2017). In the workplace, the vast majority (91%) of people who work part- time because they have to perform care tasks are women, 26% of women (compared Along these lines, the Government Measure for the Democratisation of care work was ap- to 3% of men) have made use of reduced working hours to care for minors (UGT, 2017), proved with 68 actions aimed at putting caregiving at the centre of municipal policies. The and of work leaves for childcare, 92.8% are requested by women and only 7.2% by men measure aims to promote, in the medium and long term, another way of socially organising (General Union of Workers [UGT], 2020). It is therefore necessary to promote the co-re- caregiving, from a transformative point of view and deploys the actions from two central sponsibility of men in the assumption of care work. This includes working with children axes: the recognition of the social centrality of caregiving and its socialisation. There are and young people, in a way that is adapted to their abilities. also two cross-cutting themes that run through all the actions of the measure: the elim- ination of the (bad) social division of labour and the individual, relational and collective In terms of working conditions, people under the Special System for Domestic Work- empowerment of caregivers and care recipients. ers do not get conditions comparable to those of other workers under the General Social Security Regime. This regulation allows aspects such as dismissal without due These initiatives include the creation of the Barcelona Cuida Space, the card for care justification (dismissal by withdrawal) and exclusion of occupational hazard prevention, workers, the project to create communities of support for care work and the extension of maternity coverage and, especially, unemployment benefits to be maintained. In addition, the Radars and “Baixem al carrer” project that addresses situations of unwanted loneli- it is estimated that one-third of domestic and care workers do so without being registered ness. Likewise, the VilaVeïna project, which aims to respond to the needs of caregiving with the social security by their employers20. in a collective way and at a local community level, also involves a reduced territorial de- limitation that will address the maintenance and improvement of public spaces from the Despite the prominent role of women in this work in their own homes, many families diagnoses provided by the exploratory walks in each case. outsource part of it, and this has resulted in recent decades in global caregiving chains: outsourced work is often carried out by migrant women in precarious conditions who, On the other hand, and as ecofeminism affirms, we must not forget that people are in- in turn, have left their dependent family members in the country of origin in the care of terdependent (we need mutual caregiving to live) and eco-dependent (we need healthy other women21. ecosystems for our existence) (Observatory on Debt in Globalisation [ODG], 2017). In ad- dition, climate phenomena have a clear gender bias by affecting women more, which In relation to childcare, another relevant factor in the intersection of variables of risk of ex- generates care needs (Women’s Institute [IM], 2020). Thus, ecofeminisms point out the clusion is single parenthood. Forty per cent of people living in single-parent households interrelationship between the dynamics of destruction, exploitation and domination of na- are at risk of poverty, almost twice as many as other family types. And 83% of single-par- ture and the subordination of women; and claim the value of social reproduction work and ent households are headed by women. caregiving that make possible the maintenance and daily production of life. Therefore, thinking Barcelona from the perspective of ecofeminisms implies placing the collec- tive right to care and the capacity for resilience at the centre of each proposal and public policy. 20 To estimate the number of domestic workers who do not pay social security contributions, the difference between the number of people who say they work in the sector (Labour Force Survey - LFS) and the number of people who are actually enrolled on Social Security in the sector is calculated. This difference, for the year 2020 in the State as a whole, indicates 34% of work without social security contributions. 21 Data extracted from the reading of the Municipal Census of Inhabitants of Barcelona on 1 January 2020, available at: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/estadistica/catala/Estadistiques_per_temes/Poblacio_i_demografia/Llars_i_domici- 22 Data extracted from the Municipal Omnibus Survey, December 2020. Barcelona City Council. https://bcnroc.ajunta- lis/Domicilis_padronals/a2020/estruct_llars/t1.htm ment.barcelona.cat/jspui/handle/11703/122832 58 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 59 Area 16. Time organisation Finally, it should be noted that, as a result of the situation generated by Covid-19, we can Time orders and structures daily life. Time has a key impact on people’s daily lives, be- speak of a worsening of the so-called “care crisis”. In this context, there is a risk that coming a parameter that favours citizens’ well-being. The use and distribution that we greater recognition of caregiving in the formal economy will not be accompanied by great- make of our time is conditioned by many factors, which determine the capacity to have er visibility for informal caregiving and the women who provide it. more or less time. We can say that the distribution of time is not equal between genders or between generations or between social classes, and that not all time (salaried time, Objectives non-salaried time) has the same value and social recognition. To increase social and institutional recognition of the importance of caregiv- Time emerges as a crucial element to rethink the concept of citizenship (Balbo, 1987; ing and its more equitable provision. Balbo 1991). Furthermore, temporal well-being is limited to the extent that it is often not possible to decide on time autonomously and it is unequally distributed in the social struc- To increase the co-responsibility of the public administration, the community ture by gender, class and race, among other factors (Mückenberg, 2007). world and companies, as well as the co-responsibility of men. Thus, the right to one’s own time consists of being able to make decisions for oneself, To improve the conditions in which people provide care work (paid and un- individually and collectively, of daily temporal conditions that allow combining the times of paid) and in which people receive care. sociability and affectivity, working schedules, reproductive time and the time for socio-po- litical participation, among others (Mückenberg, 2007). Poorly harmonised social schedules make the organisation of daily time a challenge for a large part of citizens, to the point that they directly affect people’s health through the dis- ruption of their circadian rhythms. It is in this sense that it is recommended to incorporate “time poverty” as one of the indicators to measure poverty, inequality and social exclusion (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2017). When it comes to identifying trends regarding people’s changing working patterns, par- ticularly in relation to domestic and care work in the city of Barcelona, we see that the working day continues to play a central role in social organisation. Analysis of changes in the time dedicated to paid work reveals a twofold phenomenon: the increasingly porous nature of work and the illusion of freedom of choice. This is a tendency that particularly affects women, for whom the flexibility of the working day is favourably valued, due to the needs derived from care work. However, this has led to the emergence of new problems such as issues concerning the right to disconnect (Moreno and Borràs, 2020). Teleworking and remote working during the pandemic have led to an increase in care tasks for women, and although some studies note a generational change, with men becoming increasingly aware of the importance of sharing domestic work and care tasks, gender inequalities still persist. Men still spend more time on paid work and women spend more time doing domestic work whilst seeking to separate work, family and personal life within the home. The time policies that we want to promote within the framework of this plan, together with other strategies, must be aimed at preventing the transformation of the uses of time from reinforcing social and gender inequalities, as all the studies carried out in relation to the impact of Covid-19 are detecting. 60 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 61 Area 17. Combating the feminisation of poverty and precariousness Within this framework, Barcelona City Council’s Time Pact for a better, healthier, more egalitarian and efficient organisation of time is one of the key tools for enabling the Given the complexity of the factors that condition the feminisation of poverty and precar- development of cross-cutting work that covers the different spheres of health, work, car- iousness, this area is being addressed through a specific long-term and structural strat- egiving, participation, education, services in the city and mobility, in order to place time egy: The Strategy against the feminisation of poverty and precariousness 2016-2024 as a right of citizens. It is a pact that aims to have an impact on all areas of the daily life of (hereinafter EFPP). citizens and, for this, apart from the Administration, it has the involvement of entities and organisations. In 2020, in light of the health emergency and the economic crisis resulting from Covid-19, the EFPP carried out an analysis that showed that women are suffering the effects of the As can be seen, the organisation of time is not dissociated from the organisation of work crisis most severely. The fact that they make up 65% of people employed in front-line and, therefore, it is understood that this area is economic and, at the same time, cross-dis- jobs means that they are overexposed to contracting the disease. They are in the majority ciplinary to the other areas, since it is closely linked to women’s time poverty, the area of among people who live alone and have greater difficulty in accessing basic necessities. caregiving and the quality presence of women in productive work. The burden of caregiving, delegated to households during confinement, falls mainly on women. And during the same period, the calls and interventions of the services special- Objectives ised in gender violence skyrocket. To improve the harmonisation of the different uses of people’s everyday The data also indicate a widening of the gaps that may condition the chances of overcom- time. ing the crisis. Some of the most affected employment sectors, such as commerce, are heavily feminised. In addition, women are mostly in the most precarious jobs, being more To help ensure an effective co-responsibility between men and women on vulnerable to any unforeseen event. The pandemic highlights the care crisis suffered by the part of public administrations, companies and society as a whole. our society, highlighting the deficit of services and the lack of valuation and recognition of tasks that have been revealed as essential. And the disproportionate effects on women’s To promote the adoption of healthier, more efficient and sustainable time physical and mental health can diminish their options for economic recovery and political management models, raising awareness and disseminating the benefits of and social participation. a more egalitarian organisation of time. With the implementation of the EFPP at the halfway point, the mid-term evaluation has raised a series of recommendations for overcoming its shortcomings and taking advan- tage of opportunities for improvement. Most notable are the following: Draw up a map of entities and activities that makes services visible and facilitates networking. Guarantee access to minimum income. P romote the socio-labour insertion of the new profiles of women seeking employment. I ncrease the resources and services aimed at facilitating their reconciliation. Strengthen actions aimed at men and promote new models of masculinity. Strengthen actions aimed at preventing gender violence. Bridge the digital divide. 62 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 63 Area 18. Technological resources and the digital divide The importance of the approval of the Government Measure on the feminist economy The use of technologies is increasingly present in our society. These technologies have the is also worth noting: For the improvement of the economic, social and working con- potential to promote the inclusion and professional improvement of many sectors in the ditions of the most feminised and precarious jobs (AB, 2021h), in March 2021, which labour market but, at the same time, they can also exclude others. sets the following objectives: As set out in the BcnFemTech Government Measure (2021-2023). For gender equality Ensure that the impact of Covid-19 does not worsen the conditions in the ICT sector, “the access, creation and production of technology, wealth and assets of the most precarious and feminised occupations in the city. are reinforcing certain discriminatory gender and social dynamics, causing gender seg- regation by work platforms, by roles in the technology industry surrounding the platform Encourage more stable and secure contracts. economy, with algorithms that operate under racist, sexist and classist parameters, or with an economic concentration and economic aggressiveness towards rights and the most vulnerable sectors, greater than in the industrial era”. Combat the sticky floor by fostering opportunities for career paths and job enrichment. These segregations end up causing a gender-based digital divide in the access, use, consumption and production of technologies to be addressed from a feminist perspective. Promote a good organisation of time and a co-responsible work- According to the study The Digital Divide in the City of Barcelona. 2020 (BIT Habitat, life balance. 2020), currently, in Barcelona city, there are more men connected (94.6%) than women (89.4%); when people are asked the reasons for not using the Internet, 36.9% of women (compared to 20.3% of men) say that they do not know how to use it; and if we look at Fight against male harassment and violence. the profile of digitalisation of the population, we see that 71.76% of people who are in the low-level profile are women, and 28.24% are men. At the same time, it is necessary to adopt an intersectional perspective in order to understand these data. To begin with, Combat informality and lack of social protection. older women are one of the least connected groups. Specifically, 42.5% of women over 75 years of age are not connected (compared to 12.6% of men)23. At the same time, it would also be necessary to investigate the differences in the access and use of ICTs by women Promote the social recognition of the most feminised and of diverse origins, since qualitative sources point to a lower digital literacy of these women precarious occupations. (because although many have a mobile phone, they do not always have permanent access to the Internet, which makes it difficult for them to carry out online procedures), which may be leading to situations of discrimination and exclusion. Social class and the territory in Strengthen the self-organisation and representation of women which one resides are also factors that, in relation to gender, may be increasing the digital workers. divide. Address unprotected occupational hazards. The lack of access or limited access to connections has direct consequences on the material life of women: it is more difficult for them to carry out administrative procedures, to make appointments for some services, to access some of the support services offered Combat the impact of intersecting gender inequality factors. by institutions, to receive training, to participate in public life, to be able to carry out some economic activities (especially with the closure of many bank branches), etc. Thus, the deployment of this measure, which aims to respond to the needs arising from the crisis, will be key to advancing the objectives of the EFPP aimed at combating gender inequalities in the workplace. Objectives To achieve full implementation of the EFPP. To address the effects of the Covid-19 crisis on the feminisation of poverty and precariousness. 23 This factor could be explained by the fact that there is a greater presence of older women in our society, especially in the survey sample. 64 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 65 The gender digital divide has different explanations. To begin with, there is a strong oc- cupational segregation and a large under-representation of women in the ICT-relat- ed labour market. Considering that it is a booming and continuously growing economic sector, and a great generator of employment, this may imply strong present and future inequalities for women. In Barcelona (Barcelona Digital Talent, 2019), only 26% of jobs in the ICT sector are held by women; only 8.6% of technical positions are held by women, and women only represent 22% of the total number of candidates that apply for job offers linked to the digital sector. For all these reasons, it is necessary to promote the inclusion of women in this area. For this, it is important to end the stereotypes that surround the technology labour market and it would also be good to give visibility to women who are already working in this sector. Another important point to consider in order for women to be visible in ICTs is to promote the acquisition of ICT skills and abilities in girls and women. It is, therefore, necessary to equip them with the skills and knowledge to participate equally in ICTs and their appli- cations. It is also necessary to put an end to all the stereotypes present in the technological envi- ronment and an important point is to work so that the algorithms on which many of the digital platforms are based stop being sexist and do not continue to reproduce gender stereotypes. All of this will allow us to move towards a fairer and more equitable use and creation of technology. Objectives To work for gender equity in ICT industries. To progressively increase the index of digital empowerment in women. To analyse the gender digital divide from an intersectional perspective, especially considering age, origin, class and territory of residence. 66 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 67 Axis 3. City of Rights Political and social participation, focused on promoting the representation of wom- en’s voices and needs so that their specific experiences and demands are fully present in the public space and on the public agenda. Health, sexual and reproductive rights, aimed at influencing the gender roles that condition the health of all women and the promotion of health care without gender bias. Social action, aimed at the incorporation of the intersectional gender perspective in the attention offered by social services to situations of vulnerability. Sports, focused on promoting the participation and visibility of women, in all their diversity, in a sports practice without inequalities. Co-education and science, focused on the implementation of co-education in all stages and educational spaces of the city, promoting scientific vocations and the pres- A city of rights is one that claims the city as a space for the ence of women and girls in research. defence and guarantee of human rights and women’s rights. That is why this axis deals with policies that have an impact Life cycle, which aims to enhance our knowledge of gender inequalities according to on the economic, social and cultural aspects in which gender the different moments in people’s lives. inequalities are produced, setting objectives and promoting actions for redistribution, representation and recognition of Culture and collective memory, aimed at the balanced representation of men and women within the framework of the city. To this end, the axis women in all cultural spheres, and the recovery of the historical memory of women and is structured into thirteen areas: with a gender perspective. Citizenship, migrations and interculturality, which is aimed at recognising the diver- sity of women by deploying the intercultural perspective, combining specific actions with cross-cutting actions in all areas of municipal policy. Housing, aimed at including the gender perspective in municipal policies in this area. Violence-free lives, focused on preventing, addressing and combating all forms of gender violence in the city. Global justice and international relations, which aims to strengthen women’s lead- ership and the promotion of gender equality in the cooperative work, networks and international activity of the City Council. Sexual and gender diversity, an area aimed at ensuring respect for and integration of sexual and gender diversity in municipal policies. Masculinities, which also focuses on mainstreaming work on the construction of masculinity in all municipal services and programmes framed in gender equity policies. 68 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 69 Area 19. Social and Political Participation Area 20. Health and sexual and reproductive rights Women’s participation is decisive for social transformation and especially to promote Social and gender inequalities condition people’s state of health. Likewise, androcentrism equality and the gender perspective from a cross-cutting and intersectional approach that still permeates medical practice, so that gender biases exist in health care, diagnosis, effectively guarantees the diversity (origin, ethno-racial, cultural, functional, age, gender clinical trials, research and treatment. The use of male symptom patterns or male anat- identity and/or expression, sexual orientation...) of women. omy as universal still results in the underdiagnosis of certain diseases or conditions in women, such as autism, endometriosis or cardiovascular disease. And, in the opposite As a result of the large feminist mobilisations of 2018, there has been an increase in dif- sense, the idea that labels certain pathologies as “women’s diseases” means their ferent feminist groups and collectives in the city and in the interest of third sector over-diagnosis among women and under-diagnosis among men. This is the case with de- entities in the development of projects with a gender perspective, which have come pression or osteoporosis, for example. This entails a greater or lesser diagnostic effort to add their struggles to the historical feminist movements in the city. There are currently (unequal access to adequate health care according to symptoms, diagnostic errors) and 249 entities on the map of feminist and women’s entities in the city24. therapeutic effort (treatments, drugs) depending on gender (Ruiz Cantero, 2019). Finally, and especially in the area of sexual and reproductive health, the heteronormative view However, the outbreak of the global pandemic in the wake of Covid-19 has provoked a still conditions health care. profound health, economic and social crisis, which has affected all areas of our lives, with very significant consequences in the lives of women and the sustainability of feminist In Barcelona, women, compared to men, have a longer life expectancy, a worse perceived movements themselves. In this sense, situations of overload have been generated by state of health (23.8% women and 15.4% men) - a perception that worsens as we go down the complexity of managing personal, family, work and social life, which has affected the the social scale -, greater morbidity and suffer more chronic disorders (29.6% of men and physical and emotional health of women, and this ends up affecting the availability of 41.3% of women have three or more). Moreover, among people diagnosed with significant time and resources for participation in feminist and women’s organisations as well as health problems, women are highly overrepresented in pathologies such as osteoporosis in mixed entities in the city. The challenge, therefore, is to strengthen the spaces for in- (93.4%), chronic pain (72.6%) and depression (70.6%), while men are overrepresented teraction and participation of feminist groups and collectives in the city, to facilitate in pathologies such as HIV (AIDS), ischemic heart disease or cirrhosis (Barcelona Public their sustainability and self-organisation. Health Agency [ASPB], 2020). In addition, the restrictions on meeting in person have given way to new communication During the pandemic, Barcelona’s women have been the most infected by Covid-19, channels where virtual communication plays an important role and the use of technology especially among the most disadvantaged classes. But men have suffered more se- has become an essential resource that not all women can access. The gender digital verely, due to social reasons such as smoking, and are the most affected by excess divide due to lack of means and/or training, therefore, falls within a historically masculin- mortality, although in absolute numbers more women than men have died in the city. ised field and is also another factor in the exclusion of women, especially those from more Women have suffered a higher risk of exposure to the virus, which is explained by vulnerable groups. In this sense, it should be noted that participation in spaces and gender roles, as they are the main caregivers in homes and residences for the elderly, the entities presents patterns of gender inequality: although women make up 58% of the majority of professionals in the health and pharmaceutical or cleaning fields, among others people involved in entities in the city (Fornies and Aguilar, 2018), this certain feminisation (IQcoop, 2021). We will have to see how, due to the pandemic, the changes produced in of the spaces of participation is reversed as positions of power in the entity are reached. primary care (overload, less face-to-face care and more telephone or digital care) or in Thus, only 48% of women are on the board of directors and 44% in the presidency. In ad- the monitoring and detection of pathologies may affect the health of the population dition, 41.6% of women report difficulties in reconciling social participation with their in the medium term. daily lives, while the case of men is only 19.1% (Liquen Data Lab, 2018). It is necessary, therefore, to move forward with the creation of new forms of community relations that Distress, stress and work overloads also have a negative impact on the health of women, are fairer and more equitable towards women, considering the different axes of inequality who are at greater risk of psychological distress. Before the pandemic, 30.3% of women affecting them and the different territorial realities. and 22.7% of men had mental distress, with women from disadvantaged social classes suffering the most. Females also used more psychotropic drugs than males (ASPB, 2020). Objectives Although sufficient information and data are not yet available, the pandemic appears to be exacerbating the mental and emotional health problems of the general population To boost the social and political participation of women in the different neigh- and, in particular, of women. The stress and emotional management of confinement, the bourhoods of the city, taking into account their diversity and the impacts generated by Covid-19. To promote collaboration and co-production for the defence of rights, and the social and political participation of women, from an intersectional and intercultural perspective. 24 https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dones/ca/recursos-i-actualitat/mapa-dentitats-feministes 70 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 71 Area 21. Social action overload of work in the context of a pandemic, social and family isolation, the loneliness of In Catalonia, the risk of suffering poverty or social exclusion is 25.1 percentage points the mourning process, the increase in gender violence or the aggravation of previous men- among women compared to 22 points among men, a difference that is almost double tal health problems are just some examples. In fact, during the first 2020 lockdown, sleep after the age of 65. Among the factors that determine this risk are employment status, quality worsened for more than 40% of women and 30% of men. Women also showed educational level, nationality or household composition, being particularly high among more feelings of fear, uncertainty, sadness and distress and worse mood than men25. single people with dependent children26. However, the phenomenon of social exclusion is multidimensional in nature. It is an accumulation of disadvantages that leads to a loss of Regarding sexual and reproductive health, before the pandemic, women from lower social ties and a deterioration of living conditions, a vision that goes beyond the one-di- socio-economic groups, from more disadvantaged neighbourhoods, with lower educa- mensionality of the concept of poverty linked to the lack of economic resources. tional levels and from low-income countries showed worse reproductive health indicators which, although they had been improving over the last few years, it is unknown how they Attention to some of the most vulnerable groups through municipal social services shows may evolve due to Covid-19 (ASPB, 2019). The pandemic has brought about changes in the gender and intersectional biases that are present in these situations. In the case of a the monitoring of pregnancies and obstetric care, in the possibilities of access to contra- phenomenon as complex as homelessness, the Government Measure for the prevention ception and abortion, in the detection of STIs and in the performance of gynaecological of female homelessness and the introduction of the gender perspective in the care of check-ups, which will have to be assessed in terms of their impact on the female popula- homeless people in Barcelona 2020-2023 (AB, 2020h) warns of the invisibility of the spe- tion of the city in the short and medium-term. cific problems of women when these situations are analysed solely from the perspective of people sleeping rough. This paper points to much more invisible female homelessness Objectives in the public space, possibly due to insecurity and the higher stigma on women. To improve knowledge about the health of the Barcelona population, includ- Women with disabilities are also doubly discriminated against. According to a report by ing the impact of the pandemic on physical, mental and sexual and reproduc- the Observatory on Disability and the Labour Market (ONCE Foundation, 2016), women tive health from a gender, intersectional and life cycle perspective. with disabilities have lower activity and employment rates than women without disabili- ties, and receive an annual salary 15% lower. In addition to economic and professional To promote gender-neutral (non-androcentric, non-heteronormative) health disadvantages, there is a greater vulnerability to violence. Of all the categories of gender care. violence defined by the latest Macro-survey on violence against women (GE, 2020), the prevalence in all cases is higher among women with disabilities. To continue working for the promotion of sexual and reproductive rights from a gender and intersectional perspective. The need to incorporate the gender perspective is especially relevant in services aimed at dealing with cases of gender violence, as a paradigmatic manifestation of inequality. The latest Survey of gender violence in Catalonia (AB, 2018b) shows that more than half of the women in Barcelona have suffered this type of violence at some point in their lives, with 27% of the cases being very serious. Even at a young age, women are subjected to significant inequalities. Despite the diffi- culties in understanding the impact of childhood and adolescent maltreatment, UNICEF estimates that 3 out of 4 children globally regularly experience some form of violent disci- pline in the family environment (UNICEF, 2017). And in Spain, the Unified Registry of Sus- pected Child Abuse (RUMI) counted more than 14,000 cases in 2016. Numerous studies show that violence and abuse mostly affect girls and is almost always committed by men (Women for Health, undated), demonstrating the importance of addressing this issue from a gender perspective. 25 Data extracted from the Time Use and Confinement Survey. Centre for Opinion Studies. Government of Catalonia. May 26 IDESCAT (Statistical Institute of Catalonia) Rate and population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE rate) by 2020: http://upceo.ceo.gencat.cat/wsceop/7608/Taules%20estad%C3%ADstiques%20-966.pdf sex. 2019. https://www.idescat.cat/pub/?id=ecv&n=7703&lang=es 72 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 73 Area 22. Sports Social services are, in many cases, the main means of detection and attention to all these Practising sports is an essential habit for a good quality of life. Today, the benefits of phys- situations. For this reason, incorporating a gender and intersectional perspective in all of ical activity and sport are available to girls and women of all ages. However, parity is still their processes is an essential requirement for ensuring effective responses to the specific not a reality in sport, so the public administration, entities, associations and clubs must needs of women in vulnerable situations. continue working to promote more and more sport among women of all ages and all over the world. Objectives Statistics show that men are still more likely to practice sports. This is clear, for exam- To enhance the knowledge of the gender inequalities that condition situa- ple, from the latest Survey of Sporting Habits of the Adult Population of Barcelona city tions of vulnerability, in particular of the services aimed at homeless people, (AB, 2017c), which indicates that 69.2% of women and 74.4% of men do sport. However, people with disabilities and children and youth. there is a significant increase in female sporting activity (of 18.5%) when compared to the previous edition of the survey (from 2013). To advance in the incorporation of the gender perspective in all phases and processes of these services. The sporting practice of the school population also continues to be mainly male: Seventy-two per cent are girls and 80.6% boys, although in this age group female par- ticipation has grown 3 points compared to the previous survey (Viñas and Fort, 2018). However, there continues to be a slight abandonment of the female practice in the transition from primary to secondary school: from 4th to 6th year of primary school, 74.3% of girls practice sport, while from 1st to 2nd year of ESO (Compulsory Secondary Education) it drops to 71.7%. In the case of boys, the dynamic is completely reversed: the practice increases significantly from 4th to 6th grade of primary school (81%) to 1st to 2nd year of ESO (Compulsory Secondary Education) (85%). It is therefore essential to address the premature abandonment of sport by adolescent girls. Even today, there are still sports that are highly segregated by gender. In fact, the sports most played by boys are football (40%), basketball (13%), wrestling sports (9%) and swimming (8%). On the contrary, girls practice more dance (23%), basketball (9%), swimming (9%) and skating (8%). Although it is true that in recent years an improvement has been detected in this segregation27, the stereotypes and limitations of access and permanence of the less represented sex in traditionally feminised and masculinised sports must continue to be worked on. Maintaining good health is the main reason for practising sport for the vast majority of women in Barcelona (73.4%), while lack of time is the main reason (50.7%) among those who do not do any physical activity. As for the activity chosen, more than half of them opt for either walking (37.1%) or swimming (22.3%). As for the participation of women in IBE programmes, in “Get Active in the Parks” they are the majority (87.5% of participants), while in “Let’s Live Together through Sport” they account for 51% of the total and in the Campus Olimpia, 40%. Therefore, it is not only important to address the practice of sports in itself but also the real access of women to the management and direction of sports institutions and entities, their incorporation in key positions in the sports field, the reconciliation of professional and family life with the practice of sport and physical activity, the visibility of women athletes in the media and equality in the allocation of awards for female and male categories. 27 Over the course of the previous plan, the proportion of boys participating in feminised sports has increased from 2.9% in 2016 to 5.7% in 2019. 28 Data provided by the Barcelona Sports Institute (IBE). 74 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 75 Area 23. Co-education and Science It should also have an impact on the incorporation of the gender perspective into the Education is a strategic area for the acquisition of knowledge, values and egalitarian and city’s sports facilities and events. And given the current pandemic context, women’s non-discriminatory attitudes from an early age. And in this task, it is necessary to conceive sport in the public space must be addressed as a priority. At the beginning of 2020, there education in a comprehensive sense, since, for example, values acquired in formal edu- were 98,535 female subscribers to municipal sports facilities28 but, with the pandemic, cation are as important as those acquired in non-formal education (e.g., educational there has been a significant drop in this number, especially among women. By the end of leisure entities) and in informal education (e.g., families). To give an example linked to 2020, there were already only 62,337 female subscribers at the facility. the family sphere, the lesser co-responsibility of men in supporting their children’s edu- cation implies an overload for women and hinders the establishment of more egalitarian Objectives educational realities. To promote gender equality in sports. With regard to the educational level of the population as a whole, women are the majority group at the extreme levels: population with no formal education and population with To incorporate the gender perspective in the city’s sports facilities, entities higher education. Thus, for example, of the population with university degrees in Catalonia and events. (degrees, masters and PhDs), women represent 57.2% (Catalan Women’s Institute, 2020). However, a higher level of university education among women does not correspond to their position in the labour market or to their wage level, which is, on average, lower than that of men. The higher educational level of women coexists with horizontal segregation in terms of fields of study. In particular, there is a scarce presence of women in scientific studies, which is evident in the data for both post-compulsory secondary education and, especial- ly, university studies. Thus, in the baccalaureate, women from Barcelona represent 76% of the baccalaureate in Arts, 58% of the students in Humanities and Social Sciences, but less than 48% in the Scientific and Technological modality29, although this is the path taken by those aspiring to study a degree in the Health Sciences branch of studies, which is quan- titatively very feminised30. In university studies, segregation is even more pronounced, as women represent only 23% of the total number of people enrolled in Engineering and Architecture degrees31, which shows the influence of gender discriminations, stereotypes and social rules, which influences the scientific vocations and jobs of girls and women. Limiting stereotypes and discriminations do not only affect training choices but also the presence, types of contracts and working conditions of women who develop profession- ally in the scientific field. In order to try to reverse these segregating tendencies and the underlying gender ste- reotypes, it is important that the entire training process of children and young people includes a co-educational perspective. Coeducation is the educational action based on the recognition of the potentialities and individualities of all students, regardless of their sex, thus promoting real equality of opportunities32. It must be approached in a compre- hensive manner and include the different educational levels throughout the life cycle, educational agents (schools, leisure entities, families, AFA...) and educational spac- es (classrooms, school playgrounds, extracurricular and leisure spaces...). Although this comprehensive approach is quite widely accepted in discourse, in practice there is a lack of coverage of co-educational activities at levels such as nursery schools, in educational agents such as the AFAs (parents’ associations) and in educational spaces such as af- ter-school activities, among others. 29 Data for Barcelona on the branches of the baccalaureate by gender, for the academic year 2020-2021 https://educa- cio.gencat.cat/ca/departament/estadistiques/estadistiques-ensenyament/curs-actual/batxillerat/ 30 A web portal for higher education in Catalonia, https://graus.unportal.net/wb/unportal/ca/newsletter/NL215b.html 31 Data for Catalonia. Department of Research and Universities. Government of Catalonia. Definition extracted from the Co-education and gender equality website. Telematic Educational Network of Catalo- 32 nia-XTEC. Government of Catalonia. http://xtec.gencat.cat/ca/curriculum/coeducacio/ 76 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 77 Area 24. Life cycle These deficiencies are at the same time a strategic opportunity in the case of nursery According to the Diagnosis for the Demographic Change and Ageing Strategy: a City for schools, given the greater degree of competence that the City Council has with respect to All Times of Life (2018-2030). (AB, 2018a), demographic change has led to a predomi- other educational levels, and given that it is at this stage of childhood that a good part of nance of older women. In Barcelona, two out of every three people aged 80 or over are the gender stereotypes and mandates crystallise. women, who also represent more than 56% of the generation aged between 60 and 79. On the other hand, the population between 20 and 39 years of age is becoming more At present, there is no systematised data available on the implementation of co-educa- feminised due to the greater permanence of women in the city. And in the 40-59 age tion in the city’s schools as a whole. After a pilot test from 2014 to 2017, the programme bracket, the positive migratory balance is concentrated in women and people of non-EU Schools for Equality and Diversity33 (Barcelona Education Consortium) was finally origin. Despite the availability of diagnostic data, this is generally a hidden reality that is implemented in 2018 deployed in 21 schools, with the challenge for the coming years not an explicit part of the political agenda: the city is designed from an adult-centric being to extend it to a majority of schools in the city. perspective, which makes invisible or belittles the needs and experiences of women in the stages of childhood, young adulthood or old age. This means that it is still essential On the other hand, in recent years the City Council has supported a project for the analysis to enhance the diagnosis of gender inequalities in the different life cycles, as well as to and transformation of educational spaces, focusing on “School playgrounds”. The gen- translate these results into strategies for the incorporation of the gender perspective in der perspective needs to be incorporated in an effective and sustained manner over time Barcelona City Council’s policies for children, young people and the elderly. in this project, which foresees the transformation of a minimum of 10 school playgrounds annually. Among the elderly, women are in the clear majority at older ages. Their biology, social ex- posure and self-care behaviours mean that they have a longer life expectancy (87.3 years Regarding the fight against sexual harassment and abusive relationships, the percentage versus 83.7). However, in relation to men, women have poorer perceived health, men- of students who have suffered sexual harassment is much higher in girls, 17%, compared tal health and chronic disorders, which become more pronounced in old age. Differ- to 3.8% in boys, in all ages. In addition, having suffered abuse by a partner is more fre- ences by social class are substantial, and proportionally greater among women (ASPB, quent in girls (18.3%) than in boys (12%)34. In order to address these abusive relationships 2020). Older women also suffer from the phenomenon of unwanted loneliness, which in the educational and community sphere, progress has been made in incorporating the impacts their mental and physical health, reducing their mobility and physical activity, as perspective of co-education in non-formal education entities and facilities, through the well as social relationships35. In material terms, there is a wage gap in pensions that gen- “Non-sexist Stories” project, which should be extended to cover all districts where it is not erates a final expression of the synthesis of inequalities experienced in previous stages. yet present. The emergence of Covid-19 has had a devastating effect on society, and especially Finally, and as a pertinent comment for all areas of the coeducational task, it is necessary on older women: 2,842 women died (53% of the total36), 97% of whom were over 64 to include more explicitly the work with boys and men, in their diversity. This includes the and 89% over 75 years of age. Confinements and restrictions have also been particularly design of actions aimed specifically at them, in order to advance in the transformation harsh for older people who, apart from suffering more from the consequences of their risky of hegemonic masculinities and gender privileges. In this line of action, some of the situation, have seen their voice and presence in the community diminished. most strategic areas of work are co-responsibility in care work and the promotion of vio- lence-free relationships. In Barcelona, 3 out of 10 small children live at risk of poverty or social exclusion, above the rate for the population as a whole, and inequalities in children’s living conditions have Objectives widened in recent years. Half of the adults attended to in municipal social service centres have children in their care. Of the families suffering from severe material deprivation attend- To promote the implementation of a coordinated co-educational model for ed to in the municipal social services centres, 4 out of 10 live with children37. Public poli- all stages and spaces of formal education in the city, giving special weight to cies should reinforce the role of under-age citizens in the city from a gender perspective, work for the transformation of models of masculinity. influencing different areas such as families, schools, health, protection in risk situations or community life and leisure. It is about improving the lives of children and advancing their To advance towards the implementation of the gender perspective in non-for- rights and participation. mal education entities and settings and in informal education in the city. To contribute to reversing gender stereotypes and gaps that limit free voca- tional choice and professional development in the field of science. To incorporate the perspective of sexual and gender diversity in the different educational spaces of the city. 35 Barcelona City Council has adopted a government measure for the development of the Municipal Strategy against lone- liness (https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MdG-Elaboracio-Estrategia-Soledat.pdf). 33 www.edubcn.cat/ca/suport_educatiu_recursos/plans_programes/coeducacio/escoles_per_la_igualtat_i_la_diversitat 36 Barcelona Public Health Agency. (7 September 2021). Web #Covid19aldiaBCN. Accessed on 7/9/2021 from https:// 34 “Health and its determining factors in Barcelona adolescents”. Survey of risk factors in baccalaureate students- webs.aspb.cat/covid19aldiabcn/. FRESC 2016. Barcelona, Barcelona Public Health Agency, Barcelona Health Consortium. 37 Barcelona City Council, 2016 Survey on the Living Conditions of Users of the Barcelona Social Services Centres. 78 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 79 Area 25. Culture and collective memory Special consideration should be given to the negative effects that the anti-Covid-19 meas- Public policies based on cultural rights must place an explicit emphasis on gender ures have had on children, in terms of lack of social interaction, lack of schooling, material equality. These policies should reinforce the gender perspective and deploy their full deprivation among the lowest income groups, as well as the increase in inequalities in potential to promote the plural and active participation of women and all people who development that have been indirectly generated. do not conform to the androcentric and heterosexual norms in cultural life. Faced with these challenges, in recent years, the Barcelona Institute of Culture (ICUB) has made a Adolescents and young people, despite the criminalisation and media stigmatisation firm commitment to cultural policies with a gender perspective. One notable initiative is they suffer, (Grup Barnils i Mèdia.cat, 2020)which has worsened during the pandemic, are the “Gender and Museums” project which aims to integrate the gender perspective into one of the population segments that has suffered most from the emotional and economic the management, activities and narratives of the city’s museums. Other actions include the consequences (GC, 2021) of this social and economic crisis derived from the manage- civic centre programme pilot study, the increase in programmes featuring and raising the ment of the Covid-19 health crisis (National Youth Council of Catalonia, 2020). It should visibility of women creators, and the memory programmes that have made a very impor- be noted that this deterioration in living conditions has had a particular impact on young tant effort to recover history. women38. This has complicated39 -and will complicate in the coming years- their access to the labour market (Observatori Català de la Joventut, 2021), and their mental and However, in Barcelona, there is still no parity in the cultural context and the feminisa- emotional health, since in 2020, 45% of young women and 32% of men of the same age tion of specific roles still occurs, with these roles undervalued and more precarious in Barcelona were at risk of poor mental health40. Job precariousness, the difficulties of than those in which the majority of employees are men. Likewise, there is a glass ceiling emancipation and uncertainty about the future have led to an increase in cases of anxi- that places barriers to women’s entry into decision-making positions. Vertical and horizon- ety, eating disorders, depressive behaviour and screen addictions among young people. tal segregation still exists in some of the cultural institutions and is particularly evident in In addition, during the confinement, a worsening of gender violence was detected (AB, certain sectors. Cultural programming, in the vast majority of cases, is still not equal 2020f), a phenomenon that women suffer throughout their lives, but that especially affects and this continues to promote the invisibility of women creators and cultural workers. For young women41. this reason, it is essential to work on equal programming with a gender perspective in all cultural activities in the city. Finally, it should also be noted that adulthood, as an existing stage of life that could be characterised by reproductive tasks, is a crucial moment in the generation of inequalities. Data from the Observatory of Cultural Data show that women participate in the majority The city is experienced differently depending on the burden of care, particularly affecting of cases as participants and spectators in various cultural activities in the city. In mobility, time, health, etc. One of the areas where it has the greatest impact is the pay fact, they represent 66% of the audience in the Barcelona Cultural District; 73% of those gap, which widens with the birth of the first child. The assumption of care work by women registered at the civic centres (2020); 55% of library users; and 67% of the audience at the has an economic impact on their professional careers. Therefore, in terms of caregiving, Grec Festival. it is necessary to reinforce the public responsibility for care tasks, with a special focus on children and the elderly, guaranteeing local and quality health care, as well as a network of However, as we can see, the data show that there is still a lack of parity and presence of public day-care centres to meet the demand. Any care not provided by the public sector women as directors and creators. The Observatory data find a relationship between the is likely to fall to other unpaid women or women without job security. But beyond this, it size of the festivals and the gender variable in their management. The greater the volume is also necessary to improve the representation of women at all stages of their lives. We of attendees, the less parity and the greater the presence of male directors: in fact, in fes- must move towards a society that empowers older women, as well as children and young tivals with more than 20,000 attendees, only 27% have parity and 5% have a majority of people, as active and influential agents in public and community life. female directors. The Report on Barcelona City Council Cultural Programming 2016- 2017 from a Gender Perspective (Cabó and Sánchez, 2017) analysed the scheduled activities Objectives and organisational structures. In terms of activities, more than 19,000 activities carried out between 2016 and 2017 in 105 different programming spaces were analysed. In the To learn more about gender inequalities at the different stages of life: child- overall programming for the city in 2016 analysed, female authors accounted for 24.61%, hood, young adulthood, adulthood, and old age. and 32.38% in 2017. There are large differences between the different programming areas: from 1.25% of women authors in auditoriums to 54.55% in exhibition centres. To make progress in terms of incorporating the gender perspective into Bar- celona City Council’s policies for children, young people and older people. Of the city’s seven festivals, only the Grec and Santa Eulàlia come close to parity in activi- ties. On the other hand, la Mercè, the main festival, has the lowest percentages of women; moreover, in 2017, both the presence of women and the gender perspective decreased, despite the total number of activities having increased. Therefore, it appears that there is 38 LFS (2020) data on the employment situation of young people suggest that the pandemic-related crisis is affecting a gender disparity in most of the cases analysed. and may affect, young women more than young men. Young people, especially young women, are very present in the service sector (where 87.8% of young women and 76.8% of young men worked), one of the sectors most directly affected by the economic shutdown generated by Covid-19. Finally, the recovery of historical memory with a gender perspective is also especially 39 2020 Barcelona Socio-demographic Survey. Advance data of the Covid-19 impact. Barcelona City Council. https:// important because the role of women has been made invisible: the great women are not ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Presentacio-Enquesta-Joves-2020_v07_premsa2.pdf 40 2020 Barcelona Socio-demographic Survey. Barcelona City Council: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/ known; their role in maintaining life over the centuries has been unappreciated and their wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Enquesta-Joventut_-RdP-PPT-premsa-V6.pdf contributions have always been taken as secondary. In the city of Barcelona, they must 41 Considering gender violence that has taken place throughout the life cycle, by age group, the youngest women also be highlighted and their contributions appreciated. (16 to 29 years old) are the most affected: 69% report having suffered gender violence. Source: Survey on gender violence in Catalonia. 80 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 81 Area 26. Citizenship, migration and interculturality The diagnosis of six museums in the city42 shows that neither the exhibitions nor the activ- In relation to access to full citizenship for women in all their diversity, the areas of in- ities have mainly adopted a narrative with a gender perspective, nor have they highlighted terculturality and migration take on a critical importance. Thus, and as indicated in the women’s cultural and scientific production or their historical memory. On the other hand, it Barcelona Discrimination Observatory Report 2020, racism and xenophobia have been has been carried out in educational services, in the programming of performing arts and in the main causes of discrimination in the city of Barcelona. In this context, one of the musical programming. It has also been observed that there are museums that do not fol- main challenges is to tackle the scourge of stigmatisation and stereotypes that impact low guidelines for non-sexist language but do analyse images from a gender perspective. thousands of immigrant or racialised citizens on a daily basis. A historical discrimination that intersects with other axes of oppression, such as sexual orientation, class, functional Objectives diversity or disability, age or religion, and that can relegate certain groups to situations where their rights and freedoms are not protected. Therefore, one of the major challenges To promote equal participation and diverse representation in culture from a identified by this new plan is enhancing and promoting its intersectional nature. feminist perspective. In Barcelona, socio-cultural diversity has been increasing in recent years. Thus, 27.8% of To make visible and recognise the work and contributions of women, from residents were born in a foreign country. Of these, 51.4% are women and 48.6% are men their diversity, throughout history. and, in three neighbourhoods, the percentage exceeds 50% (the Raval, the Gòtic, and Sant Pere, Santa Caterina i la Ribera)43. In addition, more than 300 languages are spoken in our city, there are more than 500 worship centres of 25 different religious denominations and, in recent years, the arrival of refugees has increased exponentially, from 195 in 2010 to 7,374 in 2018 (GE, 2019). In this context, there has been an increase in populist and demagogic narratives about people from non-hegemonic cultural contexts. Discourses that question important el- ements and values on which democracy, coexistence and equality between people are based, and that reinforce prejudices and stigmatise certain groups blamed for several social issues (unemployment, insecurity, etc.). However, it should be remembered that diversity should not only be linked to migratory processes and should also take into account the historical realities of historically discrim- inated-against groups such as Roma people44, and the intersection with other diversities (sex, age, social class, affective-sexual orientation, single parenthood, etc.) that need to be addressed in a comprehensive and non-fragmented manner. With regard to the migratory context, the situation of migrant women in Barcelona brings together a great diversity of personal situations. However, many have in common an expe- rience of multiple discrimination as a result of their status as women, migrants, workers, or members of minority religions or cultures. To begin with, the current legislative framework grants rights and citizenship status ac- cording to the needs of the labour market and not according to the will of people to develop their life projects. This regulatory framework does not guarantee legal and safe entry routes and means that a significant number of migrant women are in an irregular administrative situation and are forced to work in the informal market, in a precarious 43 Data extracted from “The Foreign-born Population of Barcelona”. January 2020. Statistics and dissemination of data. Barcelona City Council: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/estadistica/catala/Estadistiques_per_temes/Poblacio_i_de- mografia/Documents_relacionats/pobest/a2020/part2/index.htm 44 The diagnosis of the Barcelona Intercultural Plan states that for twenty years there has been no (estimated) data on the number of Roma people in the city of Barcelona. In 2000, it was estimated that 75,000 Roma people lived in Catalonia, and of these, some 6,600 lived in the city of Barcelona, a figure that is currently estimated to be considerably higher. 42 Project “Gender and Museums” which aims to integrate the gender perspective into the management, activities and It should be noted that the Organic Data Protection Act 2019 (Article 9) stipulates that sensitive data such as ethnic or narratives of the museums of Barcelona. racial origin may only be processed with explicit consent of the data subject in addition to other circumstances. 82 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 83 Area 27. Housing manner and without rights. For Catalonia as a whole, the unemployment rate in 2020 for The housing situation in Barcelona is critical in general terms and, in addition, the the population with Spanish nationality was 10.6%, while that of the foreign national pop- available information systems make it difficult to know the existing gender inequali- ulation increased to 23.9% and, in the case of non-EU women, the unemployment rate ties. The situation is marked by a 33% increase in rent prices in the last 5 years; one in ten rose to 27.8%.45 On the other hand, it is estimated that a third of workers in the household people do not have money to pay for electricity or water and, as a result of the Covid-19 and care sector, who are largely migrants, do so without being registered with the Social crisis, 25.2% of women and 23.8% of men report having difficulties paying for household Security scheme by their employers46. supplies (AB, 2021j); and 10.6% of citizens are in a situation of energy poverty, with wom- en being the ones who received more municipal aid in this regard (González Pijuan, 2017). Therefore, one of the main challenges to be addressed is the generation of intersection- In addition, there has been a sustained growth in homelessness (Homeless Aid Network, al knowledge that reflects the impact of the different axes of discrimination on people’s 2019) over the last decade, with the number of people housed in residential facilities and lives. These diagnoses are essential to address the specific reality of women in an irreg- municipal flats and those run by XAPSL entities almost doubling, and with more than a ular administrative situation and with refugee status. thousand people sleeping on the streets47. In Barcelona, in the last 5 years, the number of people who have applied for social housing has doubled. And in 2019 alone there were Finally, it is also essential to increase the socio-cultural diversity of the City Council’s 1,700 evictions (ASPB, 2020). own staff. According to 2020 data, only 1.4% of the municipal staff is foreign-born, while the number of foreign nationals in the city is 27.8%. This framework, which affects social justice and gender, also has implications for people’s physical and mental health. Objectives On average, families spend 22.3% of their income on housing expenses, but this figure To include the gender perspective in the design, planning, execution and is 39.4% in the case of renting. If they are migrants, those with lower incomes spend an evaluation of the city’s intercultural, refugee, reception, anti-discrimination average of 41.1% and 42.3%. It should be noted that dedicating more than 30% of the and religious and faith plurality policies. income is considered financial overexertion. Although these data do not allow us to see the phenomenon in the particular case of women, we know that single-parent families To promote programmes (social, labour, educational, cultural...) that con- have had to allocate 64.7% of their income to cover housing expenses48. sider women’s diversity according to their ethnic and racial diversity, their migratory background and administrative status, and encourage their par- The data is dynamic because housing is a private good that is regulated under market ticipation in the whole process. systems, so gentrification, energy poverty or square meters per dwelling vary so much by neighbourhood. The size of the dwelling and the openings to the exterior and communal spaces have been factors that determined well-being during the Covid-19 lockdown. The economic and social situation of women conditions access, maintenance and the quality of their housing. If they are migrant women or women with low incomes, the situation is even worse. For example, the study “Women and Jobs” (Moreno et al., 2018) detected that women with low incomes who worked in Barcelona were particularly excluded by housing prices in the city, thus having to make longer daily interurban commutes that were less compatible with care work. The public housing stock is one of the solutions to the precarious housing situation for women in Barcelona. In 2018, 650 public houses were allocated, of which 55.8% went to women - 60.3% in 2020 - and 3.8% to women in situations of gender violence. 45 Data extracted from the Unemployment Rates by Nationality, Sex and Autonomous Community of the National Insti- tute of Statistics https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=4249 46 To estimate the number of domestic workers who do not pay social security contributions, the difference between the number of people who say they work in the sector (Labour Force Survey - LFS) and the number of people who 47 May 2019 Services for Homeless People Count. are actually enrolled on Social Security in the sector is calculated. This difference, for the year 2020 in the State as a 48 Data drawn from the Metropolitan Survey on Living Conditions 2018-19. YERMB. https://iermb.uab.cat/ca/enquestes/ whole, indicates 34% of work without social security contributions. cohesio-social-i-urbana/ 84 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 85 Area 28. Violence-free lives This mostly takes place within the couple and, therefore, within the home itself. The precar- Gender-based Violence is the most serious expression of the patriarchal culture that does iousness of housing in the city, together with the structural lack of housing for women and not allow the full development of women’s rights, equal opportunities and freedoms. The children who have suffered gender violence, means that some women are sentenced to latest surveys place gender violence in the city of Barcelona as a major social problem49: live with their aggressors. In addition, special attention must be paid to existing circuits 31% have suffered very serious gender violence in their lifetime and 57.7% have suf- and protocols, ensuring that they do not aggravate the difficult situation faced by women fered some type of gender violence event or experience. In one year (2016), it is estimat- who suffer gender violence. In 2020, the percentage of women applicants who were ac- ed that around 17,088 women in Barcelona suffered very serious incidents (2.3%) and cepted by the Assessment Board for Social Emergencies Housing was 65.4%. 102,530 women in Barcelona (13.8%) suffered some type of gender violence. Finally, we must take into account factors such as housing flexibility, accessibility, the Also, the survey tells us that the most common forms of violence within the couple50 availability of community areas, the elimination of hierarchies in the distribution, etc., both are psychological (suffered by 11.3% of women), economic (2.1%), physical (1.6%), sex- in new construction and, especially, in refurbishment. This eliminates rigidities and biases ual (1.5%) and, finally, violence perpetrated against children (0.7%). And as far as the in construction, placing the uses of housing and the people who will inhabit them at family, social and community environment is concerned, 32.7% of Barcelona’s women the centre of the public housing strategy. Furthermore, housing design and its refur- have suffered sexual harassment, sexual aggression or cyberbullying since the age of 15. bishment should be carried out following criteria of flexibility and adaptation to the If sexual comments, gestures or exhibitionism are taken into account, the figure rises to different moments of the life cycle and intersectional aspects. 56.8% of all women. In 2021, the Municipal Institute of Housing and Renovation (IMHAB) has sponsored a In this sense, we must bear in mind that gender violence has an unequal impact on women study on housing and gender, which includes an introduction to the socio-economic in Barcelona according to their age, class, origin or that their different personal circum- situation and women’s housing needs and an evaluation of the services offered from a stances, such as their economic, legal or health situation can heighten the impact and gender perspective. prevalence of the violence experienced and lead to further vulnerability and inequality. We also see that functional diversity and disability also constitute a significant factor in the Objectives intensification of violence: women who have a physical or mental disability that limits them significantly have experienced more violence, especially in the area of intimate partner and To improve information systems until a complete picture of gender inequali- ex-partner and in childhood. ties in housing is available. Thus, although gender violence impacts people’s lives in a particular way, there is a set of To advance in the incorporation of the gender perspective in housing policies. structural situations that make it hard to address it and make it difficult for women to ac- cess help and support when they need it. The irregular administrative situation, language or cultural barriers, the lack of accessibility or the lack of training or sensitivity of the ser- vices with respect to certain specificities, among others, are some examples that need to be changed to generate policies that guarantee the right to a violence-free life. Objectives To adjust and update the municipal services to address gender violence in accordance with new regulations. To make further improvements to the circuit of detection, assistance and recovery from gender violence in the city. To expand the range of tools and services for preventing, detecting, and re- sponding to gender violence. To enhance the inclusion of the intersectional perspective in the prevention, detection, and response to gender violence. To generate knowledge of the evolution of gender violence in the city. 49 See AB (2018b). 50 Within the framework of the couple relationship in existence at the time of responding to the survey (2016). 86 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 87 Area 29. Global justice and international relations The pandemic has exacerbated existing gender inequalities, especially in the poorest re- Objectives gions of the world. Women’s over-representation in the informal economy and on the front- line of the crisis, as well as legal and economic vulnerability, disproportionately exposes To make progress in deploying Goal 5 of Barcelona City Council’s 2030 Agenda them to mass evictions and loss of land. Increased caregiving and financial stress have and mainstreaming the gender perspective throughout the document. a negative impact on their mental health. And the vulnerability of women in situations of conflict and displacement is exacerbated by difficulties in accessing humanitarian assis- To strengthen women’s leadership and the promotion of gender equality in in- tance (ACAPS, 2020). ternational cooperation and networks. Also UN Women, in the context of the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Fourth To establish the criteria and move forward with feminist international coopera- World Conference on Women, warns of the risk of a setback in the progress achieved. tion in Barcelona City Council. There is concern that the crisis context will weaken the commitment of international actors and national governments to the 2030 Agenda and, in particular, to Objective 5, making gender equality a secondary or side milestone. This institution emphasises the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and makes a series of recommendations (UN Women, 2020): Protect women’s health and well-being, including ensuring access to sexual and reproductive rights, especially among the poorest or most marginalised commu- nities. Introduce support programmes for women in vulnerable situations, as well as measures to combat growing female poverty. Eliminate inequalities in the labour market by combating occupational segrega- tion, the wage gap and the lack of care resources. Create social protection programmes aimed at strengthening the resilience of women and girls to the effects of the pandemic. Prioritise prevention and attention to gender violence. Promote the availability of data disaggregated by sex and the carrying out of stud- ies that make it possible to understand the differential impacts of the crisis. Throughout the deployment of the Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020, we participated in networks such as Eurocities, United Cities and Local Governments, Medcités, Educat- ing Cities and especially the Metropolis Women’s Network, to make progress on these objectives. Although there has been an increase in actions aimed at promoting gender equality, the fact that parity in the governing bodies of these networks remains at around 28% shows that there is still a long way to go to promote women’s leadership in in- ternational networks and bilateral cooperation. Likewise, although in recent years the objective of including gender equality criteria in the calls for grants from the Directorate of Global Justice and International Cooperation has been achieved, it is necessary to make progress in defining criteria for a feminist international cooperation. 88 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 89 Area 30. Sexual and gender diversity The approval of Barcelona City Council’s Plan for Sexual and Gender Diversity in 2016 Barcelona City Council will continue to work, through the design of the new Plan for sexual meant an important change in the way LGTBI policies were conceptualised, understand- and gender diversity, to make this a mainstream perspective across all municipal policies, ing them as sexual and gender diversity policies for citizens as a whole. This also implies to meet the specific demands and issues of the collective and to promote actions changes in the way they are situated in the organisation as a whole and in the kinds of to raise the visibility of sexual and gender diversity as a characteristic feature of the defined actions that need to be promoted. city. Firstly, because the objective of building a city that is more respectful of sexual and Objectives gender diversity involves all citizens regardless of their sex, sexual orientation and gender identity, understanding that sexual and gender diversity is a value and an asset that the To mainstream the sexual diversity and gender perspective in all municipal city must promote and defend. Secondly, it is considered necessary to define specific policies. measures that specifically address the needs of the LGBTI collective, as well as those that integrate the perspective of sexual and gender diversity into municipal policies, beyond To promote public policies to make visible and embrace sexual and gender the collective itself. This way of understanding sexual and gender diversity policies is also diversity and to prevent LGTBI-phobia. a clear commitment to bringing policies of equality between women and men and policies for sexual and gender diversity together. To offer social promotion tools for the counselling and empowerment of the LGTBI collective. The women’s movement and the LGTBI movement, in origin, face the same roots of ine- quality: the patriarchal system, which structures a symbolic and social order based on the To attend to citizens’ demands related to sexual and gender diversity and hierarchisation of sexual difference, on the devaluation of everything considered feminine, LGTBI-phobia situations. on the construction of binary and normative gender identities and expressions, and on making the obligatory nature of heterosexuality its main premise. Furthermore, when we talk about the LGTBI collective, we are referring to the group of people excluded from the normative gender system in terms of sexual orientation (lesbian, gay, bisexual people...) and gender (trans people, intersex people, people with DSD...). This acronym brings together social groups with internal differences and inequalities. In this sense, we believe that it is necessary to combine the recognition of the diversity of realities, experiences and demands of the social groups it designates with the recognition of the common root of the oppression they experience. Thus, we want to emphasise the diversity of the LGTBI collective and the need for an intersectional outlook that shows that sexual and gender diversity cannot be understood in isolation from other axes of ine- quality such as gender, social class, origin or disability. Accordingly, in 2019 the LGTBI Centre was created in order to serve as a space of reference on the subject, a space of civic management for providing care services and a wide range of related activities. Training has also been provided to municipal staff, spe- cific programmes have been created for the employment of trans people, and sexual and gender diversity objectives have been incorporated into key plans and programmes. Care has been taken to ensure that City Council contracts and concessions guarantee non-dis- crimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity and promote the employ- ment of people with the greatest difficulties from the LGTBI collective. The specific lines of subsidies for projects on sexual and gender diversity and the LGTBI collective has been consolidated, the participation of the LGTBI movement in the design and application of municipal policies for sexual and gender diversity has been dynamised and encouraged, etcetera. 90 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 91 Area 31. Masculinities Gender shapes our social reality and through different cultural and educational mecha- for men who wanted to stop exercising a toxic masculinity and involving them in gender nisms it shapes the socialisation of men and women. Masculinity, therefore, are man- equality and social justice. In addition, in 2021 Barcelona City Council has created the dates and practices that men receive for their socialisation. These transcend people, Centre for Masculinities, a space open to citizens from which they will work on aspects their subjective experiences and interpersonal relationships; moreover, they are also pres- related to masculinity and the improvement of citizen relations. ent values, guidelines to follow, in a large part of organisations, institutions and companies. Objectives It is, therefore, necessary to focus on these practices when they generate inequalities and discrimination. Many times, hegemonic masculinity has a negative impact on women, but To generate spaces for reflection and networking between social agents, also on other groups that cannot or do not want to assume this social idea either for social, movements and the City Council to build a city strategy that has an intersec- economic, biological or cultural reasons. It is necessary to understand masculinity as a tional perspective and expands the work on masculinities beyond violence. system that goes beyond the reproduction and production of violence since it also gener- ates personal and social costs to people, especially to the male population that identifies To make progress in mainstreaming the work on masculinities in all munici- with more traditional and harmful hegemonic values. pal services and programmes framed in gender equity policies. As a result, public policies must address not only the consequences and impacts of the To encourage the involvement of men in gender equality work. most hegemonic masculinity on people who identify themselves as men, but also on other collectives and spaces in the city that may feel they are made vulnerable by it, as well as the organisations and institutions that take into account values and practices based on these values. However, the data available in relation to work conducted on masculinities are focused on the perception of violence and gender stereotypes among men, and do not incor- porate other variables such as age, cultural context, migration process or employment status. This homogenises the group and makes it difficult to implement intersectional pro- grammes and policies. For all of these reasons, it is necessary to think about strategies that understand mas- culinity as a diverse space of practices and beliefs that can change, but that are always respectful and positive. This avoids falling into prejudices and stereotypes. In addition, it is necessary to broaden the view of masculinities beyond violence in order to work in a transformative and positive way that approaches other groups and spaces. In this sense, it will be important to influence the symbolic and relational space of masculinised con- texts to introduce equitable narratives and practices; to advance in the mainstreaming of work on masculinities from an intersectional perspective in the different programmes and services of the City Council; and to assess and evaluate successful experiences, method- ology and spaces in which the participation of men is effective and contributes to a more equitable and just society. These guidelines constitute future and necessary considerations for a municipal work that has existed for more than fifteen years. The commitment of Barcelona City Council to con- tribute to the generation of a beneficial masculinity for society as a whole was materialised as early as 2005 with the creation of the first voluntary programme to work with fathers who were perpetrators of vicarious violence. Three years later, the Men’s Care Service for the Promotion of Non-violent Relationships (SAH) was created, a pioneering space 92 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 93 Axis 4. “Close-knit and Sustainable Ecology and sustainability, since, as an urban environment, Barcelona, and especial- ly some of its neighbourhoods and sectors of its population (such as women), are more Neighbourhoods”. vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Actions to address the climate emergency in the city must ensure gender equality, taking into account the different needs and possibilities of women and men to mitigate and adapt to its negative impacts. Further- more, this work should be done along the same lines as what is proposed in the field of Feminist Economic Promotion in relation to the Feminist Green New Deal. Urban spaces wants to continue working on designing a friendlier urban environment that responds to the different needs of everyday life throughout people’s lives and that ensures equal access and uses from a gender and intersectional perspective. Mobility, since it is a central element in the daily life of a city. Thus, the plan aims to promote sustainable, safe and equitable mobility, in which women can move with au- tonomy and safety, and participate in the design of urban mobility. The last axis of the plan is focused on promoting, from a feminist and intersectional perspective, neighbourhoods Prevention and safety will continue its work on creating close-knit neighbourhoods and urban spaces that put everyday life at the centre, make where women feel safe and can walk and live freely and autonomously, incorporating it more comfortable, and are more just, egalitarian, safe and a gender and intersectional perspective in prevention and safety strategies. sustainable. Cities are not gender-neutral as they are environments in Proximity: services and facilities in the neighbourhoods will encourage neighbour- which gender inequalities condition the access, uses, tasks hoods to become environments for community harmony that generate a network of and activities, freedom and mobilityof the diversity of people daily life, with proximity and participation, with spaces, commerce, and facilities that help to ensure the development of daily and community life without gender inequali- who live in or transit through them. For all these reasons, the ties. plan tackles this axis from five areas: 94 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 95 Area 32. Ecology and sustainability Neoliberal policies have been ignoring the existence of the planet’s physical limits and Objectives promoting an unsustainable growth model that has contributed to the worsening of an unprecedented ecological and climate crisis. Although climate change is a planetary To improve knowledge on the relationship between gender and climate phenomenon that affects the health and daily lives of its entire population, its impact is change, in order to know the specific impact that the climate crisis has on uneven depending on several factors. In the city of Barcelona, some neighbourhoods women in Barcelona (studies, indicators...) and to be able to define actions (due to their location, socio-economic situation or the quality of the buildings) and some to respond to it. people (due to their age, sex, physical condition, socio-economic situation, health, roles or activities they carry out) are more vulnerable to its effects (increase in temperature, heat To incorporate the gender perspective in municipal action plans and pro- waves, drought or floods, rising sea levels, poor air quality...). Gender inequalities place grammes to address the climate emergency and thus move towards ecofem- women in a situation of greater vulnerability. Gender roles, the feminisation of poverty, inist city policies. the characteristics of women’s bodies from the point of view of health51 and their longer life expectancy, among others, mean that women suffer in a specific way from To promote parity and encourage women’s and girls’ leadership in climate the consequences of climate change. For example, in the last 25 years, in Barcelona, action in the city. 70% of those who have died due to extreme heat have been women (AB, 2020a), and they are also the ones who suffer more from fuel poverty in homes (González Pijuan, 2017). At the same time, women show the greatest concern for the environment and de- velop practices and behaviours that are more respectful of the climate and nature in terms of consumption, mobility and recycling. Before the pandemic, women in Barcelona had more sustainable shopping habits (recyclable packaging, use of baskets or shopping trolley bags, buying local products, use of tupperware boxes, etc.), were more environ- mentally friendly at home (AB, 2019a) (saving water and energy, and sustainable shopping) and adopted more favourable patterns of recycling (except for organic matter) (AB, 2020d) than men. These new practices imply a reorganisation of and an increase in household chores, and although the information available does not indicate who is carrying out these chores, it is likely that, due to the social role of gender, they are mainly being carried out by women. Thus, although women have a smaller ecological footprint and are more aware of climate change, at the same time, they are the ones who are more exposed and have less capacity to respond to it, as they are a minority among those who design and decide the measures to address it (IM, 2020). For more than two decades, the City Council has been developing measures to deal with the climate emergency which, lately, due to the magnitude and urgency of the phenom- enon, have intensified. The 2018-2030 Climate Plan and the 2020 Climate Emergency Declaration lay the foundations for the current municipal action, which is committed to a change in model. In this framework, it is key that policies against climate change52 are approached from an ecofeminist perspective, placing the defence of gender equality at their core and taking into account the different needs, priorities and possibilities of women and men to mitigate and adapt to its negative effects (González, 2017). Only by main- streaming a gender perspective will more just, efficient and sustainable climate solutions be found. In this line, it is also essential that women occupy decision-making positions in environmental management and the transition to a healthier, cleaner, more egalitarian and sustainable city. 51 Interview with Alicia Puleo, see Ruiz (2019). 52 From waste prevention and collection to food sovereignty, responsible and sustainable consumption, energy transi- tion, environmental education, energy poverty or the reduction of emissions, among others. And both internal meas- ures and those aimed at citizens and companies. 96 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 97 Area 33. Urban Spaces Urban space, as a physical support for social uses, is a mechanism for the reproduc- The inclusion of women in public space, its use or appropriation is different from that tion or transformation of gender inequalities. For a long time, its design has not always of men. Thus, for example, older women with reduced mobility do not use the space in met the needs of daily life, i.e., also taking care work into account. The design and man- the same way as other people with full mobility. Furthermore, women report that 17% of all agement of urban spaces do not necessarily consider the diversity of people who occupy sexist violence they experience in the social sphere occurs in public spaces (AB, 2018b). them, social uses, the time of day when these take place (the uses of public spaces during This is also covered under area 35 of Safety and Prevention. the day and at night are not the same), the presence of children and their needs, etc. Finally, in the symbolic field, although since 2016 the new additions to the street gazetteer have included a fairly even number of men’s and women’s names (43% women), it is Urbanism with a gender perspective (landed in Barcelona with the Government measure necessary to continue to increase the number of streets that recognise women and their on urban planning with a gender perspective. “The urban planning of daily life” and a diversity. manual) proposes an urban design which serves the needs of daily life, and has been applied in many reconfigurations of city space. A redesign of the urban space is proposed In conclusion, the challenges of achieving inclusive public spaces from a gender perspec- with special attention to the tasks of daily life and caregiving. The aim is to create greener, tive remain. healthier spaces where people can be, walk, sit, play and socialise, and with the capacity to strengthen the social network of daily life. It has been incorporated into the imple- Objectives mentation of the Superblock model to pacify and make neighbourhood spaces more comfortable for people and work. To extend the gender diagnosis of public space and its urban elements, es- pecially in the most peripheral areas of the city. In another line more focused on children and care tasks, there are improvements in school environments, which are being carried out with the programme “Protegim les escoles” To guarantee the incorporation of gender criteria in urban projects and urban (“Keeping Our Schools Safe”). They involve traffic-calming measures in area around the planning through citizen participation. school, improving the quality of urban spaces and incorporating urban elements that facil- itate accessibility, playability and comfort, while enhancing the network of social relations between people linked to school activities. At the same time, these improved urban spac- es in the surroundings of school facilities help to create small areas of coexistence. These can connect with other places for being in, local neighbourhood facilities and services, through green and traffic-calmed routes that will offer friendlier connections and that, as a whole, will reinforce the network of daily life. Although much of the urban fabric is insensitive to the needs of women, many of the principles of gender urbanism must still be applied. So say those exploratory walks that have taken place in different areas of the city and that, although they constitute a useful tool, are yet to be implemented widely, or the map of daily life developed in the neighbourhood of Coll-Vallcarca. The diagnosis of the “Poligoneras” project (AB, 2021i), which explores the industrial estates on the right bank of the Besòs, is also tested. In its exploration, urban planning has been linked to productive work and social reproduc- tion and it has become evident that the urban fabric has been designed to respond ex- clusively to an economic activity carried out by a workforce that is more than 70% male-dominated. The disconnection between the neighbouring districts of the industrial estates, the absence of quality routes to accessing facilities or the possibility of crossing bridges and roads on foot, are examples of the existing difficulties to carrying out the activities of daily life. 98 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 99 Area 34. Mobility Area 35. Prevention and safety Mobility is a basic activity that affects 93% of people in the metropolitan region of Bar- Safety is a fundamental right enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ar- celona on a daily basis (IERMB, 2021) and it presents notable gender inequalities (there ticle 3) that is closely related to freedom (of expression, decision and movement) and the are more women than men who do not leave the house, 7.8% compared to 5.8%). It is a right to be free from violence (Naredo and Praxágora, 2010). For this reason, the construc- historical constant that women commute more for caregiving tasks (24% vs. 18%), tion of the concept of safety is not neutral from a gender perspective, just as it is not neu- while men do it more for work reasons (22% compared to 17%). Women and men also tral from the point of view of other significant cracks such as social class, origin, ethnicity, show differences in the use of means of transport, with men being in the majority in pri- age or sexual orientation. vate transport (30% compared to 11%) and women in public transport (36% compared to 24%), in a city with an organised mobility traditionally designed to respond to the work It is essential to understand how men and women follow different socialisation pro- needs of society and prioritising the private car. Also, women use bicycles less than men cesses that generate different problems and needs in terms of safety. This differential (1.5% compared to 3.4%) (IERMB, 2020b). In addition, they tend to make more journeys socialisation leads many women to learn numerous self-protection strategies in public and travel shorter distances than men, so it would be necessary to find out whether this spaces (such as avoiding going out at night, not walking on poorly lit or lonely streets, type of mobility can lead to gender inequalities in the fare system. choosing not to dress in a particular way...) that have a negative impact on their quality of life, as they generate a greater sense of insecurity among them and limit their autonomy Mobility should be designed to provide maximum freedom of movement for every individ- and freedom of movement. ual. Far from it, it is primarily in public transport (21.6%) where women suffer gender violence in the social sphere, and in public spaces in third place (17.5%). Furthermore, In 2019, the overall victimisation rate was higher for males (31.6) than for females (30.3) they state that this fact affects how they move (32% of them do not go out alone and (AB, 2020e). In other words, men suffered more criminal acts than women in public spac- 24% are afraid to go out) (AB, 2018b). es. However, if these data are disaggregated by age, the highest victimisation rate is observed among young women between 16 and 29 years of age (with a victimisation Beyond this, the means of transport are not always inclusive of different groups of people, rate of 39.8). for example, the elderly (with very little presence in the metro network), young and adult women (with a high perception of insecurity in night transport) or caregivers (with insuffi- Likewise, if all existing crime areas are analysed within the overall victimisation rate, it is cient space on sidewalks and complications in public transport). Moreover, in the current observed that men present higher victimisation in relation to their vehicle, home, second context, with the exponential leap that urban distribution of goods has made, it should residence and shop/business. Women, on the other hand, had higher personal safety vic- be managed in such a way that it does not negatively affect the mobility of pedestrians, timisation. Among the crimes included in the personal sphere, men were most affected, especially when they carry out care tasks. above all, by the attempted theft of mobile phones, tugging, mugging and attempted mug- ging, physical aggression and attempted physical aggression. Women, on the other hand, Women’s autonomy in mobility is also in question in terms of road accidents, with women suffered more bag or purse thefts, intimidation, coercion or threats and sexual assaults. being responsible for fewer accidents, but being victims of a higher number. This is That is, while men mostly suffered property crimes, women suffered more attacks due to the fact they undertake more journeys on foot -often linked to caregiving tasks-, against themselves and their bodies. And, therefore, the psychological impact of their lower presence in private vehicles, along with less risky behaviours than men, even these criminal acts was also more negative for women (with a psychological cost of when put in relation to the volume of mobility of each sex (IERMB, 2020c). 6.3) than for men (with a psychological cost of 5.4). In this sense, it is necessary to start from a broad concept of safety, which is not only based on the absence of conflict or crime Currently, decision-making and design bodies relevant to mobility are largely domi- but which incorporates the subjective view of the people who live, move around or work nated by men, so that women’s needs and experiences are undervalued. This is the case in Barcelona. of the Barcelona Mobility Pact, where only one out of three participants is a woman53. Another noteworthy fact is that only 5.3% of men knew the aggressor, compared to 8% Objectives of women. This information is complemented by data from the 2016 Survey on gender violence in Catalonia (AB, 2018b), which indicates that 57.7% of Barcelona women have To promote women’s autonomy (access and safety) when undertaking jour- suffered gender violence (excluding comments, sexual gestures and exhibitionism), and neys. that 31% of women have suffered very serious acts of violence in their lifetime. And most of these assaults came from partners or ex-partners. For this reason, in addition to work- To promote gender-sensitive and intersectional mobility that eliminates ine- ing to create safer public spaces, it is essential to work on masculinities and on preventing qualities. and tackling gender violence. To encourage the participation of women in the design of the city’s mobility. 53 According to the “Minutes of the meeting of the Road Safety Group of the Barcelona Mobility Pact”, 1 March 2021. 100 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 101 Area 36. Proximity: services and facilities in the neighbourhoods In recent years, Barcelona City Council has provided training for GUB staff on preventing and addressing gender violence, and awareness of gender and LGTBI equity. In addition, Neighbourhoods are spaces for urban coexistence, proximity and participation, and ten GUB representatives (one for each district) have been created within the Neighbour- must be able to facilitate the development of daily and community life. Moreover, it is hood Police teams, training them in gender perspective and focusing on the prevention of in the neighbourhoods where we find municipal facilities, which are the gateway to the City gender violence. Finally, the increased presence of women in the GUB is also noteworthy Council for citizens and belong to all of us. (AB, 2020b): their numbers have risen from 352 women in 2015 to 423 in 2019,, a rise of 20.17%. Barcelona has municipal facilities of different types (sports, cultural, commercial, com- munity, etc.), which also provide a wide range of services (assistance and information In short, safety is not perceived or experienced the same by men as it is by women. And, for all citizens on specific issues; care for the elderly; services and activities for therefore, strategies for preventing and addressing safety-related issues must incor- young people, sports or cultural activities, etc.), and are distributed throughout the porate a gender perspective and must respond to the specific needs of women in city. These spaces are meeting and socialising places for all people and offer the possibil- this area. ity to establish relationships and carry out multiple activities. Therefore, municipal facilities must be inclusive spaces that promote the basic rights of a diverse citizenry; they must Objectives guarantee non-discrimination on grounds of gender, age, culture, sexual choice, functional capacity, social class, etc.; to ensure that the design, implementation and manage- To incorporate the gender perspective in the information instruments on ment of the facilities incorporate the gender perspective and thus place daily life at safety policies in the city. the centre (Paricio, 2019). To improve the perception of women’s safety and their empowerment in pub- However, at present, public spaces and municipal facilities - which are part of the said lic spaces. public spaces - are not gender-neutral. There is a gender gap in the use of municipal services and facilities. Consequently, women and men live in the city and utilise munici- To improve the response to gender violence from security policies and from pal services and facilities differently, based on the traditional roles and gender inequalities the Barcelona City Police. assigned to them and that condition their daily lives. For example, women make high use (over 75%) of civic centres, neighbourhood centres, libraries54, neighbourhood shops for daily consumption and specialised shops, as well as banks and primary care centres (CAP). The most notable differences with respect to men are found in the use of facilities and services related to childcare and sports. Although in the case of municipal sports centres, the data reveal that there are more women than men subscribers, the practice of federated sports and the use of specific equipment related to traditionally male sports and competition (football pitches, pavilions...) are masculinised. On the other hand, in terms of compulsory education centres, nurseries and playgrounds, these are used more by wom- en, while leisure and recreational facilities are used more by men (IERMB, 2012). Neighbourhoods are also the spaces where women’s daily lives are predominantly lived. In light of the current gentrification processes55, it is important to realise that there are social and gender inequalities among the population (Navas et al., 2020), since as urban recomposition movements, they modify and affect the social relations of the territory, which, in turn, affect the role of women and the relationships that are estab- lished. 54 According to the Barcelona Institute of Culture, for example, the most used cultural facilities are libraries and civic centres. Among the men and women who used the civic centres in Barcelona in 2017, most were female (78%, in the case of workshops), as were most of the reading clubs (74%). 55 The process of gradually replacing lower-income locals with higher-income residents in some neighbourhoods. Gentrification can be defined as the process of transforming working-class areas or neighbourhoods, which have often been degraded physically, into a residential or commercial area frequented by people of higher economic capital. This transformation is not only physical and economic, but also cultural, relational, and symbolic [Sequera, 2015]. 102 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 103 For example, one manifestation of these processes, in some city neighbourhoods, is Objectives commercial gentrification (Fresnillo, 2018), that is, the replacement of local commerce with establishments (and especially catering services) aimed at middle and upper-class To enhance the incorporation of the gender perspective in local policies, consumers, or tourism. Apart from promoting class inequalities, this phenomenon also has promoting neighbourhood commerce and neighbourhood relations. a detrimental impact on local and neighbourhood networks, by weakening the promotion of social and neighbourhood relations derived from local commerce. To incorporate the gender perspective in the design, implementation and management of the city’s facilities. Last but not least, it should be kept in mind that the city of Barcelona also has peripher- al spaces, such as industrial estates, where eminently masculinised work activities are To conduct in-depth analysis with a gender perspective of gentrification primarily carried out. However, in these spaces, other spheres of daily life coexist - with processes in neighbourhoods. difficulty. Although nowadays most of the industrial estates are located on the margins and bordering areas of Barcelona, some have remained between neighbourhoods and urban To incorporate the gender perspective in the design, the regulation, and the and deurbanised borders, as is the case of Bon Pastor, Torrent de l’Estadella, Montsolís management of the city’s industrial estates, and in the activities that occur and the Verneda Industrial. In addition, they have become spaces with serious situations there. of degradation and underutilisation of both public spaces and warehouses in certain areas of some of these industrial estates; with few residents moving about in them at certain times of the day; with a lack of connectivity and little permeability between the industrial estates and other neighbourhoods of the city, etc. All of this translates into, among other issues that require public intervention, problems in mobility and the perception of insecu- rity by women (AB, 2021i). Taking all this into account, local policies, municipal facilities and decentralised - and homogeneous in all districts - services for people can contribute to reducing social and gender inequalities, and strengthening the social network of daily life. The com- bination of urban and labour improvements from a gender perspective in the industrial estates will also benefit females who work there, the revitalisation of the area and the neighbourhood that surrounds and goes through them. 104 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 105 07 Governance Steering Group Interdepartmental Technical Commission Plan’s Working Group from the Barcelona Woman’s Council The governance of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 is structured in three concentric circles, favouring the co-responsibility and co-production of all the agents involved: Each of these organs is described below. Steering Group According to article 6.5 of the Regulation for Gender Equality in Barcelona City Council, the political body responsible for gender policies is in charge of promoting, monitoring and developing the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025. For this reason, an Steering Group is created, led by the Fourth May- or’s Office for Social Rights, Global Justice, Feminism and LGTBI affairs, but also includes: The Directorate of Feminism and LGBTI Services. The Directorate for Gender Services and Time Policies which, following the contents of article 6 of the Regulation for Gender Equality in Barcelona City Council, also carries out the tasks of the technical secretariat of the plan. Functions: Promotes, monitors, and makes the appropriate decisions to advance in the implementation of the plan. Meetings: Twice a year. 106 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 107 Interdepartmental In addition, the plan includes a technical secretariat: Technical Committee (CTI) It was inspired by the Interdepartmental Technical Commission of the first Plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020, which was held in February According to article 6 of the Regulations for Gender Equality in Barcelona City Council, 2018 as part of the work on the development of the second action pro- this task corresponds to the Directorate of Gender Services and Time Policies and, among gramme 2018-2020. What was an ad hoc instrument in the first Plan for others, it has the following functions: Gender Justice becomes a structural organ in the new plan. All coordination and management tasks relating to the Plan for Gender It is made up of all the municipal bodies involved in the implemen- Justice 2021-2025. tation of the plan and by the gender mainstreaming officers im- plemented in accordance with Article 21 of the Regulation for Gender Coordination with districts to follow up on district plans. Equality in Barcelona City Council. Convening of the meetings of the Steering Group and the Interdepartmental Technical Committee. Functions: Participate in and be informed of the results of the monitoring Bilateral or group monitoring meetings with the bodies involved in the of the Plan for Gender Justice. implementation of the plan. Enhance co-responsibility and intersectionality in the imple- Preparation of monitoring and evaluation reports. mentation of the plan. Operation: In plenary sessions once a year. In smaller working groups that can meet more frequently de- pending on the issues to be addressed, to promote a more intersectional implementation of the plan. Plan’s Working Group from the Barcelona Through this working group, the governance of the Plan for Gender Women’s Council Justice 2021-2025 is also framed within the fundamental structure for the participation of the city’s women. This is in compliance with article 6.6 of the Regulation for Gender Equality in Barcelona City Council, according to which citizen participation must be promoted, espe- cially that of feminist groups and women’s rights organisations, in order to encourage their involvement in the design, preparation, devel- opment and evaluation of the plan. The working group thus becomes the instrument for transparency and accountability of municipal gender policies in the city. It is configured as a space for permanent consultation which, apart from carrying out the necessary monitoring of the implementation of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025, will also function on the basis of the prioritisation of specific issues and the possibility of implementing some actions within the framework of the plan itself56. The working group will meet annually and should respect the times and rhythms of the Women’s Council members who participate in it. 56 This approach is taken from the contrasting session of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 held with the 57 These meetings are planned in the light of some preliminary results from the evaluation of the PGJ (Plan for Gender Barcelona Women’s Council on 2 September 2021. Justice) in which there is a demand for greater coordination and monitoring by the bodies involved. 108 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 109 08 Transparency, Transparency and accountability monitoring and evaluation The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025, as is clear from the guiding principle of good gov- ernance, is implemented on the basis of a commitment to ensure transparency throughout its duration. This commitment takes the form of proactively providing public, accessible and up-to-date information on the implementation of the plan. This information will, in turn, allow for accountability before the public. The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 will be implemented through two biennial imple- mentation programmes. The first will run from the end of 2021 to 2023, while the second will cover the years 2024 and 2025. For each implementation programme, actions, bodies responsible for their implementation, budget and timetables will be defined. This information will be made public on the BCNROC portal. Barcelona City Council’s Open-Knowledge Repository and on the Dones i Feminismes website. The Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 includes specific mechanisms for identifying, collecting, systematising and District action plans communicating its degree of implementation and achieve- ments to the public. In order to respond to the challenge of territorialisation, by virtue of the guiding principle of co-responsibility and proximity, and as a strategy for grounding municipal policies for gender equity in the districts, district action plans will be defined. At the beginning of the implementation of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025, and once the first city implementation programme has been defined, work will be carried out with each district to specify actions in the territory in order to respond to the objectives of the plan that are relevant to them. The fruits of this work will be the District Action Plan, which will be valid for the entire period, i.e., until 2025. The strategic link between the different district action plans and their interrelation with the city’s PGJ, will be carried out within the framework of the existing Community and People Strategic Space (coordinated by the Manager’s Office for Territorial Coordination and Proximity). Monitoring and evaluation system The monitoring strategy envisaged by the plan is based on continuous monitoring which, on the one hand, will allow a periodic assessment of the degree of execution, progress and needs for reformulation of the action plans and, on the other hand, will facilitate the transfer of information and accountability. One of the main monitoring and accountability tools will be the preparation of an annual monitoring report on the city’s actions by the Technical Secretariat of the plan, which will involve prior work with all the municipal bodies involved in its implementation. Thus, annual monitoring meetings will be held between the Technical Secretariat and the differ- 110 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 111 ent bodies, as well as a meeting of the Interdepartmental Technical Committee (at the end of the first half of each year). Monitoring reports will be prepared during the first quarter of 202358, 202459 and 2025 and presented to the PGJ governance bodies in March of each year. The closing of the second biennial period of execution will be included in the final evaluation report of the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025, scheduled for the first quarter of 2026. In addition, monitoring reports will be prepared on the District Action Plans at the end of their implementation period (first quarter of 2026). The technical coordination of the implementation and monitoring of the district action plans will be carried out within the framework of the coordination spaces already established with the district gender main- streaming representatives60. Finally, in order to promote the transfer of information and accountability to citizens, femi- nist groups and women’s rights organisations in the city will meet annually with the Plan’s Working Group from the Barcelona Women’s Council. For both monitoring and evaluation, a system of indicators for the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 is planned, which will contain the following: a. Implementation and outcome indicators for the actions. They will be considered when designing the actions of each implementation programme and will be com- piled during their annual monitoring. b. Objective indicators. They will be expressly proposed once the plan is approved, with the condition that they can be calculated with the available sources and pro- pose realistic milestones. They will be collected in early 2022, 2024 and late 2025. With regard to the evaluation system, as established in article 6.9 of the Regulation for Gender Equality in Barcelona City Council, the Technical Secretariat will draw up a mon- itoring and evaluation report on the plan at the end of its validity period (first quarter of 2026), which will be based on both performance and results indicators and those of objectives, as well as qualitative information, and will also close the implementation of the second implementation period. The evaluation part of this final report will be carried out by an external entity with experi- ence in public policy evaluations from a gender perspective. This report will be presented to the Plenary of the City Council. 58 In light of the short implementation period of the plan, a monitoring report is not anticipated for early 2022. 59 This annual report will also contain a closure of the implementation period 2021-2023. 60 In the contrasting session for the Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 held with the Women’s Council of Barcelona on 2 September 2021, the importance of the gender mainstreaming reference figures in the districts and their situation in the organisation chart was underlined, proposing that they should depend on the district managers and that they should have exclusivity in their tasks. 112 Barcelona City Council II Plan for Gender Justice 2021-2025 113 Bibliography Barcelona City Council. Manager’s Office for Human Resources and Organisation. (2019b). 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